LACPRODAN® DI-2021 – promoting calcium absorption

Arla Foods Ingredients

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Calcium intake plays a major role in determining bone mass in adults and also influences the rate of bone loss associated with ageing. Due to this important contribu-tion to building and maintaining bone mineral mass, it is vital that the bioavailability of dietary calcium is optimal.

LACPRODAN® DI-2021 is a hydrolysate rich in bioactive peptidesLACPRODAN® DI-2021 contains 21% casein-derived bio active peptides, known as casein phosphopeptides (CPP). A natural part of the casein in milk, CPP are known to influence calcium absorption. The high concentration of CPP in LACPRODAN® DI-2021 makes the hydrolysate a unique ingredient for promoting calcium bioavailability.

Bioactive peptides in LACPRODAN® DI-2021 boost calcium absorptionThe CPP in LACPRODAN® DI-2021 have a phosphorus bond via monoester linkages to seryl residues (table 1). Given their highly negatively charged structures, which arise from phosphorylation, CPP have the ability to fix nutritionally interesting divalent cations such as calcium, zinc and iron. This makes the cations stable and soluble under various physico-chemical conditions, particularly varying pH (1). Studies of CPP have documented the high capacity to form soluble complexes with calcium at lumen pH (2) and the ability to increase calcium absorp-tion (3) from some diets.

LACPRODAN® DI-2021 – promoting calcium absorption

TABLE 1

Sequence of selected phosphorylated casein regions found in bovine milk (modified from FitzGerald & Meisel, 2003)

αs1-Casein gin-met-glu-ala-glu-ser(P)-ile-ser(P)-ser(P)-ser(P)-glu-glu-ile-val-pro-asn-ser(P)-val-glu-gln-lys pro-asn-ser(P)-val-glu-gln-lys

αs2-Casein glu-his-val-ser-ser(P)-ser(P)-glu-glu-ser-ile-ile-ser(P)-gln-glu asn-pro-ser(P)-lys-glu-asn

β-Casein ile-val-glu-ser(P)-ser(P)-ser(P)-glu-glu-ser-ile-lys

К-casein glu-ala-ser(P)-pro-glu-val-ile

ser(P) = serine phosphate. Given their highly negatively charged structures, caused by phosphorylation,CPP have the ability to bind calcium and other minerals.

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Using LACPRODAN® DI-2021 to increase calcium absorptionThe dosage of LACPRODAN® DI-2021 necessary to en-hance calcium bioavailability is related to the composi-tion of the diet. In a rat study, the minimum dose was found to be 0.7 g CPP/kg diet to enhance calcium bio-availability from a diet with marginal calcium conditions (4). Some studies have investigated the influence of the ratio between CPP, calcium and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) on calcium absorption. An in vitro study found that the optimal relationship between CPP and calcium (Ca) was 15:1 (5) (figure 1), while another study found it to be 4:1 (6).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. CPP:Ca ratio and calcium absorption (in vitro). At the end of the absorption experiment (1 h) for each calcium concentration, the level of calcium absorbed was tested in relation to the CPP: Ca ratio. Significant variations within each curve are shown by the use of dif-ferent letters. Data is shown as mean data is used +/- STD (n = 6) Ca, calcium; CPP, casein phosphopeptides (5)

Our own study using in vitro digestion of calcium and CPP has shown that 19.9 mg of calcium is bound by 205 mg CPP when using our milk mineral concentrate CAPOLAC® MM0525 together with our LACPRODAN® DI-2021. This means that the recommended relationship between CPP:Calcium is 10.3:1 when using our products (7).

A study found that the relationship between calcium and Pi must be lower than 1:0.8, as a higher amount of Pi reduces calcium absorption (5). In conclusion, an optimal CPP:Ca:Pi ratio for increasing calcium absorption was proposed: 4-15:1:0.8 (table 2).

TABLE 2

Dosage of CPPA and proposed optimal ratio of CPP:Ca:Pi (in vivo)B

Casein phosphopeptides

CalciumD Inorganic phosphorus

Ratio (w/w) 4 to 15 C 1 0.8

A Minimum dose ~ 0.7 g/kg diet with marginal calcium conditionsB The content of CPP in LACPRODAN® DI-2021 is 21% of the productC Depending on food matrixD The content of calcium in CAPOLAC® MM0525 is 24% of the product

LACPRODAN® DI-2021 is a hydrolysate for use in functional foodsLACPRODAN® DI-2021 is all natural and obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis followed by debittering and concen-tration. The high content of bioactive peptides makes it suitable for incorporation in functional foods designed to increase calcium bioavailability.

LACPRODAN® DI-2021 – promoting calcium absorption

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 5 10 15 20 25

Ca=4 mm ol/L

Ca=8 mm ol/L

Ca=12 mm ol/L

a a

aa

a

a

b

b

b

c

abab

ug

Ca a

ssor

bed

(1h)

/ 10

cm

ileu

m

CPP/Ca ratio (w/w)

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1. Bouhallab, S. & Bougle, D. (2004). Biopeptides of milk: caseinophosphopeptides and mineral bioavail-ability. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 44: 493-498

2. FitzGerald, R.J. & Meisel, M. (2003). Caseinophos-phopeptides (CPPs) as functional ingredients. In: Sandholm, T.M. & Savela, M. Functional Dairy Products (2003) pp. 187-202

3. Hansen, M., Sandström, B., Jensen, M. & Sørensen, S.S. (1997). Casein phos-phopeptides improve zinc and calcium absorption from rice-based but not from whole-grain infant cereal. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr. 24:56-62

4. Saito, Y., Lee, Y.S. & Kimura, S. (1998). Minimum effective dose of casein phos-phopeptides (CPP) for enhancement of calcium absorption in growing rats. Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 68:335-340

5. Erba, D., Ciappellano, S. & Testolin, G. (2002). Effect of the ratio of casein phos-phopeptides to calcium (w/w) on passive calcium transport in the distal small intestine of rats. Nutrition 18:743-746

6. Ellegard, K.H., Gammelgaard Larsen, C., Sorensen, E.S. and Fedosov, S. (1999). Process scale chromato-graphic isolation, characterization and identification of tryptic bioactive casein phosphopeptides. Inter-nat. Dairy J. 9:639-652

7. Ran Gao and Hein Van Valenberg. Study of calcium binding by casein phosphor peptide (CPP). Project report. Wargeningen University and Arla Foods Ingredients amba. 23-03-2009

REFERENCES

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Arla Foods Ingredients ambaSønderhøj 148260 Viby JDenmarkTel. +45 89 38 10 00Email: ingredients@arlafoods.com

LACPRODAN® DI-2021 – promoting calcium absorption