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Escenarios de Cambio climático y impactos en Latinoamérica y Honduras Peter Laderach Decision and Policy Analysis DAPA Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIAT

Laderach P - Examples of climate change impacts in Latin America

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Page 1: Laderach P - Examples of climate change impacts in Latin America

Escenarios de Cambio climático y impactos en Latinoamérica y Honduras

Peter LaderachDecision and Policy Analysis DAPA

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIAT

Page 2: Laderach P - Examples of climate change impacts in Latin America

Contenido

• Acerca de cambio climático y los modelos GCM

• Estudios de Latinoamérica

• El Proyecto CUP

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Porque estamos tan seguros que el clima esta cambiando?

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Los modelos de pronostico de clima

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Usando el pasado para aprender del futuro

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Modelos GCM : “Global Climate Models”

• 21 “global climate models” (GCMs) basados en ciencias atmosféricas, química, física, biología, y, dependiendo de las creencias, algo de astrología

• Se corre desde el pasado hasta el futuro• Hay diferentes escenarios de emisiones de gases

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Entonces, ¿qué es lo que dicen?Variaciones en la temperatura de la superficie de la tierra: de 1000 a 2100

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Los peligros de 4oC

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Bases de Datos

• 18 modelos para 2050, 9 para 2020• Diferentes escenarios, A1b, B1, commit• Downscaled usando metodos estadisticos

http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GCMPage/home.html

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Climate characteristic

Climate Seasonality

General climate change description

The maximum temperature of the year increases from 32.8 ºC to 34.3 ºC while the warmest quarter gets hotter by 1.049749504921 ºC The minimum temperature of the year increases from 16.5 ºC to 17.9 ºC while the coldest quarter gets hotter by 0.8 ºC The wettest month gets drier with 264 millimeters instead of 266 millimeters, while the wettest quarter gets drier by 29 mm

The rainfall decreases from 1644 millimeters to 1609 millimetersTemperatures increase and the average increase is 0.9 ºC

The maximum number of cumulative dry months keeps constant in 5 monthsThe mean daily temperature range increases from 10.5 ºC to 11.1 ºC

Temperature predictions were uniform between models and thus no outliers were detectedThe coefficient of variation of temperature predictions between models is 3.1%

Precipitation predictions were uniform between models and thus no outliers were detected

Average Climate Change Trends of Honduras

These results are based on the 2050 climate compared with the 1960-2000 climate. Future climate data is derived from 14 GCM models from the 3th (2001) and the 4th (2007) IPCC assessment, run under the A2a scenario (business as usual). Further information

The coefficient of variation of precipitation predictions between models is 7.9%

General climate characteristics

Extreme conditions

Variability between models

Overall this climate becomes more seasonal in terms of variability through the year in temperature and less seasonal in precipitation

The driest month gets drier with 26 millimeters instead of 27 millimeters while the driest quarter gets wetter by 9 mm

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month

Precipitation (mm)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Temperature (ºC)

Current precipitation

Future precipitation

Future mean temperature

Current mean temperature

Future maximum temperature

Current maximum temperature

Future minimum temperature

Current minimum temperature

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BCCR-BCM2.0 CCCMA-CGCM2CCCMA-CGCM3.1

T47 CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 CNRM-CM3 IAP-FGOALS-1.0G

GISS-AOM GFDL-CM2.1 GFDL-CM2.0 CSIRO-MK3.0 IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2-HIRES

MIROC3.2-MEDRES MIUB-ECHO-G MPI-ECHAM5 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A NCAR-PCM1 UKMO-HADCM3

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BCCR-BCM2.0 CCCMA-CGCM2CCCMA-CGCM3.1

T47 CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 CNRM-CM3 IAP-FGOALS-1.0G

GISS-AOM GFDL-CM2.1 GFDL-CM2.0 CSIRO-MK3.0 IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2-HIRES

MIROC3.2-MEDRES MIUB-ECHO-G MPI-ECHAM5 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A NCAR-PCM1 UKMO-HADCM3

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Colombia y el mundo en cambio climático

Colombia

Mundo +4.5ºC+14%

+3.1ºC+8.1%

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The Impacts on Crop Suitability

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The Model: EcoCrop

It evaluates on monthly basis if there are adequate climatic conditions within a growing season for temperature and precipitation… …and calculates the climatic suitability of the

resulting interaction between rainfall and temperature…

• So, how does it work?

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Agricultural systems analysisÁrea

sembrada (Ha)

219584Mangifera indica L.Mango15

9175222Zea mays L. s. maysMaíz14

16756Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.Lechuga13

---Andropogon gayanus KunthGamba12

2119650Phaseolus vulgaris L.Frijol11

23001Brassica oleraceae var. BotrytisColiflor10

59574Allium cepa L. v cepaCebollas9

1287388Saccharum officinarum L.Caña de Azúcar8

82592Theobroma cacao L. Cacao7

---Brachiaria mutica Stapf.Brachiaria6

207175Musa acuminata Colla.Banano5

321764Oriza sativa L. s. japonicaArroz4

113414Gossypium hirsutum L.Algodón3

19065Agave sisalana \ americanaAgaves Otras2

189804Elaeis guineensis Jacq.Palma1

Nombre científicoCultivoNÁrea

sembrada (Ha)

Nombre CientíficoCultivosN

83054Arachis hypogaea L.Maní16

422754citrus Sinensis (L.) OsbeckNaranjas17

199595Cocos nucifera L. Coco18

90850Solanum tuberosum L.Batata19

26528Carica papaya L.Papaya20

66614Ananas comosusPiña21

57872Musa balbisiana CollaPlatano22

---Brassica oleraceae L.v capi.Repollo23

104700Sesamum indicum L.Sesamo24

78726Glycine max Soja25

2026824Sorghum bicolor L. MoenchSorgo26

24713Nicotiana tabacum L. Tabaco27

130812Lycopersicon esculentum M. Tomates28

38322Manihot sculenta Crantz.Yuca29

17073Daucus carota L.Zanahoria 30

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Un análisis sectorial para Colombia

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• 50-60% de los productores del pais son pequeños

• Agricultura aporta ~50% de las emisiones nacionales (Colombia aporta 0.37% de emisiones al nivel mundial)

• Cultivos permanentes (66.4% del PIB de 2007) seriamente afectados

Fuente: MADR, 2005 Fuente: CIAT, 2009

Vulnerabilidades del Sector

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Un Ejemplo

El susto de café en Cauca

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Pongámoslo en perspectiva

• Café prefiere 19 a 21.5oC y 1,800 a 2,800mm de lluvia• Mes mas seco > 120mm• Mucha lluvia durante floración resulta en poca

productividad – ej. 2008/2009• Aumento en broca y roya con mas calor (>21.5oC)• La sombra reduzca temperatura del cafetal por unos

1-2oC, pero reduzca también la variabilidad de temperaturas día a noche

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Climas mueven hacia arriba

Temperatura media reduce por 0.51oC por cada 100m en la zona cafetero. Un cambio de 2.2oC equivale a una diferencia de 440m.

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Suitability in Cauca

• Significant changes to 2020, drastic changes to 2050

• The Cauca case: reduced coffeee growing area and changes in geographic distribution. Some new opportunities.

MECETA

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Instrumentos de Adaptación

Manejo

Nuevos mercados

Alternativas al cafe

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Pero es peor en América Central

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Projecto Coffee under Pressure CUP

• Cuantificar el impacto del cambio climático en las zonas cafetaleras

• Cuantificar el impacto en los medios de vida

• Cuantificar el impacto en la cadena productiva

• Desarrollo estrategias de adaptatcion