LABORATORY METHODS for LEACHATE ANALYSIS RESULTS Temporal and cumulative metal leaching mass. Cumulative leaching (per ha) in control treatments were:

LABORATORY METHODS for LEACHATE ANALYSIS

RESULTS

Temporal and cumulative metal leaching mass. Cumulative leaching (per ha) in control treatments were: <1 g Cu, <0.2 g Ni, <2 g Ba, <1 g Zn. Cd was never detected in control.

Fate and Transport of Metals from Biosolids Entrenched For Reclaiming Mineland with Hybrid Poplar

Katrina Lasley, Greg Evanylo, Kirill Kostyanovskiy, Matt Eick and Chao Shang Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech

Biosolids sampling and monitoring schematic.

Metal

Ag Cd Pb Sn

Detection Limit, mg L-1 0.006 0.004 0.016 0.027

Total Conc.range, mg L-1

<0.006-0.046 <0.004-0.042 <0.016-0.061 <0.027

Sample Nos. 125 277 277 125

Fraction of samples whose concentration>DL

0.03 0.12 0.004 0

Analysis of metals which were infrequently detected

Filtered through 0.45 µm membrane filter for soluble metal species Digested using EPA 200.7 for total metals Analyzed by ICP-AES for Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn

LABORATORY METHODS for LEACHATE ANALYSIS

March 2007

August 2007

Poplar cutting establishment

Chemical fractions of Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn in anaerobically digested biosolids sampled at application (2006) and in October 2007.

Chemical fractions of Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn in lime stabilized biosolids sampled at application (2006) and in October 2007.

SUMMARY

• Lateral movement of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb, as detected by suction lysimeters, was negligible. Zinc (at 0.21-0.34 mg/L) and Ba (at 0.29-0.78 mg/L) were detected occasionally.

• Metal leaching was highest initially and decreased with time, except for Ba. Silver, Cd, Pb and Sn rarely moved vertically.

• Leached metal fractions were primarily in the colloidal-phase.

• Biosolids stabilization type affected the metal leaching mass of only Cu, with more Cu transported from the high pH lime stabilized material, likely complexed by soluble organic matter.

• Copper was largely organically bound and Pb was found in the residual fraction of both biosolids types, and neither changed with time. More Ba was found in the residual fraction of anaerobically than lime stabilized biosolids, but neither changed with time. More Zn was organically complexed in the lime-stabilized and exchangeable and oxide-bound in the anaerobically digested biosolids, but there was little change with time in either biosolids type.

Anaerobically Digested Biosolids

Lime Stabilized Biosolids

Biosolids Property

Pollutant Concentration

Limits, PCL (mg kg-1)

Concentration (mg kg-1)

Loading Rate (kg ha-1)

Concentration (mg kg-1)

Loading Rate (kg ha-1)

Application Rate

NA NA 426,000 NA 656,000

Cd 39 2.3 1 2 0.9

Cu 1500 328 139 197 129

Ni 420 27 11.5 16 10.5

Pb 300 66 28 53 35

Zn 2800 1,473 627 490 322

Ag NA 23 9.8 10 6.6

Ba NA 442 188 195 128

Be NA <5 --- <5 ---

Sn NA 27 11 17 11

N, total Kjeldahl

NA 53,133 22,601 44,533 29,212

P NA 26,533 11,286 8,667 5,685

pH NA 8.5 NA 12.3 NA

OBJECTIVE

To assess potential environmental impact of employing the deep row incorporation of biosolids by determining movement, concentration, and speciation of trace metals in lateral and vertical directions.

INTRODUCTION Deep row incorporation (i.e. entrenching) of biosolids for

reclaiming mineland and production of a hybrid poplar bioenergy crop is an alternative utilization method whose potential advantages include:

Reduction of objectionable odors

Single high application rate to meet the lifetime N need of the crop

Avoidance of biosolids application to food chain crops

Nutrient leaching and generation of greenhouse gases are being studied by our research group, but investigation of fate and transport of 503 Rule priority metals and emerging metals of interest (i.e. Ag, Ba, Be, Sn) is needed to assess potential for groundwater impairment.

FIELD METHODS • Treatments were established on a mineral sands mine

reclamation site near the Coastal Plain-Piedmont fall line in Dinwiddie County, VA in summer 2006.

• Trenches instrumented with lysimeters were filled at two rates each with lime stabilized and anaerobically-digested biosolids.

Biosolids in trenches 0.75 m deep x 15 m long x 0.90 m wide.

Application rates of biosolids treatments.

656328426213Application Rate, Mg/ha

0.90.450.90.45Trench Width (m)

Lime Stabilized Biosolids

Anaerobically Digested Biosolids

Biosolids composition and loading rate for 90 cm trench width. (NA = not applicable.)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Aug. 10, 2

006

Sep. 8

, 2006

Oct. 6

, 200

6

Nov. 3, 2

006

Dec. 1

, 2006

Dec. 1

5, 2

006

Jan. 5

, 200

7

Jan. 1

9, 200

7

Feb. 9, 2

007

Mar.

2, 200

7

Mar.

23, 2

007

Apr. 13

, 200

7

May

11, 2

007

Jun. 8

, 200

7

Jul.

10, 2

007

Aug. 9, 2

007

Sep. 7

, 2007

Oct. 1

2, 2

007

Time (months)

Cu

Mas

s T

ran

spo

rt p

er S

amp

ling

Per

iod

(g

ha-1

)

Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Dissolved FractionLime Stabilized Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Lime Stabilized Biosolids - Dissolved Fraction

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aug. 10, 2

006

Sep. 8

, 2006

Oct. 6

, 200

6

Nov. 3, 2

006

Dec. 1

, 2006

Dec. 1

5, 2

006

Jan. 5

, 200

7

Jan. 1

9, 200

7

Feb. 9, 2

007

Mar.

2, 200

7

Mar.

23, 2

007

Apr. 13

, 200

7

May

11, 2

007

Jun. 8

, 200

7

Jul.

10, 2

007

Aug. 9, 2

007

Sep. 7

, 2007

Oct. 1

2, 2

007

Time (months)

Ni M

ass

Tra

nsp

ort

per

Sam

plin

g P

erio

d (

g h

a-1)

Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Dissolved Fraction

Lime Stabilized Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Lime Stabilized Biosolids - Dissolved Fraction

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Aug. 10,

200

6

Sep. 8

, 200

6

Oct. 6

, 200

6

Nov. 3

, 200

6

Dec. 1

, 200

6

Dec. 1

5, 2

006

Jan. 5

, 200

7

Jan. 1

9, 2

007

Feb. 9

, 200

7

Mar

. 2, 2

007

Mar

. 23,

200

7

Apr. 13

, 200

7

May

11,

200

7

Jun. 8

, 200

7

Jul.

10, 2

007

Aug. 9, 2

007

Sep. 7

, 200

7

Oct. 1

2, 2

007

Time (months)

Ba

Mas

s T

ran

spo

rt p

er S

amp

ling

Per

iod

(g

ha-1

)


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

Aug. 10,

200

6

Sep. 8

, 200

6

Oct. 6

, 200

6

Nov. 3

, 200

6

Dec. 1

, 200

6

Dec. 1

5, 2

006

Jan. 5

, 200

7

Jan. 1

9, 2

007

Feb. 9

, 200

7

Mar

. 2, 2

007

Mar

. 23,

200

7

Apr. 13

, 200

7

May

11,

200

7

Jun. 8

, 200

7

Jul.

10, 2

007

Aug. 9, 2

007

Sep. 7

, 200

7

Oct. 1

2, 2

007

Time (months)

Zn

Ma

ss

Tra

ns

po

rt p

er

Sa

mp

ling

Pe

rio

d (

g h

a-1

)

Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Dissolved Fraction

Lime Stabilized Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Lime Stabilized Biosolids - Dissolved Fraction

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Aug. 1

0, 2

006

Sep. 8

, 200

6

Oct. 6

, 200

6

Nov. 3

, 200

6

Dec. 1

, 200

6

Dec. 1

5, 2

006

Jan.

5, 2

007

Jan.

19,

200

7

Feb. 9

, 200

7

Mar

. 2, 2

007

Mar

. 23,

200

7

Apr. 1

3, 2

007

May

11,

200

7

Jun.

8, 2

007

Jul. 1

0, 2

007

Aug. 9

, 200

7

Sep. 7

, 200

7

Oct. 1

2, 2

007

Time (months)

Cd

Ma

ss

Tra

ns

po

rt p

er

Sa

mp

ling

Pe

rio

d (

g h

a-1

)


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Ba Cu Ni Zn

Metals

Cum

ulat

ive

Met

al M

ass

Tran

spor

t (g

ha-1

)

Control - Colloidal Fraction Control - Dissolved FractionAnaerobically Digested Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Anaerobically Digested Biosolids - Dissolved FractionLime Stabilized Biosolids - Colloidal Fraction Lime Stabilized Biosolids - Dissolved Fraction

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Ba -2006

Ba -2007

Cu -2006

Cu -2007

Pb -2006

Pb -2007

Zn -2006

Zn -2007

Metal

Rel

ativ

e am

ou

nts

Residual Organic Oxide Exchangeable

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Ba -2006

Ba -2007

Cu -2006

Cu -2007

Pb -2006

Pb -2007

Zn -2006

Zn -2007

Metal

Rel

ativ

e am

ou

nts

Residual Organic Oxide Exchangeable

Documents

LABORATORY METHODS for LEACHATE ANALYSIS RESULTS Temporal and cumulative metal leaching mass. Cumulative leaching (per ha) in control treatments were: