VISOKA ŠKOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA

SEMINARSKI RAD

Tema:LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

Profesor:Maja Gocić Student:Stefan Tomć 311/PE

Vranje,januar.2016

SADRŽAJ:

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................3LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................4TOP 10 FACTORES AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY........5WHAT IS LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY..................................................6MATHEMATICALY IT IS REPRESENT AS......................................7VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY......8

THE TOP TEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SMALL AND MEDIUM COMPANY.............................................................................9THE TOP TEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT LARGE COMPANIES........................................................................................10FACTORS THAT AFFECT IN GENERAL ALL...........................11-13GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY............................................................................14-15METHODS TO IMPROVE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY...................16MATERIAL MANGAMET...................................................................17OF PAY AND ON-TIME PAYMENT..................................................18FLOW OF WORK (PLANNING).........................................................19SUPERVISION......................................................................................20SITE LAYOUT.......................................................................................21WORK DISCIPLINE.............................................................................22OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING...........................23WORKING AT SIMILAR ACTIVITES................................................24CONCLUSION......................................................................................25

INTRODUCTION Construction is the world's largest and most challenging

industry. The value and demand for the construction projects of any

organization mainly depend on efficiency of the labour and it play an important role towards

the improvement of the productivity. Labour is an most important and valuable part of

any construction industry and unfortunately most of the industries in fact all are neglecting

that part, due to this reason may be most of the construction industry facing a challenges with

regarding to problem associated with the productivity of labour. Productivity is the one of the most important factor that affects

overall performance of any small or medium or large construction

industry. There are number of factors that directly affect the productivity of labour, thus it is

important for any organization to study and identify those factors and take an appropriate action

for improving the labour productivity

2

OBJECTIVES

In this project work it is proposed to do the following work - To study the different factors affecting the productivity of the

labour. To analyze all factors. Identifying all the critical factors depending upon the volume of

work. Deciding the methodology for improving the labour productivity.

3

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this the various factors influencing the labour productivity in turkey are Determined,

Defined and Examined in detail. A survey was applied to 8 firms to obtain required data, then

according to results the most effective factors group is organized.

Construction industry faces challenges with regard to problems associated with productivity

and the problems are usually associated with performance of labour. The performance of labour

is affected by many factors and is usually linked to the performance of time, cost, and quality.

Poor productivity of construction workers is one of the causes of cost and time overruns in

construction projects. The productivity of labour is particularly important especially in

developing countries, where most of the building construction work is still on manual basis.

4

TOP 10 FACTORES AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

1. Incompetent supervisors 2. Lack of skills from the workers 3. Rework, lack of tools and equipment 4. Poor construction methods 5. Poor communication 6. Inaccurate drawings 7. Stoppage because of work being rejected by a consultant 8. Tools/ equipment breakdown. 9. harsh weather condition. 10.Delay in arrival of material.

5

WHAT IS LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY ?

Productivity can be defined in many ways. In construction, productivity is

usually taken to mean labour productivity, that is, units of work placed or produced per manhour.

The inverse of labour productivity, man-hours per unit (unit rate), is also commonly used.

Productivity is the ratio of output to all or some of the resources used to produce

that output. Output can be homogenous or heterogeneous. Resources comprise: labour, capital,

energy, raw materials, etc. Productivity = Output Resources used

6

MATHEMATICALY IT IS REPRESENT AS

At the project site, contractors are often interested in labor

productivity. It can be defined in one of the following ways - Labour Productivity = Output Labour cost OR Labour Productivity = Output Work hour There is no standard definition of productivity and some

contractors use the inverse of above , Labour Productivity = Labour cost / work hour Output

7

VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

Based on the studies, Factors affecting construction labour have been identified and were grouped

into 15 groups according to their characteristics, namely : 1. Design factors 2. Execution plan factors 3. Material factors 4. Equipment factors 5. Labour factors 6. Health and safety factors 7. Supervision factors 8. Working time factors 9. Project factors 10.Quality factors 11.Financial factors 12.Leadership and coordination factors 13.Organization factors 14.Owner/consultant factors 15.External factors

8

THE TOP TEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SMALL AND MEDIUM COMPANY

1. Lack of material 2. Labour strikes 3. Delay in arrival of materials 4. Financial difficulties of the owner 5. Unclear instruction to labourer and high absenteeism of

labours 6. Bad weather (e.g. rain, heat,etc.) 7. Non discipline labour and use of alcohol and drugs 8. No supervision method, design changes, repairs and

repetition of work, and bad resources management 9. Bad supervisors absenteeism and far away from location of

material storage, and 10. Bad leadership

9

THE TOP TEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT LARGE COMPANIES

1. Unclear instruction to laboure 2. Delay in arrival of materials, 3. Lack of material and financial difficulties of the owner, 4. There is no definite schedule, 5. Low supervisor’s capability/incompetence supervisors, 6. No supervision method, lack of equipment, and high

absenteeism of labours, 7. Supervisors absenteeism, frequent damage of equipments,

and labour strikes, 8. Design changes, 9. Incomplete drawing and inspection delay, 10. Poor communication in site and inaccurate design.

10

FACTORS THAT AFFECT IN GENERAL ALL

1. Lack of material, 2. Delay in arrival of materials 3. Unclear instruction to laboure, 4. Labour strikes, 5. Financial difficulties of the owner, 6. High absenteeism of labours, 7. No supervision method, 8. Supervisors absenteeism, 9. Lack of equipment and design changes, 10. There is no definite schedule. 11. Poor management 12. Unproductive time ( internal delay, extra break, waiting &

relaxation )

11 13. Lack of skill

14. Supervision delay 15. Lack of tools & equipment 16. Poor instructions 17. Poor quality of labour 18. Supervision factor 19. Material factor 20. Execution plan factor 21. Health & safety factors 22. Labour shortages 23. Working time factor 24. Accident

12 There has been much work identifying the factor that affects

productivity. Ineffective management

has been cited as a primary cause of low productivity rather than other factors. Apart from that

there are also some barriers to improve the productivity and these barriers are as follows :

Lack of alignment of goal Contractual conflict Difficulties in measuring productivity Weak commitment to continuous improvement Lack of labour force focus

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GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

1 Properly training to the labourers 2 Motivation to workers towards project completion 3 Properly and in advance material procurement and

management 4 On time payment to the workers 5 Systematic flow of work 6 Properly , clearly & in time supervision 7 Advance site layout

14 8 Maintain work discipline

9 Facilities to the labourers 10 Clearance of legal documents before starting of work 11 Systematic planning of funds in advance 12 Premansoon plan to avoid work stop 13 Maximum use of machinery and automation system 14 Advance equipment planning

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METHODS TO IMPROVE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

1.Quality of site management Improving productivity could be best carried out by means of

development in management quality. Namely, the principal difference in

construction productivity is the management influence. Stages of estimating construction time

and cost reliably, where the knowledge of labour productivity takes a considerable part, are

the main items of successful management understanding. In the study of Sandino ineffective

management was cited as the primary cause of poor productivity rather than unmotivated or

unskilled manpower. One of the primary means of rising worker productivity through

management is to procure and control adequate working conditions since productivity in

construction is greatly affected by work conditions that change from project to project.

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MATERIAL MANGAMET Problems with adverse material management conditions that

consist of supplying and shipping have been cited in the literature among major causes of

productivity loss. Effective material management systems are counted as taking measures

against fluctuations in material prices, informing vendors or fabricators precisely concerning the desired

material features, and suitable material planning and organization, i.e. logistics management.

The problems that can be appeared in material management applications are the following: • running out of materials, • Extensive multiple-handling of materials, • Improperly sorted or marked materials, which makes to define

them difficult, • Wrong or damaged materials that exceed acceptable

specification tolerances, or production errors pointing to a poor quality, • Unsystematic flow of materials • Production rates of materials in plant incongruous with those on

site.

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OF PAY AND ON-TIME PAYMENT

Remuneration is seen as the most important reason of why an

individual has to work in a job. Because it both meets the physiological needs that

are the most basic requirement of people, and gives esteem in a society. The

amount of pay and on-time payment is the most vital factors required to meet the first hierarchy need

of Maslow.

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FLOW OF WORK (PLANNING)

Judicious planning of labour resources are the foremost agent in fulfilling these

constraints. Poor planning, however, can adversely affect labour productivity through the need

for rework and can result in lost time for workers, since operatives are often paid on work done

satisfactorily alone.

19

SUPERVISION To follow-up and supervise labour while working is a vital aspect

of any organization because both it can result in extensions of project

time and cost, and the quality on site is controlled through inspection of the work completed by the

gang. Supervisors’ communication with labour has a supreme importance as well. It

is a fact that workers feel embarrassed and pressed with the existence of tight audits.

Multiple tiers of field supervision reduce overall crew efficiency.

20

SITE LAYOUT

Layout can influence productivity and enhance space management capability. It

defines the location of the tools and supporting utilities for optimum product flow, and thus has

a direct impact on the facilities’ time and cost of construction. In this context, the location of

the management office has a strategic importance as well as worker dormitories on site,

especially there are many shifts that may cause loud noise and thus a possibility to sleep.

21

WORK DISCIPLINE

One of the primary conditions for improving systematic working habits is to have a

complete work discipline on site. Discipline can be defined as a concept that determines the

human being behavior by means of reward or punishment. This concept becomes more

important in Turkey, since workers in the construction sector are still composed of individuals

coming from the rigid regions of patriarchal society.

22

OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Vocational education, particularly in developing countries, is the total of activities,

which enable the reasonable employment of unskilled labour by educating and directing them

to vacant fields of labour market, to regulate and control those who come from farming and do

not have any continuous working habit. Poor productivity and high costs in every branch of

industry are due partly to low levels of training.

23

WORKING AT SIMILAR ACTIVITES

To work constantly in the same or similar activities in the construction sector, where

tasks vary in a very wide spectrum, or, in other words, to have a complete experience in one

trade is one of the key elements guaranteeing the work to be performed by a worker in a

definite standard. Experience is the warranty of success and productivity in any job. Working

with experienced crews in the sector has many advantages. If experienced labour is known to

be available, supervisors do not have to explain details of how to perform the tasks to

experienced workers.

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CONCLUSION

The groups of factors which are highly effective are: supervision, material, execution

plan, and design. Moreover, for large companies, equipment factors have also highly effective.

While in small and medium companies, owner/consultant factors also need special attention

because it has high effect too. Research findings also show that health and safety factors has

not been a concern of small, medium companies and has some effect, while in large companies

are better, although not as major concern and has average effect.

Practically it is difficult task to all to improve labour productivity up to 100%. But if

you have properly control on above factors, productivity can be improved up to large extent

25