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LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF Sitophllus oryzae Linn.
DissertfttidQ submitted ia Partial fulfilment of the reqiurements for the degree
of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY
in ZOOLOGY
of The Aligarh Muslim University. Aligarb
By MOHD. SHAFIQ ANSARI
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGAUH MUSLIM UTNIVBRSITY
AUOARH liiy. 1^0
.,^v«i.:«'''."'
• DS.1ZO J ; : ^
DS720
I osrtify that "Lftboratory sttt^lts on tli«
Monoaloi mn« control of Sl HyB UVtt fiSZilt t lmi,*
i s th« origlniil vork of tfr. Mohd, *^afiq Ansari
BXi^ i s sultabXo for salaBiission for th« awtr^ of
tha &&gTme of Master of Philosophy of Aligsrti
MusliA University^ iaigsrh, tbis vork has he^A
aons ^ tits osn<!i(^at« nn^ar My and^srvisloa.
'^fOi^oUa //• leu ^t,-^
Professor t«9artnsnt of !Eoolofy
Aligarh Kasll« !Jniir»rsity Altffai<ii.
COHTBRTS
I . IWTHOTtrCTIOW 1
I I . HEVIBW OF LI^RAWHE 3
I I I , MSTHOi fMV MAtSRIALS 9
I ? . MO-BCOLOOICAL OBSBRVATIOHS OH
? . oLFACToaar R E ^ O W S B OF ^ i t o p b i i n a s a o o u * . i«
f l . SKKSITIVIW OF a^toohiltta SHUSL TO i?n?, HCH, HKLAmicm AWD S I T U . m
nU COHCL0SXOR8 37
V I I I . SDHMAfir 38
IX. ACIOfOWLErQBKmrTS 4 0
X. REFBHERCBS CITED 4 1
• « * « * « « • * «
IHtROmCTIOW
psst of vans tmi hi»i(! ollBAta. I t Is m ooiaopoXl%«R 9p«iei«t
v/kitoh has ofton plajrad ha^>o with many of th« ol(9 slov-foing
ships. Binds sn<9 fteimtr ( 1011 ) poitA(! oat that tha
iajarf tfona by this speoies sould ba ona of tha faotor
^ i o h hM rastrlotad tha raising of oom and tmn€m6 to
proBOta *ona orop* systaa of ootton Marine tha las t savaral
d^oadas, Sia vaevils attask a aoBbar of storad grains in
India as vail as in othar eonntrias. Iha inportant ooaaoditiaa
attMBkad by than ara vhaat and i t s prodaatsy barlay, riea«
aoT^vm^ fliaiza oareals, Tff baoki«haat| tablabauiSf stoi^d
ootton^ grapas and oaahav mts*
tha vaavils produaa povdary axorata that taint tha
grain and also oausa grain heating. Ihay faad on ^la
garaplasn of grains oausing oonsidarabla radaotion in
tha gamination and thm quality of tha grain*
Bat daspita i t s traaandoas inportanoa l i t t l a attantion
has baan paid to study tha olfaotory rasponsa and bionosios
of this spaoias. Tha prasant work vasy tharafora, nndartakan
to obsarra tha bio-aoology of £• £CZiit *n^ i^> su^apt ibi l i ty
to sosis of tha eooaonly a sad insaotioidas* Stadias on tha
bio«aoology of tha spaolas vara aada in ralation to tanparatara
and hunidity oonditions* Iha olfaotory rasponsa of ^ orysaa
VM sta<Si«tf fer «««&• of Mit«MMetOH3r QslMfoif • sliaiMi
olf»9toM«t«r Hud an attMipt vas iia<*« to obt«ia %m»% l i s t
d ta oa tbm «as9«ptlbillty of tti« tp«el«t to ttT, RO!,
•alatbloa «»<! •*•!»•
RSvzBv or hXTBM'mm
» • rle« v«svU Sl^ffi^mt iagaaS b«loail«f to tlt«
family earoalioiiiaM i t a brownish blcelc istoot with four
l igbt r«a(!isb fallov p%toh«t or spots on tf mlytrft. HM
thorax i s pittad vith ds«p iramotnms tmS ths garndtonlst*
9luh shspsd ttitsimss oonsist of ssvsii ssgnsmts. fli« tvo
ssxss QUI bs distiAgaiahsd on th« basis of tlis rostnn whloli
i s shortsr bnt \ri^«r in tha malss ( Rslstsadi ]J963 ) •
Tim 4«v9loi^aBt of ji* owrsas graatljr 6ap«B<il«Bt Ml
th« tanparatar* and ls»l<^itar eon^itionib Raa y < ijMM) )
raportad that ths davalopaast of ^« fiXZUft v * ^ ^ ^spositioB
of agg to tha anarganoa of tha adalt vas oa?plat«d iB 83
days at a tanparatura of 36^C SBd 9Q»(]$ ralativa hnnidity.
Ba found that abova iBd balov this taaparatora tl»ira vas a
laBgthaniBf of tha l i f a ogrola, Tha Xarvaa failad to ooMplata
thair davalopnant at a tanparatara of 3S! C and 40^0$ ralativa
hoBidity, iUBOst idantioaX rasalts vara aohiairad !iy Past and
Qapta ( 1969 ) vhaB thay fbOBd that at a tsBparmtora of 89^6
and 80«0 to SS.OlC ralativa huBidity tha l i fa oyela of ^« fijaUUft
vaa aomplatad ia aboat 23 to 8S days*
SiBi^ fJEb* ML* ( 1 978 ) raport»d that vhaB tha
taaparatara variad batvaaa lj8 and 30^0 bat tha ralativa
hoaidity rastaiaad eoBstaat at 78,0f | tha daralopBaBt of
Jl* oifyg— AKNI tha dapositioB of aggs to tha aaarganoa of
adults took 70*79 31*8 and 89.6 diys taspaotivaly, Tha
davalopaaBtal pariod, howavar iBoraasad to 30«S days at 90,0t
4
rv la t iw ls»l<lity» fsaob d«laytta 6«v«lopa«»t atgr b» €ii« to
f^ngns grovtb at high haMiHtf,
IvaKs ( X*77 ) rtport«d that oaly t7,Q^ of tho larvM
of ^ orrg— 8anrlv«d tt « tmi!»«rat«ir« of ljB**C. W«r^«i ( 1977 )
oli8«rva4i that vhaa tha aolstura oontaat of th« fralm was
13«^ Midi tha taaparatsira ma 83 Cf tha muirgaiiQa parlod of
&• 9gy«*» vaa 60 <Si9ra«
Valantiaa ( 1931 ) saggast0<! that ^ a » tlia «itai»aa
o ' ya^brio fiolitar vara ampatatad, tha laaaot fal lal to
ratpond to Uia o6ou7 of Ita food, f^oaiar ( 1189 ) raportai
that ehaaoreoaptopa oa tha tarsi aad aooth parta of
Cff9l41gByl.t mnn9m% «>al<' ^ piitatory la ftaaetloa. Tha
aapatatloa of tha aataaaaa aad of tha third sapiaat of tha
aaxlllafjr palpi of tha larvaa of JSL& ffii liagnatyi ooiild aaka
thaa ineapahla of loeatiag tha aonial host plants ( T^thiar, 1981 )«
Brovaa ( 3960 ) foaatf th»t tha aaataanal aaaailla of Phoraia ya^iaa
vara iavolvad la tha paroaptioa of o^oor. Vallla ( 1968 )
alao abovad thftt tha aataaaaa aad labial raoaptera of g,. rati^^
plaarad a aigaifioaat rola ia tha faa«iag aad ovipositioa
bahaYloar of tha spaoiaa*
Dathier aad sehooahovaa ( 1969 ) raportad that tha
rauoval of tha aataaaaa of th9 c a tar p i l lar of Maadnaa jg£ ,
raaultad ia aa ovar al l daprassioa ia thair rospoaaa to
diffaraat kiada of food,
Raataa aad Pathiar ( 1973 ) hava alao daaoastratad
that dapn VAtioa of tha olfaotoiy saasa orgaaa aaoraaaas tha
5 abllltgr of itnnitaQa aaxta to loo«t« Its host plant. 3taik
and Ka<!liakar ( 1976 ) rdport«<^ that vhaa tha antamiaa of
fanale, M^SUL ^•gyoti vara ranoiradi i t ooul^ not raoognisa
Ita host avan at a var/ oloaa ranfa. Ma ( 1976 ) raportad
that reoaptort of 'Spodootafa ^^waota \mTii olfaotorjr la
fanetlon and vara altaatad on tha antannaa, po<ft«rioF flcirfaoa
of tha labRw and naxillaa, Nukviqra ( 1976 ) ohsarvad that
host prafaranea In fam ila « aagypti appaarad to ba < apan<9aBt
on i ta rasponaa to apaoiflo odour.
With tha disoovary of modam lynthatia Inaaotioidas a
nav ara bagan for tha control of paata of atorad trains.
Cotton and Frankalf«ld < 1948 ) raportad that PPt vaa aoat
affaotlira and had a longar raaidaal affaat that tra, BBC,
ohlordana and toxaphana against £• AELUMl* Pr«<%iin sad
Bhatia ( 1966 ) found Liadaaa to ba aora toxlo thaa
dialdrm^ ohlordtfMy tox^^hana and VPS to tha a<telts of
TrtMtffli QMtfnffJMf AaU^Sm g^to^rtl an^ 2- SaUUUb naeant
and Llndgraa ( 1967 ) hovavart fooad that aatligr parathloa
and parathloa vara aqoitoxio tfid about tvioa as toxlo as
aalathloa against ^. 2XXM3SL* Str^Ag and sbar ( 1961 ) obaarvad
that aathjl parathloa at 1.26 ppm >«•• 100.0^ i^rtal i t f of
MookharJaa and his assoolatas ( 1966 ) found 16 to M ppa
of aalathloa to ba highlT affaotlva against A* saUUUb Wlgai
fj^jkl,, ( 1966 ) stadiad tha sosoaptlbllltf of j ^ SBUUUL ^
dlffarant Insaotieldas «ad found that llndaiM vas aora affaotlva
than dlaldrln, andrla, aalathloa, ohlordaae^ toxaphaaa, diaslnoa.
aKIrHit ^t^f TEPPf BBfP, pyrsthrin, allothrlBt lethniM
384 or f«ttox • 3* etroBg »n4 «;faar ( ]j9i6 ) sbcn^^ ^ftt
Bigr«r 4X83X ( Sittithlmi ) vms about 4 tiaot «s toxlo «•
aalftthion to the adalt* of j^. OMTK—. ^ grftaagtaa an^
n i t o n ana Cogtem ( 1907 ) vporUA that fanthioa
B&6 aalathlon at 7, 14 asi<l 81 ppa gava good oontTol of
&• Qgygaa* atlaoaartha <^Minl*!lt l* oaataaatta and
PyyiitPM.;mt mrlfiMffigll* W*»il« • insane ^ax«»» ( 1978 )
obsarvad that vhaa « flil&ift vaa axpoaird for two ttonra to
tan iBsaotioKSaa tba or<!!ar of toxlelty vaa an<^atilfOii>
fanthlon > diasix»ii > nalathloii > diohlorvoa > earbofaiithloii>
aonoorotophoa ^ fenltrothion > <%orotoph08 > pho8phiBtii(9oB«
La nr ( 1978 ) raportaa that whaa tha a^ l ta of
a. SJOMM, «n« 1 . i r m i r t l l ^^ apFiqra« vlth tflffarant
Inaaotieldaat tha or^ar of toxiolty vaa fanltrothlon ^
Kothlooarb > tatraohioiQrliqihos > triohlorfon > aiohiorvo«>
trlohlorphoa* Chavla and BLndra ( l!i76 ) eon<^eta4 axparInaiitt
to dataimlna tha ralativa t o x i o l ^ of aavan organophoaphata
and tvo ajmthatle pyrathrolda agalnat tha a^l ta of J^ doalniaa
an^ I^ 9JBUJUL »n^ tha larvaa of TMlff< ftHi lUaiCHai*
Fanoblorphoa and tatraohlorrlnphoa \mv found to ba »ora toxie
tliaii nalathlon, bronophosy ojranophoat Xotfofanpl»»a9 rasMothrla
or tatra nathrln. ^* SEUUA ^** "^^ aaaoaptlbla to thaaa
inaaotioldaa than J|# ^SlMSA «»<' *»sa larvaa of 1 . griHin^lil*
7
XatUra ( 0976 ) ttaaits tli* •ff«otiv«mts of
nalathlon, diasloony fonltrotlil<m and !Biid«iit ag«lii«t
X* ffltHlir^lMli &• owrg^ and Braohaa ohinenaia an^ fotiR4
that fanltrothlon vas isora toxlo than aalathioa uhlla
dlaslnoa vnia mora aff«Qtlva than fanltrothloa or nalathlcm
against £• orygaa and J, ohinattla- Lin( «aa vaa tha laast
toxle of all tha ins«ctloi<3aa t«it«d«
rmaoarohallar < 1977 > foand that i^aa Aiohlor^roa,
aiaXaUilon^ f^nltrothlon and plrlnipho»>«9thQrl vara mlxa^
with pyrathroif's, thera vaa no antagotdM batwaan tha
insaotioidaa* Tbaaa vorkars alao invastignt(»d tha vapour
toxioit^ of ^iehlorvoa against ^. fiCZUft «i>d ^. <foainiaa
in frashly tra%ted i^aat and com% to oonelnsioB that tha
lathal affaot of diehlorvoa was mostly daa to tha voMXa
totm of diohlorvos and i t s vapour at toxio ooneantrationa
aovad throat graina up to four notara.
H-Hafia j^« JX. ( ^^"^ ) raportad that aalathioii
at tha rata of 5l3 ppa and H^ at 8000 ppK 8«v« satisfaotory
oontrol of ^* orysaa. La Baa and Tleka ( lj977 ) raportad
Uiat Bulathion shovad soaa rapallanoy against ^« orT«i|a and
raai^al traataant with pirialphoanaattqrl at tha rnta of
7.8 ppa and vith fanitrotitiion at tha rata of 8*9 ppa provad
Bora affaotiva than traataanta with aalathion at tha rata
of 10*4 ppa*
Lia and saddaruddia ( 1977 ) tastad aight Insaotieidaa
against ^ pgyg^y, tha to SO valuas haiag 3.99 for ohlorpyriplioa*
aathyly 4*64 for ohlorpyriphott 87*96 for aala^loay 31*44 Ibr
8
dicblorvot, 766*39 for »«tlKMqrl and X]d6*06 for Bonoorotopliot*
srlTftstava and sl&i^ ( lf77 ) r«port«d that fenltrothioo
( saBithioa ) and parathltm ( ^atox ) v«r« aqultOYlo and
ooald vlpa off thm popnlatlon of g* orya— at 88*4 • 89*6 s g . / ^ . f t «
tha resldaal •ffaotlTanass of thasa Inaaetioldai i«tt«d
for about flva Months*
9
MEtBO0 mn MATERIALS
tilt adults of Si, ftSE£it v9r« oollodt«a team looal
grftln nar)c«tt at Allgax^ and vara raarad on frash graina of
vb»&t vhioh had baan aabjaotad to a taaparatara of S8 C fbr
four hours and had haan oonditlonad to aay^trad^ a r«ithar
eonttant Bolatura oontant, Raarlnt v** < IMI 1B flaaa Jars
40 oa in hali^t and oovarad ovar vlth aashad olotli at a
tnsparatara 88 • l^C and 7B ±9$ ralatlva taaBidl^«
lb study tha bionoaloa of tha spaolasf two vaak
old adults vara palrad in i^ass tubasf 8 oa z 4 <ai in sisa
a d oontaining oonditiom^ grain of vAiaat and oovarad ovar
ligr » i s l ln oloth at thair opanning ands. tha axparimantal
1»hes vara plaoad in dassieators stahiliaad at knovn laiNil
of ralativa lauidity vith tha halp of a daairad quantity of
XDH ( v iOloBoni IjMl )« thasa dassioators vara kapt at
diffarant tanparaturas* tha agga laid eould ba dataotad in
grain ly looating tha hola vhioh had baan plaggad bgr tha
fmsalaa idLth galatinous aatarial and tha davalopaantal pariod
vas raoordad frni tha tins of tha ^poaition of tha aggs to
tha saarganoa of tha a^l ts*
for tha purposa of olfaotory taatst T • shspad
olfaotonatar dasignad aftar tha eannar usad by Miilrviqra ( t i?8 )
vas nsad during tha prasant tast . I t had a ralaasing ohMbar
foilovad by a narrov tuba, fbrkad «t i t s distal and into tvo
am a. Kadi a n vas oonnaotad to a dhambar to vhioh anothar
glass tuba vith a ratbar vldanad on tar and %»as fixad, Tha opaa
10
•nds of tli0s« tabes w«r« «>T«r«<! vlth •ns l ln olotli, HM
staidl«t Mmrm afi<9« at « t«Bp«r!<itttr« 88 • l^c; «Bt€ 'n *9lft
r«l«tlv« fanmldity* In eertaia sarlas of t e s t s , tb« ssiteiiaM
were snputated at tlielr bases vltfc a tint sargloal rasor*
the weevils were then kept for five hoars in the reoovefy
Jars and were not provided food*
In ^ e f irst series of eiqperliRents* wiiett w^s plmoed
m hoth ^ e arss of the ol faetoneter, tnt l«ter on I t was
replaoed ty barley, maise and rice In one of the ^ms, ^aeh
test was replleated five times and 200 beetles were used 1B
eaoh replicate. In another series of s la l lar test bgr witnitatlnc
only one antenna, eaoh test was replicated four times i *
IjOO weevils in ea<^ repllceite« ^ e n both antaimae were removed,
the mjBber of weevils used in e a ^ test was ijOO and the total
nomber of weevils tested fbr deteralnlng the preference of
eaoh type of food was 800* A eonstant stroMi of air was blo^i
Into the two aras of the olfaotometer tgr meant of an eleotrle
blower* Htm data was analysed statlst loidly bf ^plying stastfard
devlatioa,
S^ » / ^ TT • mm of square of deviation from >/»-l
arl^ttiatlQ meaa
a m nomber of observations*
the standard error was analysed, S«S* m a P B m nomber of replicatet
and the ratios were also calcalated*
Petridishes 10 cm* la diflseter were rinsed in aoetone
11
and ari«<I la air, T%slr«d f l las of th« lfis9otloi6«t v«r«
prepared Iqr directly deiiverinc 5 ml. of test ooncentii rsite
into petridltb and rotating i t in saoh a v i j that a unifom
liSfar of kno%m deposit vaa obtained, Tim petridisbea vere
then kept for drying purposee, 40 adult ( 4 veek old )
veevila were releai^d in betveen the tvo treated petridighee
for a desired period of t ine. Mortality ooante were «ade
after 48 b surs and ttie morilxinda were ooanted as dead. Htm
data %rero aabjeoted to ^robit analysis ( Fiimey, 1998 ) •
Hegression l ines were drawn aid Lo 60 valii«s were determined.
The results were farther obeoked t r ohi«»sq[iiare test 10^
analysis of varianee wms made, tbe fldaoial l i a l t s were also
obtained.
12
BIO-gCOLOGICM. OBSERVATIOTS « fiWPM.3l! l fiCtSM
A nuBtMr of vork«ri h«y« studied the M.ologf of
&• fiXZ&lftf He« ( ( 19S0 ) roport*^ ^ a t tho ^rctioB of
^•7«lopB«&t of SJ, Qjnrg^ froa tho ^•position of efg to
tbm tatrgenoo of aAilt VAS 83 ( iQrt at » tmiporatoro of
30^C and 90J( r«latl¥o haai<!ltgr. R« foantf that abovo ait^
balov uaa tamparatora thara vaa lang^aning of tha
U f a ogrola. Si&i^ j|]t.» 4l« ( ^'^ ) fc>Qtt<! thnt at tanparatnraa
of 18 C« 80^C ana SO c m9 76,09C ralatlva hnml^l^, tha
davalopnant of « ^rwxmt from tba ^apoaltion of agg to tha
anarganea of aAilta took 70«7y 3I*S an4 29»B < a]ra rasptotivaljr
ahovlng tl»»ratgr that tesperatara had a aarkad affaet on iSkf
aaration of Ufa ojola. Hovavar, only X7»0% of tha larvaa
ot « aiXMM. ffirvivatf at a tamparatara of TJB^O ( KTaiif« 1977 ) .
Turing tha protant ataxia a tha aaratlon of Ufa
oyoXa in an Indian population of ^» fiCt&lA vaa fonna to ha
graatlj dapandant on taaparatara and hmtiait^ eonditiona
( Tahla I ana figara 1 ) • A ta«paratava of 33^C ana 79»0;(
ralativa hnniaitj provad to ba iiaita favoarabla for tha
davaloimant of SL» SSXMMSL* trndar anc^ oonditiona tha anratiOB
of l i f a oyola fron tha aapoaition of tha agg npto tha
asarganoa of a ^ l t vaa foana to ba 26*8 «*a3ra| th9 rata
of aavalopaant baing 3«789( par dagr, Tha r%ta of aavalopaaat
alowaa aovn at a tanparatara of 45»8€^C wn^ alao at l4*8i^C*
Tha a at a hnsiaitgr of 78«3jCf tha da ration of l i f » oyela
lnoraa««a to 3ft»3S aaja vhan tha tanpamtara baaana 40»8i^Q»
f« l l to 60«7jC tho Ora t ion of l l f « ofelo vnt pro1oRi»« to
4t*t6 dijrs ifitfa ft 8*If rat« of <9«v«loiMient p«r dtgr. %ibmk
tho t«Bp«r«tar« foil to 14«88^C« th« apsoloe took ljD6 ( «3rt
to ooapldto i t s d«v«lop«eDt* OvlposltloB v«« slgnifloMitly
dfflajTttd ftt ft tMtpftrfttnro of 14*86^C«
13
14
Tabl« 1. Kffftot of tenperatar* and faofflit^lt^^ on tte
d«vttlopB«at of ^« 2QLIML*
TttKp«
14.25
84,00
88.8S
31.70
33.00
36.78
39.75
40.86
46.84
it.H.
63.00
66.78
74.00
66.10
79.00
80.00
64.86
78.30
60.70
1 ration of 11 f« Qjfol* froai Vim ^•positloB of •«« Qpto tlX9 «BarK«ne« of adalt,(ln daort).
106.00
49.00
38.60
<Sc %tSZ
86.60
30.00
48.78
36.36
46.86
Hata of d«T«}op««nt par <*iQr.
if)
0.94
8.04
8.60
3 .10
3.78
3.80
8 .30
8,70
8.10
Pigisir* ! • mratlon of l i f« oyol« ( In flnjn ) ftt different ooBbin«tion« of t«ip«rfitaMi and r«latlv« biail4itf •
15
QC
5C
Q. X
50.
45. 40.
35.
30.
25.
20.
15.
10.
RG.1
46-25
42-75
32-22 266
. 49
105
80 40 50 60 70 SO
• / |?£UTIVE HUMIDITY
1 6
OLFACTORf mnpmm or at<^gM;^\^^
It i t C9nor«lly b«ll«vd4 thnt siit«imM ar« th«
primtkXf r«o«ptort libloh <l9t«ot air borne stlmili (T%thi«ry
1963yl9Q3| Jaoobson, 1965 and raTis, t97«, 1977). Xa 1969
I>tthl9r and fK^oonhovon roport«d that th« ri^oval of tb«
antannat of tha ea i ^^^^"^ * ^^ Mnndaaa JQ2,« ^mormmam^
thalr rasponsa to dlffarant kln(^t of food, Hansen and 7%thiar
( 1973 ) alao obsarvad that deprivation of tha ol factory
Sanaa organa oonld daoransa tha abl l i t j of Man^aa faxta
to looata i ta host plant. Mukvara ( 1976 ) obaanrad that
host praferanoa in ftmala J^a^M. aagyotl appaarad to ba
dapandant on Ita rasponsa to ^ e o l f i o odoar. Hai toval of
ona antanna of A. aagyptl radaoad i ta prafarwnoa for san W
about 5Q,C$ whan both tha antannaa vara raaovad, tha
Boatialtoas ooold hardly distlncalili thair host.
mrlng tha prasant stadiaty tha olfaotory rasponaa
of S* orygaa was da tarolBad \!f wpntatlon of antannaa in
a T • shapad olfaetoaatar ( Tigara 8 ) nodifiad aftar tha
mannar of Mukvaya ( 1976 )•
>«han vhaat vaa plaoad at both andt of tha olfactomatar,
46.715K of tha tast inaaota ooald ba found in tha right am
and 47*68)( in tha la ft ona* idian barlay vas plaoad in ona
of tha ama 66«76J( of tha vaairila prefarad vha it ovar barlay*
Similarly 76*97 and ao*895( of tha vaavila prafarad vhaat ovar
aaisa and rioa raspaotivaly*
17
T!» vMTllt •xhlbitad « d«fiiiit« s«l«<stl<m to vsiriotis
kindt of food* i Mtetlmes on r«aohiiif thm fork of th«
olfaotoaotar, th«jr stopptd^ sbook tho antonnAO tnd th«B
dooidod ttlthar to BOTO A partieular am or wcmn of tli«i
«••& v«lk«d baok to th« rel»«slnf ohamber md ^«ii rttspotidod
to tht d«slred slt« of food, tbls ^p« of behavloar has
•I so b««ii r«port«d tgr Nakwasra ( 19?6 )• T%tbl«r ( 3;B?7 )
shovod tbat %ih<m an intaot aiiooiiiitara a plant, i t finda a
vary oonplax arragr of anbatwoas* fash raoaptor la sanaitiva
to aavaral mbstanoas and in oonaaqtianoa tha Insaot oan paroiara
a oonplax alxtara of odonra* I t dapanda on tha dantll^ of
ohwBoraQaptora praaant on tha antannaa to avaluata tha
pirtioular odour of tha host plant*
ylbmn ona antanna via ramovad, tbair totiA rasponsa
vaa radaoad to 7X*0lC* Vlhan thay vara tastad vlth vhaat and
barlay in oomblnatlcmy 34*08)C of tba inaaota vara attraatad
to vhaat and 36*92JC to barlay* tha raaponaa to ««ixa and
rloa vaa alao graatar than vhaat ( TabHa 2 )•
tha anputatioa of both tha antannaa in j^* orraaa
oauaad a ^arp dapraaalon In thair total raaponaa* thagr
did not shov thair uaual prafar^noa to «af klnda of food*
\jhan barlay vaa Introt^oad in ona am and vhant in otharf
40*85( of tha tatt Inaaota vara oollaotad flroa barlaf aida
and 14*8^ frcai i^ant* Iha attraotion to nalEa and rloa
vaa alao graatar than to vhaat*
18
Taia« 2. Olfactory r«»pon»« of ^, fi£Z&it
ConditioB 1IO« o f i l*9SpOn9« jt S«K* a f9p<m99 f 1*«8pOIl9« W««vll» of vh«at In rol«fH' sine m.cttt Ax« L«ft Am ohamtMr
ifttio
Ant«nn«« Intftot
Unilaterftl Mpntation of An toon A
BiIat«raLL AnputatioB of AAtonaM
1000
1000
3000
1000
400
400
400
800
800
800
94.3 ± 1.5138
88*6 ± 3«9lj87
96.3 ± 1,9131
94.6 ± 1.7148
71*0 • 2.345
79.95 ±9, 12
77.85 ^ . 4 8 7
55.13 t 8 .991
46.88 ± 7.866
34.13 ± 1«9773
46.71
66.76
76.97
80.89
34.08
88.76
88.97
14.6
17.0
11.43
47.58 (t^«at)
81.83 (b«rl«y)
I t l
3 f l
19.38 (aiiistt) 3 . ^ 1 1
14.30 (rioft) 8 . 6 t l
36 .M (bfirl«]r)
49.99 ( sa iz*) t
4^.88 (rio«)
40.8 (barl«y)
1^.68 (a^iR«)
88.70 (Pio*)
If1.08
It 1.73
I t l . M
l t8 .81
l t l . 7 i
l t l . 9
19
>J3M019
^
@i mm
m hm
QC
US
2 o Waa>
u < u. o
\J ~ ) \
CM
o
20
SSSSITIVItr OP aitOPhllua prwzmm W KDT, HGH, KiJlAIHIOII iWP SBYHI
OottoB an^ ?r«ik«lfal4 ( IMS ) stn^lvd th« t o x l o l ^
of iiit«otloid«« to jst* Q«r»— 9IR€ fe»m6 thftt I IW vtis aop«
•ff«otiv« fbr « longer p«rlo<5 of tin* ^an TUS, BHC, ohlor^tB
and toxctphan* vtian appllad to glass sarfaoaa* Pra< haii an4
Bbatla ( 1986 ) ttmnd that lln<9MM vaa aof« toxle than
di«ldrlB| ohXord^a^ toxaphan* or It T to tlio adults of
^ri!y>limi Qaatanamiy amohtta t||i|fWf[lri| and ^« QJBfMM.* ^ H *
Singh and saxana ( 1976 ) raportad that tha La 60 valnas
of pbo^hteal^ni dlorotophos, f«nitrottiion« nonoerotophosy
oarbofanthion, dioblorvosf nalathlon, diaslnon, fanthion
and andoaaXfbn fbr ^ fiBUUft f* 80*99, ll*96y 6*181, 8,69,
1*98, 1*96, 1*00, 0*64, 0*63 and 0*47 raspaotlTaly* nof and
Maitgr ( 1977 ) raportad that vhan ^ flXZSM vas eonflnad fbr
16 nlnutaa on tfriad d^os i t t of p-irathlon, natfegrX-pfiratbiMi
and fenthlon, paratbion vaa foond to 8*86 tlmat as toxlo aa
fanthion and natharl-parathioa for uhloli tha to 60 vat 0*0018M*
Turing tha prasant atadlaa, tha ansoaptlMlity of
&• Q« «— to Wtf BC8, aalathion and aavla vaa datarmlnad
tgr aiqpoaing tha voaYlla to rasl<teaa of inaaetlolda dapoalta*
Iha ragalts of taata vltb dlffarant oonoantrationa
ara praaantad in tha tabla 3* v^lob ol«arly shows that
•alatbloB and s«vln ara highly affaetiva against £* orrsaa.
Malathion i s aora affaotiva at lovar oonoantrationa bat
BCB and TDt ara affaotiva only at hlgb«r oonoantrationa*
21
Wif oono«ntrfttioiia of T T» HCH, nalathloB nii •••!&
v«r« iit«d and th« weevilt ifor« •3q)0«*d for Ifi alniit«t to
eadb ooiui«iitratlo&« Mortal!^ ooants v«ro un^it mftor 48 hottri
of th« tr«atB«nts. "RHI LO 90 •^tioa« rosresslon ooaffloioiitsy fi
^ • teat, analysis of varianoa, flAioial l ln l ta of to 80
and Lo 90 nara datarmlnad ( Tabic 4 ) • tbm rafrastloB
Una in ralation to log oonoantratlon trom vhloh I»o 80
valoaa vara detarainad ara praaantad la flgara 3* ->:. • taat
In al l tba oaaaa vara slgnifloant ( F>0«08 )•
OB oomparing tha toxleity of rfT, BCSf aalathimi and
aavln at 18 nimtaa aiq>osura tlnoy i t vaa foand that
Balathion was mora toxio than a«Tin, BOB tfid Wt (%nd tha
order of toxioityvMt nalathlon > S«V1B > BCH>1^T* Iba Lo 80
valiaaa for thaaa ina^otioidas vat o*083l7 for nalathion,
0«IB06 for savin, 8*309 for BCB and 0*8310 for tf^* XH al l
tha tasts tha famalas vara found to ba sora aateaptibla to
tha ohanioala th«n tha aialas*
fim Lt 60 valnas vara detaminad Igr using fiva
oonoantrations of aaoh ins«otioida ranging 8*00 to 0*ljB89C*
Tha vaavils vara axpossd for 1, 8, 4 , 8 or 18 nlnntas to
aaeh oonoantratlon and mortality ooants vara nada nftar
48 hoars of tha traataants* Iha Lt 80 yalaas «sd alopas
for both saxaa ooaibinad, froa tha tasts vlth a ash oonoantratloa
ara prasantad in tabla 8 to 9* Ttis log»tina ragraasiofi
l ine s frc3M vhloh tha Lt 80 iraluas and alopas vara darl rad
ara shovn In flguras 4 to 8*
22
tlM I t 80 valn^t obtaliMi tram th» r(i«3lts f^bxmei^
that tk« w»«irilf iMrt aost gitto«ptlfal« to BalatkloA aei
l eas t fasd«ptibl« to ^tt. Tht sensitivity to sovia v*s
lS38 than i^at i t vas to aalsthlon ( Taldo 10 )•
th»r« vas a aarkad diffaranos in Lt 80 valuas of
TTT^ HCS, aalathioii snd savin at «11 ^aposits In m/^Hm QB«
1% a dapoalt of Q«Q01SM gf»/fq« OR*f tha Lt 80 valtias tar
trr and HCH vara 0*86 and 0*8S Bliiitas raspaotivalyy
vheraas Malathion and savin gava 100«01( nortslit^ Irvaspaotiva
of tba p9riod of axposara. 0»0008i7 gn/sq«ai«| tha Lt 80
values vara 10*47 snd 3*0 ainatas raspaotivalf* 0*0003l!S8 fn /
9q* 0B,t tha Lt 80 valnas vara 2f'*91 and X0*9t niimtas
respaotivaly and 0*7 olnates for savin Int nalathion
pro<*Qoad 100«0)( oortidl^* At 0«0001ji9e si/Sq* oa.t tlw
Lt 80 valt28s vara 44««7 and 88*1 ainatas ftnr ^ ^ end HCB
raspaotivaly. For savin and aalathioa tliasa vara 8*0 and
!•& ainatas respaotivaljr. At 0.0000798 ffi/sq. aa«| tlw
Lt 80 values of tm and E(S 604,0 and 4a«88 a lmtas
ra^aotivalr sad 1X«48 and 8«9 ainatas Anr savin «Ad
aalathi^i*
23
I t l T l t r of j ^ flOUft to tnaMttoldoi «y l4*a MtlAiaUjr .
r««iit«c«t 1ft 9«r«iit!li«gte} of i f t«^le imt#4 vltft « i f f t f««t «ond«itrfttioas*
$
m 0)
•0
T
r •9 •0)
•0)
3 ^ •0}
io •0) io wO)
•0>
o*H
(41*«}
• t / i O C4t.i)
ao/io (•0.0)
( M . O
(80.0)
i i / i Q
^ST
•0 / io (X00.O) io / io
(100.0)
WOfVO ClOOvO)
0.8f9l
aji/80 (io.O) tQ/00
(SS.S)
(io.ir
t 7 / i 0 (40.0)
wf/m (4UI.0) •«/!l90
(4t.O)
40/«0 ( • • . • )
4S/iO (70.0)
(Sar
48/10 (00.0)
M/io (tUO)
0.l8li
0/io ( A #
1 ^
st/oo (00.0)
H ^ (« l^
w/io (41*0) ta/io (i8«i> ii/iito mm
^ ,
1 ^
O.OOKIlC
•
•
«•
-
•»
•
X7/00 ( t8.9)
19/00 (01.0)
80/100 (80.0)
80/00 (40.8)
18/80 (40.0)
^ i /S iO (40.0)
O.OOXMMf
«»
-
«»
-
<m
•
7/00 ( lUO)
10/00 (10.0)
iT/HK) (14.1)
18/00 (80.0) 81/80
(80.0)
9 i / f ^ (88.0)
O.O10890
• •
•
a»
-
.»
• •
mt
•
•
10/80 (10.0)
m/oo (80.0) 88/S80
(18.8)
^
^
o m
1
5 • •
O
4» O •
<H
%4
o i e
9
^ 4ik
1
- -
^ « »
5*
€F
2
J! ^
s »4
1 S •
8 w<4 < * *
1 i s
2
§ o • is
4» O •
S $ {1 3 • • « •
t^ §9 f-t 99
tfi A r5 CQ
1 1 § 1 • • • • o o o o o H ft 8 8
• • O O
8 9 « f4
M H
t > « i4 • •
• * o « • • N H
• •
Pi a N •
C9 CO
1 f
• •
IS, f-t «
1-4
i 1 • •
© o
1 • o
$ •
r4
H H * • r4 •
• C9
• H
• A
"x
5
§ $. © ©
i •
©
1 i • • © o
ft i
• ©
c A
H
« • r4 •
9 •
CO N
H
9 • S
«
19
"M
•a
24
15 0
a i 4*
Ok 2 • i
Pigur* 3 . s^Mlt in ty of 3l g>t43r\li aSXSM *© ^^t »««, S«Yin and malatlilon.
sueoHd
25
01 99 0-9 S-S OS S-t i t I I 1 i I t I 1 I I I I i I I i i I I t I I 1 I I t i
o-fr s-e O't
SS
§ 55 &
H X 5 2 o o 2 < O X to S
O X • 4
en s
5 o <n o
i LJ
O
o
o
<N
26
f Mfi SflEiaA ^ * r«aiABd fi%m of 0« B9wiM mnA llAlalMo*.
i jn/^l* ai«
rtions ( and p«ro«ntag»« la pmmntlmm§ ) «f HMTII • kill*^ «t
ront •xpo«Br« periods of
nto
to 9) iO
M
m
id 1)
IfO 1)
t aljaitot
41/iO
4ir/io
•I/I90
4i/io
90/10
4 «iiiato«
4«/ i0 (80«0|
• t / I O
IS^
417/10 C7t,t)
<ii*il
C90.0)
• almtos
m/m (it.o> 80/iO
(f0»9) 1I90/13W (90*§>
ctCo? i i / io
(oi«o>
3l9i/li0 («0, i )
to ttlmtos
69/00 (88«9)
09/00 C00.9)
?»*
88/00 (01.0)
00/90 C0«,9>
in/loo (00.0)
.0)
10 .0) 190 .0)
00/00 (100.0)
00/00 (100.0)
190/ ]^
00/io (100.0)^ 00/ io
(100.01
190/XM
00/00 (100.0)
00/10 (100.0)
00/00 (£00.0)
00/iO (100.0)
27
tMltivilgr of jp fiflOUft ^ • T9fA^A I t lB of a»a<li)i697 gii/aiQ* OS,
Pfo^ortloaa ( mA poroonttitt ift p«fofl|lMo«s > of vosvils Idl lo^ at
d l f f tmnt oxponro porio^s of
• I B B W 8 • initoo 4 a imto* 8 a lmtot lit aimtoo
(as.9)
(Sjg**
80/iO 08 .S)
1^180
41/80 (•8*0)
47/80 (78.8)
88/180 (7»«8)
17/80 ( • • •8)
88/10 (88.8)
17/80 (a i .9 ) 88/80
(38,8)
(Jir
80/80 (88.8)
88/80 (88.0)
ljOa/180 (88.8)
(88f8|
C41^fl
Mt/80 (8>i^i9
88/80 f 4 8 i #
mm
i§ / iO
80/80 ( M « 0 )
1 3 8 / m (8 i i8) •
88/80 (4U8)
80/80 <80.0)
8 i / ] j ^ (48.88)
88/80 (48.8)
84/80 (88.8)
80/180 (80.0)
80/80 (100.0)
80/80 (100.0)
180/180 (180.0)
88/80 (48.8)
40/80 (88.8)
<^T
40/80 (88.8) 4 8 / ^
(78.8)
86/180 (T^l^t)
80/80 (100.0)
80/80 (100.0)
I!i0/180 (100.0)
28
Slit i«vltt )«id Nalmtiiiett*
fAB i «&4 p«rd«fit«s«9 in p«r«ii^M««9 ) «if wMvils ki l led at
•9o«Br« psrio^s of
S Blll|t«S 4 «lnit*s 8 ttUiit** If «iiRit*s
tf/fO (ttO.O)
tf/m (88.S)
i j i / io (tft.O)
MAKI
43/10 (7 l .# )
xr/io Ct8*9)
49/190 (99.9)
(llfSf (49*#)
( ^
4i/90 (79.9)
4II/40 (89.9)
94/190 (W.0)
99/80 (99.9)
9f/99 (49.9)
47/190 (99.9)
(40.0)
99AK> (99.0)
97/ljM (47.1)
49/80 ? (79.9)
M/99 i (99.9)
99/190 i (77.9)
.1
98/80 (99.9)
91/90 (91.9)
89/190 (44.1)
99/90 (49.9)
99/90 (91.9)
( 9 ^ 9 )
80/90 (99.9)
99/90 (91.9)
109/190 (97.9)
.. -
m a
BI » | BC SS S * J!»
n H n o^ • « «is k ' n « ^ 0 <>M 9
^ ^ « • % « i " ^
Jl$ 68 SB " S8 38
1^^% ^i^^k < i^^ i n n n
1 ^ 1 ^ & «
•
a< 8^ S5 b% s* s«
1 1 & ^ I s
• •1
&t 8^ ?< Is IjS «8
^ P PI ! ^ 38 S8
1 * ^ < * ^ . * « » l
e n ?5 i ^ 38 S8
<*% * ^ * ^
.«$ .«5 ? l
l i
I
I
•
I (9
^
& •«
<0 2? O
o
^ i lib «r
: s
i 2
ft
f
r n
a
» I ft e (• i
Q< 8^ S^ SS 3 * S*
SI PI p •»S oB IsS
f^ p< i^ 0 8 01S Q»S
Ms> 9 9 « | 9 0«
<w»|a «^9 '»<>>o
9 3
ft i ^
S^ «3^ .*lt si s* 2
£1 «>& 0 0 « o
fllli
S •*! ?S mm «lo ciQ
M F5 ?! M 3S SI
1:
•0 m i
I
I
8 1
9
Oh • «
5 3 • o
r 8
> I • *«
»* <» o 9 Ok «r
ft •
I i m
m 13k
w
s M
I? O mi
• 0, o
8
0
8 i4
t •Si o s a
I
e I
«
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«
8^
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8*
. 8
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i 1 a • o <>• r5
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I I • • H O
31
* • • s s
8 6 « S 1 . i4 r4 d o o
8 O S r4 8 • • • • •
o » Q j5 5
8 & S IS S « • • • •
H O O O O
S S: S 6 o o- .3 rf ,• ^
o o o o o
n«ar« 4. S t n i l t i n t y of {jj^Bl^llUt 2XZ2M *o 0,001874 ffi/ Sq* OB, deposits of Wt md BG8*
sxieotid
32
O-L 99 0-9 SS OS S t OP S-C Ot 11 M n I, M 11 N i .1 M 1111111 i 11 m I M I m , t M I
(9
a I
• It
o
o <M
to 6* p
(0
o
s
Figor* 0* S«n»ltlvlty of eitoohllaa oryzw to 0,000037 m/ Sq. c«* tSopoislts of r r t antf HCH,
siiaoBd
33
& i S-9 0-9 S-5 0-5 9fr U i M M 1 1 1 I I I I n M t M t t f M t
0-fr S-C 0-C
6 5
• X
o
CM
Q
Flgur* 6. 3«ni iUnty of 2Jl 9? llytg Q^vtm to 0.0003186 m/ Sq, oa, <!«po5iti of U!3T, HIB and a«Tla«
34
sxr8ou<i
Oi 99 0^ 9S O-S S-> Ot SC (K J I 1 M n I M M I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I M M H i M 1 I t ! I M I i
o
fe g 3 o X «n
• X
OB
•S
•a
1 C9
o
ngar« 7. sensitivity of sltoiahlliaa siIIMM ^ 0.0001«9« m/ Sq. OBi« deposits of l l t HCH, S#V1B «ia4 salatMon,
35
siiaoMd
0-^ S-9 0-9 9-S n M M t M i i I M I I t u.
OS 9-t Of S-£ 0-e
o
2: o
t 3: > -5 Q Q Ul ^ Q as w) s
• X • 4
S
Ul s
lgur« 8# S9aslT:iiflty of Sltoahiltta orygae to 0,0000796 ga/ isq, em. (Soposltt of WJlf BCB, •ovia and n«l««hloii.
siieoMd
3G
O'L S-9 0-9 S«S OS S-fr Q-f $•€ ( K
ui
8 - I
00
coKaxjasioHs
whAftt at A temper««tuir« of SS 4 l^'c end 75 ;fc fill relative
tauBiaitgr.
8, tlx« <SaFatloa of l i f e oyole of ^ 2lZlift ^^ Kreatly
6«pen<Sent on teaperature enA Insiidllgr eondiltions.
A tMiperatara of 33°C «na 79.0)f relative taBiaitr i t quite
satisfactory tor the aevelopnent of ^ e pre-a^ult staf^es.
The l i f e oyole i s oompleted in 86.5 <!ara*
3* Ibe Mptttation of both the antennae in ^. orraae
nay caase a sharp a<aprn<;sion In the response of the
beetles to their fbo6«
4 . the antennae seea to be the priaary olfaotory
reoeptors in SL» fiOSM*
6, MslathloB Is aore toxlo to SJ» QJEL&M ^"^ seTin,
RCBf an^ Wl»
€* Wwittlei are aore sasoeptlble to the Inseetloiaes
than the males.
7* 1!liere i s slgnifloaBt variation betveea the inseetieiae
dose and i t s lethal effeot on « fiOXM. ( ?>0.0S ) •
38
mmAm
^tk^lfUlM fiZX&ift i« « eosmopolltMi p«st of stor««
grain* and stored pro<Hiot9. th« f«nal«8 bor« into fAim
grains and oviposit therein. This regalts in re<^o«d
g«niin«ition of tha seedsi loss in v o i ^ t and <i«ialitf of
thm grain. Bat d«^it« thair great importanea l i t t l a
attention ha« been paid to sta<V the olfaetoxT respona*
and bionottloe of the speoiea. the fi«sent vortc vasy
therefore« nnd^rtnken to stadjr the hio^eeologf of ^ ^rraae
and i t s sasoeptibilitjr to the eoaaoiiljr used inseotieidee
rrt, HG8, malathion and senn . ??tadles cm the Ho-eoologr
of the speeies were aade in relation to tmsiperatore and
humidity and the olfactory response of the speeies vae
studied fagr neans of antenaeeto^r using aT - iribaped
olfaotoneter* Atteapt vas alao made to obtain baas l ine
data on the .lensitiTitgr of the specica to Wt^ BCS
aalathioa and sevln W residual test method.
the adult riee weevils vere reared on fresh grains
of lAieat. Hhtff ynv kept in glass jars, 40 on. In height
and oovered over irith ae^bed eloth at a temperature of
88 jt ^^ '^^ 7^ ±9iH relative hnmiditf •
A temperature of 3^C and 79.0J( relative hunidi^
proved to be quite satlsfaotozy tor the development of
2* Qpva—» Under sueh oonditions the duration of l i f^
eyele from the deposition of egg upte the eitteri«noe of
adult vas oompleted in S6.6 d«ys» the r i te of develosnent
39 hovevtr, slowed (fbim at 46«9€^C aXiS alto ^ e n the
te&per«tare f t l l to l4,8ft^C*
The antennne 3«em to be the primary s i te of olfaotoiy
re<^eptor and magr detects air bom st loi i l l . ttie anpotatlon
of both imttimae oaused a sharp d«pr«s«iloB In their total
response and thejr did not ahov tluiir preferenoe to different
kinds of food.
The siiso«>ptibiIity of adnlt veevils to DIPT, BCB,
Balathioa and sevin was detemined« Tests ware oont^eted
to asses tbe^ residual ef faotiveness of tliasa eheoiioals*
The results obtained shoved that malathloft vas nore toxlo
^ Sf Q"gaf than sevin, HCfi or I «
ACKSOWLBrW FHTS
Z virib to •xpr«i9 mf •imotr* thanks •&<! <!««p fl9ns« of grfttltn^* to T « Wmf^b B* IChttiy Professor of ^oologjr for i&v«ltiiibl9 fai<^aiieo tmi flusgoctioiit throaghoot th« oours* of work* no ««v«r«lly arfaodi ovor th« d«tai l s about tlM taohnlqtias of •xparlaaiitatlon « vlthoat ^ i o h I t vould havo aavar eosa to light*
Partioolar indabtnass i s <tea to Profasaor S»K* Al«« Haaa. T^apartnant of aoologr« Allgarb MasllB Uoiirarsit^r* Aligazii. for provi^lBg laboratory fase i l i t i a s .
IhaOks ara ^ a to T s* R« Nnratf mA II. Narad for tbair anoonragaaant, Z visb to ascprass mf appraoiatioB to Mr, II. Taslaa« Kbaii| Mr* Altaf-itr»llahnaa and ^« Habl Abnad ^ o insistad aa in Tarions vvys (Turing tha prograss of vork* I MI also ^ankftd to frs . H. Adhami, f^V, Khan, Mr. R.1I* fSatkla, Mr, Ashraf Rasaln, Mr. Arsbad A. Khan. Mr. B. Xftikbar. Mr. Nasood A. a&bari. Miss TaffiiB Ranflf Miss Asfa Mmtas, Miss M»«fi«« Miss Rn hm^ Miss IVttxbat Jsail* Miss <;alna .^afl imi Mr. M.S. Chari for tbair halp and oooparatiom and to Mr. M.tr. Minal for typing tha aannsoript*
41
RSPBRgRCSS CITE©
Brown*, L.B.
I960 th* roI« of olfaotlon In th« stiaulfttlon of
OTlposltlon Iqr blovfljr, fhomlm rggina tf«ig.
J . Inseot Physiol*, 6 Cl)fl6«es.
Chftvlft, R«P* and Btndrft, 0*8« 1976 Laboratory soroonlng of toia safi inasotleltffaa
aa gralB prot«etant. P«stleld«a, 10 (8)tS9*^l«
Cotton, R.T* and Frankalfald, J,Q. 1948 Baaldaal toxlolty stadias vltli nav typas
iBsaotioldal spragrs* m. Millar and
Prooassor, 76 (4)f46*6«*
ravis, B«B« 1976 A raoaptor sanaitiva to ovipositioa sita
attraotants on tba antannaa of tlia aosqnitot
Aadaa aagroti. J* Insaot Pliysiol* I>8tl37l*6«
Hasponsa of tha antannal raoaptors of tto»
•ala A. aacrot^ •oaonito. Ibid, , {@(6)f6l3-6l7*
Hasponsa of blovfly, Ooohlieaiyia larioana OiP
and 1 . ragina M«ig> to itlmalatlon of
ohaaoraoaptors. Ann. Tintcwol. f^o« lhi«|
^ (5)i6e6<4»8«
fasmarobaliar, J*N«
1977 salaotiva traataants, inolnding ooMblnatlons
of pyrathroids and organophothorns inaaotlold«8
for «ontrolr of ^ torad prodiio% ol«opt«r* « t ^ « »
ta«par«taras* J.Btorsd Prod. Has*! 13 (8) i l f9»l37.*
T%vls, K.l. 1977
f^oniar, C.C. 1939
42
X981 Host plant perottptloa la pliytopbaiut i n l e t s .
*=^ymp, Xat«m, Congr. satoaol. 9th iH9t«r^«i
Ptttbl«r, ?.0« 1983 CliMBoreception In llood«r» K«D* (f(9)« Insttet
Phgrtlolosf* Vil«3r aad aonty V«v York,
1963 Tim Pbysloloff of lBs«ot 9»AS««« M«tha«B,
Lon^n.
1977 lb* rol« of oh«nos«ntory piittonig la <^isori*
ainatloa of food pi matt. Oolloqaos
Int«rBation«ii: da oentro Vfttioaal d« ! •
^•MArehtt <^l«ntiflqa«, 103->ll4,
P»thi«r| V.O, aad !;<ihooal«>T«a, L.M* 1989 Olfftotoqr oodlng \v l«pi<!opt«ra« 1 «]*•«••
Batooologia Rxptl, Appl. I9f838«43«
Bl-Hafl«, M,s«9 K«i«l, A«B« tad ?Av«r» N.lf*
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•alatbloa dtpoilt la tb* tr«At«d olotb fftbrle*
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1986
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*Problt Aaalyala* la Oouldaa, C.H. Natbodt of
^tatl^tioal An^O^al*. Joba Jlllay aad aoaa^
Vav York.
43
Winh^Tf fUA* and Tat«t, ?• 1963 StatlstlQid Tabl«s. LoniSAii group LtA« I.<m4oa*
1JM3 Ixtcnud ««x differ«no«t i n stored protfoets
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grovtli of population of £• fiOiii. eonflnod
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33 (8)1173.130.
44
IiA Ha*, TVW* and !i.dk«t l . B .
1977 Caii^<^«t« prot«otantt for ^Am»t affalatt
gtor«<! grain lns«ets« Markatlng Baa. Sap,
Ua^A, 1080 ( 2 ) i U , *
La Mv» slblkrano¥| 1 . 1JB76 OontMt toxio l ty of oartain paatielclaa nmt^
against £• SOSUM. ^ai £• ITMIirtBI*
Raatitaln* Zaaliobita, 84 (7)iUB-Ul/
Lin, t,t» and mMmWL^^iXif K.I. ]Ji77 OQSparativa toxioity of aix ina«etioi4aa
against ! • fioiift tna £jyjiaajl ^imgWl<»t
Fain (Tanat»rioni<!aa)* 1* !;tora4 Prod, i^t . t
13 (4)t80»-8U«*
197i Month parta and roeaptors involvad in tha
feeding bahmvionr and angar pereaptlon in
^ ^ apodoptara axMiPt^ in JTaxvqr, T. (ird)
tha host plant relation to inaaota, bahavioar
and raprodnotion. Planm Pnb. Oorp. 0' A**
MookharJaa, P,B,, Bariy T»P«y Shama, (l«C* and T%vaB« Tt«$»
1966 Pralininary atadias on tha affioaoy of
nalathion against £• 22ZU& u ^ 2* ttiltfRfWt
and i ta paraiatanea in storad vhaat*
Ind. J . Bat. 87 (4)t476-480.
Nttkvayat L.O* 1976 Tha rola of olfaction in host prafaranoa
W iftSftl (StagcMoria) jtuuSOl «nd i* MSUSXSSA,*
Phraiol. ient«, l (4)t87l«6«
45
Vigflit B.B.9 P«rti, n^t* and w«l, T.C* 1965 aiito«ptlbllity of rlo« v«9vll to Insootioi^^a.
Ind, J, Bat., 87 (8)$885*7*
Pant, W*C« and Oapta, p* 1989 Plisrsiologleal studiai on j|« 2£ZIfit*
IMd., « l (X)tl5-19.
Pradhaa, S* and ttiatia, s*$.
1986 Bloasitajr of Inaaetieldas. Part T. llelatlva
t o x l e l ^ of scMia inportant Insoetloi^a to
oartaln iq;>«9i«a of atorafa paata* IHK .t liB ( l)t34-40.
1980 BooXogieal stadioa of rloa VO«T11. J*F«O. Knt*
43 (S)t803««.
Boff P. and Maitf, B.1W 1977 A atady on aixad fonmlatlotta of intoetioldaa
against^. AQLiAft* <« ^o* ^^xptl* Agr*,
8 (1)137-9.
Slnfhy K.t Agaxvalt M.S. and Glrlah, G.X* 1978 tha ovlpoaltion rasponga and <*avalopnent of
&• Qgyg— in diffarant nalsa bgrbrldt and
aoMpoalta. Ind. J . Bnt. 34 (8)tl48-l84.
Slnghf B.D.1I. and saxaaa, A.P. 1978 BalatlT* toxlelty of wamm nav Inaaotioldaa
agalnat rloa vaavlly Ji flOUM I» <" * ^13^*
Oraln Taoh. 13 (3)fl40«3.
SolOMon, K.S. 1981 Control of ImidltF vith potaaalim bydroirida,
galftirio aold and otbar aolntlona.
Ball. Rat. li»9.^ 48 (8)i843«.864.
46
1977 Oc»ip«rfttlv« •ff«etlT«ii«ss of gii«ithl<m «Bd
•kfttox zNifli^ttt against ^ fldOUUML*
Z«ltsoliFlft tar Aiig«van^t« 7jool»f €4 (fi)tl93«l49«*
stronCf H*Q* and sbur, r*s»
190X Ivaluatlon of lnaaotlol<9«a aa protaotanta
against paata of atorad grain and wtfrnHam
J . loo. flnt» 64tS96*8«
Strong, R«0, and <;bar, T .S.
1965 Xntarralati(m of aoiatara oontant, atorat*
tasparatara and dosagaa on tha affaotlvanaaa
of diasinoa aa a grain protaotant againat 1* aXXM3SL» tbidy ft8t4i0-4,
n i t o n , S.W* and ooglxtm, R»R.
1967 Laboratory avalaation of fanthion for tha
protaotion of roa^ riea againat inaaot
attaak. Ibid., 60 ( l ) t S 3 3 ^ .
Talantlna, J,M* XMl Olfaotioa, aaal nom baatla.
J . S3q>tl. 2ool. 68tl65*Sl9«
Tinoant, L.B. and Lindgran, r . t .
VMS^ Laboratory avalnation of oontaot inaaotioidaa
on thraa apaoiaa of atorad prodnot inaaota.
1 . too. mt* , 50 (3)ia7B-3.
Vallia, P*I. £968 Olfactory atinnli and ovipoaition to blovfly.
Phomia jc&IlQi Haig. J« Ixptl. Biol. a6i60S-6x5-
