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3/12/2015 Land Acquisition for SEZ http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/landacquisitionforsez10471.html 1/5   amit Amitabh Tewari 3rd year GLC MUMBAI View articles  | Contact author Law Articles  India's Most Authentice Free legal Source Online   Home   Top Rated    Submit Article  Advanced Search   FAQ   Contact Us   Lawyers in India   Law Forum  RSS Feeds   Register your Copyright Online We offer copyright registration right from your desktop click here for details. Latest Articles  | Articles 2013  | Articles 2012  | Articles 2011  | Articles 2010  | Articles 2009  | Articles 2008  | Articles 2007  | Articles 2006  | Articles 200005 Search On: Laws in India Search  Mutual Consent Divorce in Delhi We provide fast, cost effective and Hassle free solution. Contact us at Ph no: 9650499965  ﴾Divorce Law Firm Delhi﴿    Email login                   Password    Login Main Categories  Banking and Finance laws  Case Laws  Civil Laws  Company Law  Constitutional Law  Consumer laws  Contracts laws  Criminal law  Dubai laws  Environmental Law  family law  Human Rights laws  Immigration laws  Insurance / Accident Claim  Intellectual Property  International Law  Juvenile Laws  Law  lawyers & legal Profession  Legal outsourcing  Media laws  Medico legal  Miscellaneous  Real estate laws  Tax Laws  Torts Law  Woman Issues  Workplace Equality & NonDiscrimination  Yet Another Category More Options  Most read articles  Most rated articles Subscription Subscribe now and receive free articles and updates instantly. Name Email Remove Subscribe Copyright Registration To Copyright Your Books, Videos, Songs, Scripts etc Call us at: 9891244487 / or email at: [email protected] Top Law Colleges Law Updates: IncomeTax Family law Company Law Constitutional Law Partnership firms Immigration Law  Enter KEYWORD here to find articles...  Search  Advanced Search  Land Acquisition for SEZ  ﴾ Save as .pdf ﴿ Published : February 24, 2012 | Author : amit Category : Company Law Total Views : 4461 | Unrated      Print  |  Email to friend Land Acquisition For Sez’sAre Engines Of Growth Losing Steam What Is An Sez? A Special Economic Zone ﴾SEZ﴿ is an especially demarcated area of land, owned and operated by a company, which is deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade, duties and tariffs. They are regions designed for economic development oriented towards FDI and exports fostered by social policy incentives Mooted in March 2000, the main idea to set up a Special Economic Zone was to boost exports and to help the industries respond to the changing market scenario in a flexible manner. The SEZ’s are a new and a modified version of an EPZ .The first EPZ, developed in Kandala in 1965 aimed at giving a boost to industries and exports. This led to creation of surplus jobs and enhancement of exports. Further in 2000, the government replaced the old EPZ’s with SEZ’s. The main difference between the two is that the former is an industrial enclave while the latter is an integrated township with developed infrastructure. One of the main reasons for the development of a SEZ was to emulate China, where there were numerous SEZ’s doing extremely well. To start with, The SEZ at Shenzhen attracted $30 Billion. Another successful one was at Pudong, near Shanghai .As China used SEZ’s to boost it’s economy, it attracted $45 billion every year in FDI as compared to India which attracted only $2 billion prior to the setting up of SEZ’s. This favorable position of China, was one of the factors which induced India to set up a SEZ in its own territory. History Of Sez’s: The New Economic Spaces or Special Economic Zones in India came into effect with the passing of the Special Economic Zones ﴾SEZ﴿ Act 2005. The history of such zones in India predates to the setting up of Export Promoting Zones. India set up its first Export Processing Zone ﴾EPZ﴿ in 1965 in Kandla followed by Santacruz EPZ in 1973. These EPZs did not enjoy fiscal and custom incentives like the SEZs and FDI rules and regulations were also strict. The Tandon Committee Report in 1981 argued that Free Trade Zones would generate export if they are exempted from various controls and regulations in place. Following this recommendation, four EPZs came up in 1984 at Noida ﴾Uttar Pradesh﴿, Falta ﴾West Bengal﴿, Cochin ﴾Kerala﴿ and Chennai ﴾Tamil Nadu﴿. Another EPZ was set up in Vishakhapatnam in 1989﴾Shalti Research Group 2008﴿. Post liberalization in 1991, the EXIM Policy ﴾19972002﴿ introduced a new scheme from 1 April 2000 to revamp and restructure the “production” sites for export oriented services in the form of Special Economic Zones. After five years, on May 2005 the Parliament passed the SEZ Act, which received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10th February, 2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedures and for single window clearance on matters relating to central as well as state governments. The main objectives of The SEZ Act are: ﴾a﴿ Generation of additional economic activity ﴾b﴿ Promotion of exports of goods and services; ﴾c﴿ Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources; ﴾d﴿ Creation of employment opportunities; ﴾e﴿ Development of infrastructure facilities; Classification Of Special Economic Zones: Special Economic Zones are classified into the following types: a﴿ “Special Economic Zone for multiproduct”: It is a special economic zone where units may be set up for manufacture of two or more goods in a sector; goods falling in two or more sectors ; for trading and warehousing; rendering of two or more services in a sector; rendering of services falling in two or more sectors. b﴿ “Special economic Zone for specific sector”: It is a special economic zone meant exclusively for one or more products in a sector or one or more services in a sector. c﴿ “Special Economic Zone in a port or airport”: It is a special economic zone in an existing port or airport for manufacturing of goods in two or more goods in a sector ; goods falling in two or more sectors; for trading and warehousing; rendering of services. Therefore classification of special economic zones helps to regulate the production and it leads to differentiation among the goods produced from different SEZ’s Advantages Of A Sez: The main purpose of developing a SEZ is to create an environment for the promotion of exports. The SEZ policy offers various fiscal and regulatory incentives to the developers in the zone. According to experts, it is believed that the exports will ultimately grow five times and more than 30 lakh jobs will be generated by SEZ’s across India. The government also claims that the SEZ’s will attract global manufacturing through FDI, enable transfer of modern technology and will also create incentives for infrastructure. Among its innumerous advantages, one of the main is that: Welcome! Please login  or register  a account. 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  • 3/12/2015 LandAcquisitionforSEZ

    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/landacquisitionforsez10471.html 1/5

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    Published:February24,2012|Author:amitCategory:CompanyLaw|TotalViews:4461|Unrated

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    LandAcquisitionForSezsAreEnginesOfGrowthLosingSteam

    WhatIsAnSez?ASpecialEconomicZoneSEZisanespeciallydemarcatedareaofland,ownedandoperatedbyacompany,whichisdeemedtobeforeignterritoryforthepurposeoftrade,dutiesandtariffs.TheyareregionsdesignedforeconomicdevelopmentorientedtowardsFDIandexportsfosteredbysocialpolicyincentivesMootedinMarch2000,themainideatosetupaSpecialEconomicZonewastoboostexportsandtohelptheindustriesrespondtothechangingmarketscenarioinaflexiblemanner.

    TheSEZsareanewandamodifiedversionofanEPZ.ThefirstEPZ,developedinKandalain1965aimedatgivingaboosttoindustriesandexports.Thisledtocreationofsurplusjobsandenhancementofexports.Furtherin2000,thegovernmentreplacedtheoldEPZswithSEZs.Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthattheformerisanindustrial

    enclave while the latter is an integrated township with developedinfrastructure.

    OneofthemainreasonsforthedevelopmentofaSEZwastoemulateChina,where therewerenumerousSEZsdoingextremelywell.Tostartwith,TheSEZatShenzhenattracted $30Billion.AnothersuccessfulonewasatPudong,nearShanghai.AsChinausedSEZstoboostitseconomy,itattracted$45billioneveryyearinFDIascomparedtoIndiawhichattractedonly$2billionpriortothesettingupofSEZs.ThisfavorablepositionofChina,wasoneofthefactorswhichinducedIndiatosetupaSEZinitsownterritory.

    HistoryOfSezs:The New Economic Spaces or Special Economic Zones in India came into effect with the passing of the SpecialEconomicZonesSEZAct2005.Thehistoryofsuchzones in Indiapredates to thesettingupofExportPromotingZones. India set up its first Export Processing Zone EPZ in 1965 in Kandla followed bySantacruz EPZ in 1973.TheseEPZsdidnotenjoyfiscalandcustomincentivesliketheSEZsandFDIrulesandregulationswerealsostrict.TheTandonCommitteeReport in1981argued thatFreeTradeZoneswouldgenerateexport if theyareexemptedfromvariouscontrolsandregulationsinplace.Followingthisrecommendation,fourEPZscameupin1984atNoidaUttar Pradesh, Falta West Bengal, Cochin Kerala and Chennai Tamil Nadu. Another EPZ was set up inVishakhapatnam in 1989Shalti Research Group 2008. Post liberalization in 1991, the EXIM Policy 19972002introduced a new scheme from 1 April 2000 to revamp and restructure the production sites for export orientedservicesintheformofSpecialEconomicZones.After fiveyears,onMay2005theParliamentpassedtheSEZAct,which received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005,supportedbySEZRules,came intoeffecton10thFebruary,2006,providing fordrasticsimplificationofproceduresandforsinglewindowclearanceonmattersrelatingtocentralaswellasstategovernments.ThemainobjectivesofTheSEZActare:

    aGenerationofadditionaleconomicactivitybPromotionofexportsofgoodsandservicescPromotionofinvestmentfromdomesticandforeignsourcesdCreationofemploymentopportunitieseDevelopmentofinfrastructurefacilities

    ClassificationOfSpecialEconomicZones:SpecialEconomicZonesareclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:

    aSpecialEconomicZoneformultiproduct:Itisaspecialeconomiczonewhereunitsmaybesetupformanufactureoftwoormoregoodsinasectorgoodsfallingintwoormoresectorsfortradingandwarehousingrenderingoftwoormoreservicesinasectorrenderingofservicesfallingintwoormoresectors.

    b Special economic Zone for specific sector: It is a special economic zone meant exclusively for one or moreproductsinasectororoneormoreservicesinasector.

    c Special Economic Zone in a port or airport: It is a special economic zone in an existing port or airport formanufacturing of goods in two or more goods in a sector goods falling in two or more sectors for trading andwarehousingrenderingofservices.

    Therefore classification of special economic zones helps to regulate the production and it leads to differentiationamongthegoodsproducedfromdifferentSEZs

    AdvantagesOfASez:ThemainpurposeofdevelopingaSEZistocreateanenvironmentforthepromotionofexports.TheSEZpolicyoffersvarious fiscal and regulatory incentives to the developers in the zone. According to experts, it is believed that theexports will ultimately grow five times and more than 30 lakh jobs will be generated by SEZs across India. Thegovernment also claims that the SEZs will attract global manufacturing through FDI, enable transfer of moderntechnologyandwillalsocreateincentivesforinfrastructure.Amongitsinnumerousadvantages,oneofthemainisthat:

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  • 3/12/2015 LandAcquisitionforSEZ

    http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/landacquisitionforsez10471.html 2/5

    #CyberLaw#LokAdalat,legalAid&PIL#Forms#Trademarks#Womanissues#MedicoLegal#Consumerlaws#Criminallaws#SupremeCourtJudgments

    EverydeveloperandentrepreneurshallbeexemptedfromthefollowingunderTheSEZAct2005

    aExemptionfromexcisedutyonthegoods.bIncometaxexemptionforaperiodoftenyearsinthefirst15yearsofoperation.cExemptionfromservicetaxunderchapterVofthefinanceAct1994.dExemptionfromcentralsalestaxforthegoodsusedfordevelopmentoftheSEZ.eExemptionfromtheSecuritiesTransactionTax

    Apartfromthedevelopersitalsopreservescertainincentivesfortheenterprisesalso

    a100%FDIpermittedtothemanufacturingsector.bRequirementsofnoimportlicense.cExternalmaturityborrowingsthroughrecognizedbanks.dExemptionfromlicensingregulations

    Therefore,SEZsthroughitsvariousadvantageshelpboosttheeconomythroughcreationofjobsanddevelopmentofinfrastructure.

    ThePresentScenario:TheSEZpolicyhasbecomeoneof themostvehementlydebated issues in the recentyears. Inmanyareasof thecountry, ithas lead toprotestsbypoliticians,scholars ,mediaandcivil society.Despiteall theadvantages theSEZpolicyhasbestowedupon,ithasstillnotbeenaccepted,leadingtopublicpressureonthegovernmenttomodifytheAct.For instance, InKarnataka,SEZsare plannedat Tadri inUttaraKannada,Padubidri inUdupi, andBaikampady inDakshinaKannada.PadubidriwaswhereCogentrixwas tosetup itspowerplant.TheBargeMountedPowerPlantBMPPandtheexpansionofTadriporthavebeen,andcontinuetobe,severelycriticisedbythelocalpeopleforthenegativesocial,economicandenvironmentalimpactstheycanhave.

    TadriissituatedonthebanksofthefertileandproductiveAghanashiniestuaryandthevillagersfearthefalloutofsuch`development'ontheirricefields,saltpans,fisheriesandmangrovediversitywillbedisastrous.Tadri, infact,hadashipbreakingunit in theearly1990s.Thiswasshutdownunderpublicpressure,ongroundsofecologicaldamage,andisreflectiveofwhatthepeopleofthisareaconsideredmoreimportant.

    TheshareofSEZswasamere5%intheyear200405.Furthermore,theyaccountedforonly1%ofthefactorysectoremploymentand0.32%ofthefactoryinvestmentthatyear.ItisalsosaidthattheSEZpolicywouldcausearevenuelossofRs9,39,000millionoverthenextfouryearswhichcomestoabout6.7%ofthecentralgovernmentsreceiptsof200506.

    Therewillbelossofagriculturallandwhichcanhaveseriousimplicationonfoodsecurity.ThecompanieswillsimplyrelocatetoSEZstousethetaxbenefitsbeingofferedandlittlenetactivitywillbegenerated.

    LandAcquisitionAGreyArea:SEZs and Land Acquisition are interconnected: Large amount of land is required for developing the SEZs. It isestimatedthatthetotallandwhichwillbeacquiredfromthefarmersis1,50,000hectares,capableofproducingabout1million tonesofagriculturalproduce. It isalsoestimated thatmore than10 lakhpeoplewhoaredependentuponagriculturallandswillbeevictedfromtheirlands.ThefarmingfamilieswillhavetofacelossofaroundRs.212croreseachyearintotalincome,whichwillalsoleadtoputtingthefoodsecurityofIndiaatrisk.SEZsandLandAcquisitioninIndiahavenowresultedindissent,uproar,andoppositionfromthefarmers,fortheirlivelihoodhasbeenputatstake.Forindustrialdevelopment,useofagriculturallandisnotpermissible.Historyshowsthatmostofthelandacquiredbythe government has been sold for commercial purposes atmarket rate. The entire policy is a scandal, leading tosuicides among farmers on a regular basis. The growing issue of theSpecial Economic Zones has led to a lot ofresistancefromtheruralpeoplewhichthegovernmenthastermedunreasonableandunnecessary.Insomeareasasin the outskirts of Mumbai, people have been handed with land acquisition notices by the government. In short,allowing SEZs to function means land acquisition and conversion of land use with no benefits to the affectedpopulationandalossoftheirlivelihoods.

    Citinganexample,RecentlyduetolandacquisitioninAtchutapuraminVishakapatnam,thefarmershavedeclaredwaragainstthesettingupofSEZsontheirland.Theyaccusethatthelandcompensationmoneygivenbythestategovernmentisverylessascomparedtothecostoftheland.

    Anotherexample,istheagitationinNandigram,WestBengal,wherethefarmersprotestedagainstsettingupofSEZontheirland.

    TheBaikampadySEZhasalsobeendisputedasaresultofthestatementmadebytheUnionMinisterofCommerceandIndustrysayingthat10%ofthelandscanbedoublecropped

    Therefore,TheSEZpolicyhasbecomealandgrabpolicy.Peoplehavealreadyexpressednegativeviewsaboutthepolicythroughagitationsandprotestsanditishightimethegovernmentlooksandrethinkstheentirepolicy.

    EnvironmentalIssueWheneverthereisdevelopment,environmentisusuallyoneofthemostimportantconcerns.Industriesuseupalotofnatural resources forproduction,whichsubsequently leads toair,waterandnoisepollution.All thishasanegativeimpactontheenvironmentasthere isdeforestation,destructionofhabitatofanimalsandthefloraandfaunaof theregion is adversely affected. Therefore to protect the ecology from the whims and fancies of the profit seekingindustries,rigidlawshavetobemadeandeffectiveimplementationoftheselawsisrequired.

    ThemostimportantissueisoftheImpactAssessmentProceduresi.e.theproceduretobefollowedforlookingintothe impactof thedevelopmentofSEZson theenvironment.Someof theprojects comeunder thepurviewof theSchedule1oftheNotification.Theseprojectswillhavetocomplywiththeconditionsoforganizingapublichearingand allowing local people to voice their objections and suggestions about the project. Projects not falling in thisscheduleareassessedbytheStategovernment,andtheclearanceprocessdoesnotmandateapublichearing.TheunitswhichareclassifiedasnonpollutingindustriesdonotneedaNOCfromthepollutioncontrolboard.Althoughthedevelopmentcommissionerhas thepowers tohavea randomcheck, the industriesare free to follow theirownmethodsofmaintainingenvironmentalstandards.

    Itisexpectedfromthegovernmentthattheconflictbetweenenvironmentanddevelopmentberesolvedproperlyandthe environmental regulations be proactive in nature and not to be a barrier on the path of countrys economicdevelopment.

    LegalDevelopmentsRegardingSezs:TocountertheadverseaffectsoftheSEZspeopleapartfromprotesting,have,knockedthedoorsofthejudiciaryto

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    strikedownthepolicyaswellastheActbyfilingwritpetitionsandPublicinterestlitigationsinthevarioushighcourtsandTheSupremeCourtofIndia.

    AdvocateManoharLalSharmafiledaPILintheSupremeCourtcontendingthatvasttracksoffertilelandhavebeentakenbythegovernment.HePrayedtothecourtstograntaninterimorderandtodirectthelandstobegivenbacktothefarmers.

    In another writ petition filed, the petitioner sought to quash the MOU filed between Reliance Industries and theGovernmentofPunjabforsettingupanSEZonthegroundsofviolatingthelandallotmentpolicy.

    Another example was a writ petition regarding the compensation given to the farmers being questioned and theSupremecourtgrantinglibertytothefarmerstochallengetheadequacyofthecompensationprovided.

    In anotherwrit petition filed, TheentireSEZpolicy of theGovernmentwas challengedon the grounds that itwillcausefinanciallossesanditmayleadtothecollapseoftheeconomy.Butthecourtrejecteditonthegroundthatitisapolicymatterbutalsoleftaremarkthatthecourtcaninterfereinthepolicymattersinindividualcaseswhenthepartyconcernedispersonallyaffected.

    AllthesecasesprovethefactthatthepeoplehavenotacceptedtheSEZpolicyofthegovernmentanditisimperativeonthegovernmentsparttorethinkandrelookintotheentirepolicysothatthereisdevelopmentwithoutcompromisingtheinterestsofthefarmersandwithoutcausinganydamagetheenvironment.

    SustainableDevelopment:The term Sustainable Development stresses the balance between the interests of economic growth andenvironmentalprotectionemphasizingtheimportanceofintergenerationaltransfers.

    While putting in the context of IndianSEZs, three aspects of sustainable development is taken into consideration:Economy,SocietyandEnvironment.Asummationof these threeaspectsshows that thereshouldbedevelopmentwhichdoesnotresultininequalitiesandoverexploitationofnaturalresources.Iftheseaspectsaretakencareof,thentheSEZscangeneratesustainablevalue. Inotherwords, theyshouldbeable tobenefit thesociety in tremendousquantum.

    AnotherfactorwhichcanbeusedtoobtainthegoalofSustainabledevelopmentis:

    CorporateSocialResponsibility:Theconceptofcorporatesocialresponsibilityarisesfromthefactthatallcorporatecompanieshaveadutytowardsalltheirstakeholdersinallaspectsoftheirbusinessoperations.Themotiveandinterestsofcompaniesengaginginsocialresponsibilitiesistoenhancetheirimagebothdomesticallyandinternationally.Itmustbetakenintoconsiderationtorespecttheenvironmentandnottodeprivetheindigenouspeopleoftheirlandandtheirrighttolivelihood.

    Conclusion:ThegovernmentistoutingSEZsasthefutureislandsofexcellence.Butatwhatcostwillitbeachieved?Thatisthemootquestion.Asthousandsofacresofagricultural landareconverted intoconcrete jungles,howwill itaffect foodsecurity?Willthefarmerswhoarereadytogiveofftheirlandgetafairdeal?Mostofthemfeartheywillgetpeanutscompared towhat thedeveloperswillmake.Will thisattitudeof thegovernmentand thecompaniescontinuewhenenvironmentaldegradationstartsintheracetomakeafastbuck?

    The enthusiasm that the government has in setting up the SEZs underline an ugly fact that even after five longdecades of independence, we still do not have the kind of decent infrastructure in the country that should havenormallybeenthecase.Servicesshouldhavebeenavailabletoall,butitcouldnotbecreatedandsonow,therewillbespecialareasdemarcatedforspecialpeople.Theotherswillcontinuetolivewithoutpower,water,roadsandgreenareas.Islandsofprosperitywhere therichareecologicallysubsidizedareokay,while the lessermortals liveon thefringes.********************#Deardoffsglossaryofinternationaleconomics#EXIMPolicy2000ofthegovernment#ExportProcessingZones#SpecialEconomicZonesLawyersCollectiveVol21.Page8#AradhnaAggarwalSpecialeconomiczonesrevisitingthepolicydebate#SpecialeconomiczoneAboonordisaster.ByRameshMenon#ShaltiResearchGroup.2009.SEZinWestBengal:Growth,TrajectoryImpact.Camp:Kolkata#Section5oftheSpecialEconomicZone2005#Section2oftheSpecialEconomicZoneRules.Clausetsubclauseza,zb,zc#MinistryoftradeandcommerceGovernmentofIndia#Section26oftheSpecialeconomiczoneAct,2005#SpecialEconomicZonesMinistryofExternalAffairs,India#EPZs/SEZsandproductdiversificationacasestudyofindia,ongoingstudyfundedbytheworldbank#SpecialEconomicZonesrevisitingthepolicydebatebyAradhnaAggarwal#SpecialEconomicZoneorlandgrabhttp://psdblog.worldbank.org/psdblog/2006/10/special_economi.html#THEHINDUAtchutapuramryotsfeelletdown,October262006#DionneBunshaRuralfrontline,October202006#Environmentalimpactassessmentnotification1994#ScheduleIVoftheenvironmentalimpactassessmentnotification,1994# PIL filed in SC regarding land acquisition for SEZs, retrieved from www.indlawnews.com, published on 6thNovember2006#WritpetitionschallengingrelianceSEZs,retrievedfromwww.indlawnews.com,publishedon26thSeptember2006# SC grants farmers liberty to challenge state on SEZs, retrieved fromwww.indlawnews.com , published on 13thNovemeber2006.#SCrefusestoentertainPILchallengingGovtpolicyonSEZs,retrievedfromwww.indlawnews.com,publishedon6thNovember2006.#DefinitionofSustainableDevelopmentTheconciseoxforddictionaryofpolitics

    Theauthorcanbereachedat:[email protected]

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