Laboratory FLumes and ChanneLs For hydrauLiC teaChing/researCh studies s series: aPPLied hydrauLiCs & hydroLogy

issue 1The latest version of this data sheet is available at:

www.armfield.co.uk/flumes

2 -YR WARRANTY ON ALL ARMFIELD P

RODU

CTS

<EXTENDED> WARRANTY

2 years

Featuring

> Standard Flumes > Special Flumes, Tanks and Basins > Ancillary Equipment

•SedimentTransportFacilities •MonoandRandomWaveMakers •Instrumentation

WITH DISCOVER

neWnew research flumes available as standard

© Armfield Ltd. 2010

Crump weir

Armfield has been designing and supplying openchannelfacilities(sometimesreferredtoasflumes)tohydrauliclaboratoriesthroughouttheworldforover50years.

Thisbrochurepresentsthefullrangeofchannels/flumesavailablefromArmfield,bothteaching&research,Standard&special.

Therearealsogeneralcommentsaboutthedesign,flexibility&accuracyofflumesinordertoassistthoseembarkingonthespecifying&purchaseofflumesforadvancedstudiesorresearch.

Usuallychannelsareofrectangularprismaticsection.Thedimensionsoftheworkingcross-sectionandlengtharetheprincipal

featureswhichdetermineboththefunctionalsuitabilityandthecostofachannel.

Dependingoncustomerrequirements,channelscanbedesignedtoincorporatethefollowingalternativefeatures:

•fixedbedorvariableslope

•self-containedorlaboratorysuppliedwater

•opencircuitorre-circulatingsedimentload

•choiceofworkingsectionmaterials(glass,metal,wood)

•inclusionofawavegeneratorandbeach

•instrumentationsystemsforflow,velocity,level,etc.

•sedimentsampling

introduction

10M Research Flume - Purdue University, USA

Becauseofthephysicalsizeandthegeneralheavynatureoftheconstruction,itiseasytoforgetthataflumeisaninstrumentandinmanyinstancesrequiredtohaveahighlevelofintegrityregardingbothitsworkingdimensionsandabilitytoachieverepeatableresults.

Armfieldacknowledgethenecessityforaccuracy,precisionandrepeatability.

Thesearecornerstonesofthedesign,manufactureandfinalinstallation.

diMenSionS

Thecriticaldimensionsofaflumearetheworkinglengthandcross-section(widthanddepth).Workinglengthalsomeansusablelength.Alltoooftentheturbulententryconditionsrequireasubstantialportionofwhatwouldbedescribedastheworkingsectionbeforesuitableflowconditionsprevail.Armfieldflumesaredesignedsuchthattheworkinglengthismaximised.Theoveralldimensionsoftheflumearealsominimisedthroughcarefuldesignoftheinletandoutletconditionsandsensibleuseofthespaceunderneaththeflumeandimmediatelyadjacent.

the Key FeatureS oF an open channel Facility

S6MkII flow channel complete with its own service system

Thematerialsofconstructionareofparamountimportance,notonlyforthedurabilityandlongevityrequiredofanexpensivepieceofequipment,butalsosuitabilityforpurpose.Manyflumesareusedforsedimenttransportstudiesandthereforethematerialsincontactwiththesedimentmusthaveabrasionresistance.InsuchinstancesitisstandardpracticeforArmfieldtoincorporatestainlesssteelonthebedofflumes.

Clarityofflowvisualisationisanessentialingredient,particularlyiflaserdoppleranemometryorsophisticatedphotographyisinvolved.Evenpotablewaterwillabradeasurfacebutwatercontainingharshparticles,suchassediment,willquicklydamageanysoftmaterial.ThisiswhyallArmfieldflumesareconstructedwithtoughenedglassviewingpanels,whetherthesebesmallportholesorfulllengthworkingsections.Toughenedglassisalsousedasasafetyfeature.Intheunlikelyeventthataglasspanelshatters,itwillnotbreakintodangeroussharpshardsbutintosmallrelativelyharmlesscubes.

Whereverpossiblethemorebasiccomponentsincontactwithwateraremadeofnon-corrodingmaterials,suchasplastic,GRP,orstainlesssteel.Pumpsareusuallycastironbutwheresedimentisinvolvedwerecommendtheuseofspecialpumps,typicallyglasslined.Wherewoodoracompositematerialischosenforthebaseand/orsidesoftheflume,thesearecarefullytreatedtoprotectagainstwateringress.

Armfieldflumes,whetherastandardproductorcustomised,arebuiltonamodularprinciple.Thisallowsthemtobedeliveredtositeinpre-fabricated,manageablesections.

Thedesignsaresuchthatinsomecaseswithhelpfromtheinstructionmanual,clientsareabletoassembleandcommissiontheequipmentwithouttheneedforourskilledstaff.Howeverthisisalwaysanoption,andArmfieldarehappytosubmitaquotationforinstallation,commissioningand,whereappropriate,basictraining.

eaSe oF uSe

Experimentationcanbeatime-consumingandtediousbusiness.Quiteoftenlongperiodsarerequiredinordertogathersufficientmeaningfuldata.Itisatthesetimesthattheuserappreciatesequipmentthathasbeencarefullydesignedfromanergonomicviewpoint.

Armfieldincorporatesmanyfeaturestoeasethelifeoftheoperator.Allcontrolsonasinglefloormountedconsole.Electricaloptionsfordrivingvalves,jackingsystemsandweirs.Directreadingflowmeterinstrumentation,withdigitalreadoutatthecontrolconsole.Poweredinstrumentcarriagesofferingthreewayaxes.Asensibleworkingheightthatprovidescomfortableaccesstotheworkingsection&computerlinkeddatagathering.

MaterialS oF conStruction Set-up and aSSeMbly

Typical control console S6MkII model mounting system

uniForM FloW

Withinthelimitedconfinesofalaboratoryflumeitiscriticalthatthebestpossibleworkingconditionsareachievedasquicklyaspossibleaftertheflowenterstheworkingsection.Muchhingesontheentryconditionsandparticularlythemeansusedtosettleanddirecttheflowasitenterstheinlettankandisre-directedintotheworkingsection.

inlet tanK deSign

TheinlettankdesigngenerallyadoptedasstandardbyArmfieldistheconsequenceof50yearsofexperiencecoupledwithcomprehensivemodeltestwork.Theresultisacarefullyshapedtank,withprofilingtoboththesidewallsandbase,whilstremainingcompactinitslength,anessentialingredienttominimisethewasteoflaboratoryspace.Withinthetankvariousstillingdevicesareincorporated.

level control - the outlet Weir

Ofequalimportanceisthemethodofcontrollingthelevelwithintheflume.Thisisusuallydonethroughaweiratthedischargeend. ManyoptionsexistbutmostfrequentlyArmfieldutiliseeitheranadjustableovershottiltingweiror,formorecomplexflowconditions,avenetianblindweirwitheitherverticalorhorizontalslats.

Water Supply

Traditionallyhydrauliclaboratorieswereconstructedwithunderfloorsumpsandelevatedheadertankslinkedwitharingmain.Modernlaboratoriesrarelyenjoythesefacilities.

Armfieldare,however,abletosupplyflumeseitherinanonself-containedconfiguration,wheretheycanbeservicedfromanexistingheadertankanddischargetoalaboratorysump,orasfullyself-containedfacilities,wherefloormountedreservoirs,pumps,pipework,valvesandflowmetersareincorporated,including,whereappropriate,re-circulatingloopsforsedimenttransport.

hydraulicS: perForMance and SySteMS deSign

S6MkII - Upstream of the Trapezoidal plate weir

Manyareasofstudyrequireorareenhancedbyusingflumeswithatiltingcapability.Thismostlytranslatesintopositiveslopebutsometimesthereistherequirementfornegativeslope.

Themostimportantaspectofatiltingflumeisretainingtheintegrityoftheworkingsection,i.e.,maintainingtolerances.

Toachievethisrequiresanextremelyrigiddesignwhichensuresalmostnodeflectionregardlessofloadortilt.Designofthejackingsystemiscrucialinguaranteeingthis.

Tiltingflumesneedjackstoraiseandlowerthem.Theneedforstabilityandthesizeandweightoftheinstallationmakethiselementofcrucialimportance.

Variousoptionsareavailable,includingchaindriveandhydrauliclift.None,however,givethedegreeofrepeatableaccuracyachievablewithscrewjacksdriventhroughshaftingandgearboxes.TheArmfieldchoice.

Longflumesneedaseriesofjackstationscarefullylinkedtoavoiddistortionofthemainframe.

Onlargerflumes,orwhereexceptionaldegreesofslopeareinvolved,apivotmechanismateachstationensuresaverticalaspecttothejacksatalltimes.

Otherfeaturesincludeindicatorsforsettingslope,soft“bearings”tolimitnoise,electricdrives(optional)anddetectionsystemspermittingoperationonlyifalljacksmovetogether.

tilting FluMeS JacKing SySteMS

Gearboxes at each jacking point ensures accuracy of the tilting channel bed and the benefits of ease of operation.

Detail of slope scale, and slope control Inch buttons with Emergency Stop. Electronic slope also indicated on the main control console - inset

S6MkII Jacking station

Notallapplicationsrequireaflumetobetilting.Inmanycasesitissufficientfortheunittohaveafixedhorizontalposition.Insuchcasestheoptionsforconstructionareincreased.Themostflexiblearrangementbeingawood/compositeandglasspanelledknock-downform.

Wood/coMpoSite and glaSS panelled conStruction

Flumesofthistypeareinvariablyfixedbed,asthestructuredoesnotlenditselftotherigidityrequiredfortiltingexceptinflumeswithasmallercrosssection.Theknock-downformatisparticularlysuitedforresearchfacilitieswherefutureprojectsmayrequireflowchannelsofdifferentproportions.

Theknock-downdesignprovidesforoptimumflexibilityintheassemblyoftheflume,inletandoutlettanks,servicepumpsandpipework.Thewallsaremadeofvarnishedplywoodorcompositematerialssometimesfacedwithstainlesssteelandglasspanelswhichareinterchangeable.Aspecialjointingcompound,whichremainsplastic,iswatertightandbondsitselftotheglassorwood/composite,sealsthepanelswhicharethemselvessupportedbymildsteelchannelsections.Thesesectionsarespacedatregularintervalsandsupporttheflumebedandsidewallsthroughadjustablejackingstuds.Itisthereforepossibletolevelandaligntheflumewiththeutmostaccuracy.

Fixed bed FluMeS, Wave tanKS and baSinS

recirculating SediMent SySteMS

Frequentlyinexperimentationthereistheneedforerosionand/ordeposition.Thisrequiresthecirculationofsediment.Forthisconfigurationaflowchannelrequiresarecirculatingloopenablingthewatercontainingsedimentinsuspensiontoberecirculated.Armfieldflowchannelscanbedesignedtoincorporatesuchloops,thepipeworkbeingdesignedtoensurethesedimentstaysinsuspensionanddoesnotsettleoutwithinthesystem.

Sedimentisabrasiveandthismakestheselectionofmaterialsofparticularimportance.Pumpsareusuallylinedwithglass,valvesarereducedtoaminimumandflowmeteringisviaelectro-magneticflowmetersthatdonotrequireanycomponentswithintheflow.Flowvisualisationareasmustbeoftoughenedglassandstainlesssteelisessentialonthebaseandintanks.

Studiesinvolvingbedmovementareincreasinglyrelevant,frequentlybasedaroundenvironmentalissues.Atopicnotoriouslydifficulttostudyinthefieldlendsitselftodetailedstudyusingaflowchannelinthecontrolledenvironmentofalaboratory.

non-recirculating SySteMS

Thesetendtobemorecomplexandrequirethatsedimentbecollectedafterdischarge,eitherthroughasettlingtankorhydro-cyclones.

ancillary hardWare

Thesetypicallyincludesedimentfeeders andsedimentsamplers.

Armfieldhavein-depthexperienceofalltheseoptionsandarehappytoadviseonsupply.

SediMent tranSport

Exeter University - UK

Wavegenerationandtheeffectsofwavesaresignificantareasofstudy.Wavegeneratorsthemselvescanrangefromsimplemechanicalsystemsforregularwavesthroughmulti-paddlerandomgeneratingsystemsthatmaybecomputercontrolled.Formanyapplications,particularlycoastalmodelsandflumestudies,longcrestedanddirectionalrandomwavesaresufficienttomodeltheseastate.Foroffshorestudiesandsomeshallowwaterproblemsmulti-directionalcomponentsarerequired.

Influmesoropenchannels,suchasdescribedinthisbrochure,thereareanumberofdifferenttypesofwavemakerthatareappropriate.Forsmallscalelaboratoryinstallationselectricallydrivenpistonmachinesareavailable.Wherelargerflumesareinvolvedhydraulicpoweredpistonmachinesandfordeeperwater,wedgetypewavemakers.Flumesmaybeusedtostudybreakwaters,seawallsandbeachbehaviour,orforfundamentalresearch.

Multi-elementwavemakersrecreatecomplexshortcrestedwaves.Manywavemakersofthistypehavehinge-flaptypepaddlesandareused,forexample,inoffshoreseabasinswheremodelsofoilandgasrigsaretested.Forshallowwaterpistonmechanismisthepreferredmechanicaloption.

WhatevertheapplicationArmfieldcansupplyacompletesystemdesignedtosuityourparticularrequirements.

Wave generatorS

Associated British Ports - UK

Multi paddle, computer driven random wave maker

>Accurateforeducationandresearch

>Extremelystabledesign,nouseradjustmentsrequiredtotheflumebed

>Floorspacerequirementsreducedtoaminimum

>Fabricatedhighprecisionstainless steel channel bed

>Canbereadilyconvertedtoclosed-looprecirculationforsedimenttransportstudies

>Precisionscrewjacksprovideaccurateslopeadjustmentwithminimumeffort(poweredjacksavailableasanoption)

>Designedforeaseofvisibility:-toughenedglasssides;slimlinesidesupports;comfortableviewingheight.etc.

>Adjustableinstrumentrailswithpositioningscalesarefittedoverthewholeworkinglength

>Fullyprofiledinlettankfittedwithstillingandsmoothingdevices

>Dischargetankwithadjustableovershotweiranddrafttubetoavoidsplashingandreducenoise

>Modularconstruction-suppliedinpre-glazedsectionsforrapidandeasyassemblyonsite

>Wavegenerationoptions,bothregularandrandom-theendtanksactingasbasinsthusextendingtheworkinglength

>Standardflumeshaveacomprehensiverangeofaccessories,instrumentsandmodelsavailable

>Non-corroding,durablematerialsusedthrougoutforwatercontactingsurfaces

>Transversemembershavebeeneliminatedthroughouttheworkinglength

>Transparentsidesareoftoughenedglass,whichisextremelystrong,abrasionresistant,dimensionallystable,doesnotdiscolourorscratchandisinherentlysafe

>Workingsectionisfullyadjustable,enablingextremelyaccuratesetting

>Substantialunderframesreduceloaddeflectionstoaminimum

>Closetolerancesspecifiedandachieved

TherearenumerousdesignfeaturesassociatedwithArmfieldchannelfacilities,manyareunique. Thefollowinglistisnotexhaustive.Notallfeaturesareappropriatetoeverychannel.

MaJor deSign FeatureS

Typical pump/pipework configuration

Detail showing side support and side wall adjustment system

F1-19 FloW channel

ASimplechannelsuppliedasanaccessorytothepopulardemonstrationfacilityF1-10HydraulicsBench.Thechannelintroducesstudentstothecharacteristicsofflowinanopenchannelatanelementarylevel.

Formoreinformationseedata-sheet

URL: www.armfield.co.uk/f1

S16 hydraulic FloW deMonStrator

Thisuniquefacilitydemonstratesflowthroughbothopenchannelsandclosedconduits.Ithasanelevatingbedsectionandmodelsofvarioushydraulicstructures.

Formoreinformation seedata-sheet

URL: www.armfield.co.uk/s16

teaching FluMeS

F1-19

S16

c4MKii MultipurpoSe teaching FluMe

ThisversatileteachingflumehasbeenspecificallydesignedtodemonstratetheprinciplesofFluidMechanicswhenappliedtoengineeringstructuresinopenchannelflow.Availablein2.5mor5.0mlengthsandwithawiderangeofaccessories.

Formoreinformationseedata-sheet URL: www.armfield.co.uk/c4

C4MkII shown with F1-10 Hydraulics Bench

LaserPIVSystemH41 forflowvisualisation (S16flumecompatible)

URL: www.armfield.co.uk/h41

S2 Mobile bed and FloW viSualiSation tanK

Thisunitmaybeusedintwoprincipalfieldsofstudy.Thefirstinvolvesdetailedinvestigationofmobilebedsituations,Thesecond,twodimensionalflowvisualisation.

Formoreinformationseedata-sheet

URL: www.armfield.co.uk/s2

teaching FluMeS -continued

S8 shown with accessories and typical bed-form (Inset)

S8 SediMent tranSport deMonStration channel

Thisteachingfacilityallowsthedemonstrationofthefullrangeofbedformsthatariseinamobilebedastheflowand/orslopeareincreased.Theequipmentisportableandthereforemaybeusedintheclassroomaswellasinthelaboratory.

Formoreinformationseedata-sheet

URL: www.armfield.co.uk/s8

LaserPIVSystemH41 Forflowvisualisation (S8&S16flumecompatible)

URL: www.armfield.co.uk/h41

advanced FloW channelS

Stilling device Flow profiler

Loughborough University flume during construction.

Armfieldofferadesign,manufactureandinstallationserviceforspecialchannelfacilitiesofalltypesandsizes.Theirreputationandexpertisehasdevelopedthroughtheevolutionofstandardproducts.Bythiswemeanhighqualityflumesofferedtoastandarddesign.

Historyandexperiencehasshownthatthereareanumberofoptimumcross-sectiondimensionsthatwillfillthegreatmajorityofeducationalandresearchneeds.

Armfieldnowofferarangeofstandardcrosssectionsinbothtilting&fixedbedconfiguration.

Theseare:

300mmwidex450mmdeep(S6MkII)Tiltingonly 600mmwidex600mmdeep(S20&S21) 1000mmwidex1000mmdeep(S22&S23)

Thelengthofaflumeisdictatedbymanyfactors.Commonamongstthemareexperimentalrequirements,spaceavailabilityandcost.StandardArmfieldflumesarethereforeavailableasmodularunitsrangingfrom5Mto15Minincrementsof2.5M

S6 MK ii glaSS Sided tilting FluMeS

deScription

Iftherequirementisforaflumesuitablebothforteaching&project/researchworkthentheverypopularS6MkIIhastobetheflumeofchoice,offeringhighlevelsofdimensionalaccuracy,awideselectionofmodels&accessories&formattinginvariousconfigurations.

Aglasssidedtiltingflumewithfabricatedallstainlesssteelbed.Aworkingcross-sectionof300mmwideby450mmdeepandavailableinstandardworkinglengthsof5m,7.5m,10m,&15m.Longerlengthsareavailabletospecialorderinincrementsof2.5m.

Completelyself-containedandcomprisingtheworkingsection,mouldedinletanddischargetanks,aseriesofsumptanks,apump,anelectronicflowmeter,ajackingsystemandacontrolconsole.

Thechannelsectionisfullyglazedwithlargeclearpanelsoftoughenedglass.Thisiscoupled withcarefuldesignofthesidesupportprofilestoprovideexcellentvisibilityandallowflowvisualisationofthefullworkingheightoftheflume. The glass panels are sealed using a rubber “U”sectioncompressedbyanaluminiumalloyclampingstrip.Theflumebedismanufacturedtohightolerancesanddesignedwithanintegralwebsupportframetogivetheflumeahighdegreeofrigidityandstability.Rigiddowelledjointsareusedtoconnectthesections.Theoverallstrengthandrigidityofthedesignallowsexcellentstabilityfigurestobeachievedandeliminatestheneedtoprovideadjustingscrewsortoperformperiodicsettingupoftheflume

tomaintainitsspecification.Nounderframeorsupportstructureotherthanjacksisnecessary.

Instrumentrailsareprovidedalongtheentireworkinglengthoftheflumeandacontinuousscalecalibratedinmillimetresisprovidedalongthelengthofoneoftherails.Adjustablescrewsallowthetracktobesetlevelandtrue.

Excellentvelocityprofilesareachievedintheworkingsectionbycarefulshapingoftheinlettankandbytheincorporationofstillingandsmoothingdevices.Operatingwaterlevelsaremaintainedbyanovershottiltingweirlocatedinthedischargetank.Bothendtanksaremadefromtoughnon-corrodingGRP.

Watercirculationisbyacentrifugalpumpmountedbeneaththeflumechannel,drawingwaterfromaseriesofinterconnectednon-corrodingsumptanksmountedonthefloorandrunningalongsidetheflowchannel.Allinterconnectingpipesandfittingsaremadeofnon-corrodingmaterials.

Theflowisregulatedusingamanuallyadjustedvalve.Flowrateismeasuredusinganelectro-magneticflowmeteranddisplayedonadigitalreadoutlocatedonthecontrolconsole.

Thecontrolconsoleismountedonapedestalandlocatedinaconvenientpositionfortheinstallation,suchthatitiseasilyaccessibleandtheflowratecanbereadwhilstadjustingthevalve.Alsolocatedontheconsoletheemergencystopbuttonandthepumpcontrols.Anadditionalemergencystopbuttonisprovidedonlongerflumes.

Acomputercontrolanddataloggingpackageisalsoavailable.SeeS6MkII-50&S6MkII-90.

10m working section. The end tanks actually extend the effective length of the flow channel beyond this. S6 MkII Glass sided Tilting Flume

advanced FloW channelS

Theflumeistiltedusingajackingsystem-asinglejackingstationon5mflumes.Flumesupto15mhavetwoorthreejacksinterconnectedbyageareddrive.Aslopeindicatorisprovided.

Electricaljackingisavailableasanoptionalextra,includingacontrolboxwithup/downinchbuttonsplusanadditionalemergencystopbutton.Electroniclimitswitchesdisabletheelectricaldeviceatthemaximumandminimumextentoftravel.

technical detailS

Width 300mm Depth 450mm Length Asordered(multiplesof

2.5m)Note:overalllengthis3.25mlongerthantheworkingsectiondefined

Walls Toughenedglass

Bed Exclusivelyfabricatedfromstainlesssteel

Endtanks GRP(GlassReinforcedPlastic)

Sump tanks &pipework PVC(Polyvinylchloride)

&PE(polyethylene)

Pump Closecoupled centrifugal

Flowregulationvalve Handwheeloperatedbutterfly

+veslope 1:40max(1.4º) -veslope 1:200max(0.28º)

Flowmeter Electro-magnetic

Maximumflowrate 30Litres/sec

Bedstability <1.0mm(typical)at400mmwaterdepth

Sidewallstability <0.5mm(typical)at400mmwaterdepthS6MkII view from outflow end showing sump tank arrangement

experiMental ModelS & inStruMentation

Acomprehensiverangeofexperimentalmodelsandmeasuringinstrumentsisavailableforselection.Theseprovidethebasisforalargenumberofpracticalexperimentsinopenchannelflowincludingtheuseandoperationofregulatingandgaugingstructures.

Whereverpossiblenon-corrodingmaterialshavebeenusedtoreducemaintenancetimeandincreasetheworkinglifeofthemodels.

S6-20: plate WeirS - (StainleSS Steel)

>screwoperatedadjustableundershotweir

>mountingblock,forarangeofinterchangeableplateweirsthatareincludedinthesupply:

-Sharpcrestedweir(withaerationpipe)

-Rectangularnotchweir

-Trapezoidalnotchweir

-90ºveenotchweir

-60ºveenotchweir

-Sutronotchweir (linearproportionalweir)

Usercanfabricate&fitotherweirtypes.

S6-21: broad creSted WeirS - (grp)

>rectangularsharpcorneredweir

>rectangularstreamlinedweir

S6-20: Rectangular overshot weir - in operation

S6-21: Broad crested weir - theory

V-notch, Sutro and Rectangular plate weirs Trapezoidal and Sharp Crested weirs also included with the S6-20.

S6-20: Rectangular overshot weir - theory

S6-21: Broad crested weir - in operation

Stable conditions are obtained for the rectangular weir by exposing both upper and lower surfaces of the nappe to atmosphere, air being admitted below and immediately downstream of the weir crest. Vent pipes are utilised to replenish lost air through entrainment with the falling water (Fig. 1)

Should air loss occur then a vacuum will be created causing the nappe to adhere to the downstream face of the weir. This condition is associated with an increase in discharge, instability of flow behaviour and is incompatible with accurate flow measurement (Fig. 2)

Aerated nappe

Aeration pipeopen

Clinging nappe

Aeration pipeblocked

This type of weir is commonly used in the gauging of discharge in open channels, particularly where accuracy and reliability are required to be combined with ease of construction and maintenance.

Shown is a traditional streamlined hump in operation, which may be compared with the crump weir.

Broad Crested Weir

Cw ≈ 0.85 to 0.9hd ≥ 0.67 huha ≥ 0.40 hu

Q=1.704CdbH3/2

advanced FloW channelS

S6-22 venturi FluMe - (grp)

AsetofGRPmouldingsforinstallationinthechannelsectiontoformaventuriflume.

S6-23: ogee Weir & ManoMeter board - (grp)

Eightpressuretappings(2upstream,5downstream,1atapex)completewithmulti-tubepiezometerboard.

S6-24: daM SpillWay ModelS - (grp)

Completewiththefollowinginterchangeabledownstreamsections:

>spillwaytoe>rollerbuckettoe>apronwithremoveableenergydissipator

S6-25: Syphon SpillWay - (acrylic)

Completewithadjustablebreathertube.

S6-26: SelF-regulating Syphon - (acrylic)

S6-27: roughened bedS - (grp)

Twosectionsofdifferentroughness.Eachconsistsofthreemodulesarrangedtocovera2.5mlength.

S6-28: vibrating pile

Forthestudyofvortexsheddingbypilesandtallstructures.

S6-29: liFt & drag balance & ModelS - (grp)

Threemodels-largeandsmalldiametercylindersandanaerofoilsection.

S6-30: pitot tube & ManoMeter board - (grp)

Completewithtraversingcarriageandvernierheightadjustment,andaninvertedparaffinwatermanometerformagnificationofsmallpressuredifferences.

A selection of S6MkII accessories

Roughened beds

Ogee weir & manometer board

Lift & drag balance Models shown below

experiMental ModelS & inStruMentation

S6-31: cruMp Weir - (grp)

Singlepressuretappingatapex,completewithpiezometertube.

S6-32: parShall FluMe - (grp)

Oneofthemostwidelyusedstandingwaveflumes;allowscomparisonofhead-flowcharacteristicswiththosepublishedintheliterature.

S6-33: WSc FluMe - (grp)

DevelopedbyWashingtonStateCollege,thistrapezoidalflumeconformsmorecloselytonaturalchannelsectionsandpassessedimentevenmorefreelythantheParshallFlume.

S6-35: Wave generator

Simple,regular,flap-typegeneratordesignedtobemountedontheflumedischargetank.

S6-36: beach

WaveabsorptionbeachforusewithS6-35orS6-45toreducetheeffectofreflectedwaves.

S6-37: Zagni FloW Monitoring SySteMS

ConsistsofafreestandingmanometerboardandinstrumentcarriagefittedwithPitottubeandinterconnectingtubing.Thissystemmaybeusedtoestablishthebasicparametersoffluidflowinthechannelincluding,invertslope,surfaceprofiles,pressureprofilesandvelocityprofiles.

S6-40: inStruMent carrier

Bothlongitudinalandtransversemovementandpositionlock.

S6-42: velocity Meter and MountingS

Velocityprobeanddigitalmeter,completewithmountingattachmentstochannel. Range0.6.to3m/sec.

h-1/2/3: hooK & point gaugeS

DesignedtobemountedonS6-40.

A selection of S6MkII accessories

Instrument carrier

Artificial Beach

WRC Flume

Parshall Flume

Zagini Flow Monitoring Systems

Hook & point gauge

Crump weir

advanced FloW channelS

S6-MKii-50 SoFtWare control and data acquiSition pacKage

TheS6-MkII-50SoftwareControlandDataAcquisitionpackageincludesaninverterwithinthecontrolconsoleforelectronicspeedcontrolfortheflowchannelpump.ItalsoincludestheS6-MkII-90dataloggingandinstrumentationsystem.

TheS6-MkII-50optionmustbespecifiedattimeoforder,andcannotberetrofittedtoexistingflumes.TheS6-MkII-90Dataloggercan be added at any time and can be retrofittedtoexistingS6-MkIIFlumes.

control FunctionS:

•Inverterspeedcontrolofcirculatingpump,eitherbyfrontpanelcontrolorfromaPC.WhenusingPCcontrolthepumpspeedcanbesetinaPIDlooptomaintainaconstantflowrate.

•Controlofpoweredjackingsystemtosetspecificslopeofbed.

data logging and inStruMentation SySteM (S6-MKii-90) FunctionS

(IncludedwithS6-MkII-50andavailableindependently)

•Electronicinclinometertomeasureslopeofbed

•Electronicmanometertomeasure:

Pressuredistributionat10locations,Range:±690mmH2O(+/-1psi) e.g.bedtappingsortappingsonhydraulicstructuressuchasS6-23Ogeeweir.

and

Singlelowrangedifferentialpressuresensor,Range0to254mm.H2O(0to10”),e.g.forusewithS6-30Pitottube.

•2Voltageinputchannelsforusewiththeirinstrumentation,Range:±5Volts. e.g.forusewithS6-42VelocitymeterandH40Waveprobe.(Thesevoltageinputscanbescaledtoengineeringunitsinthesoftware).

•Thermistorsensortomeasurewatertemperature,Range0-50°C.

•USBinterfaceandsoftwareincludedtoallowdataloggingoftheaboveparameters.Thesoftwareincludessophisticatedsampling,calibrationandgraphplottingfacilitiesincludingtheabilitytosaveorexportthedatainMicrosoftExcelformat.

EssentialRequirement:WindowsPCwithUSBport.(notsuppliedbyArmfield).

S6-MKII-90 data logging and instrumentation systemFront and rear of the console

Rear of the console showing:Main connections, S6 Inclinometer, Thermistor and lead for user inputs.

S6-45 randoM Wave MaKer

ThismachineutilisesthebasehingeweirinthedischargetankoftheArmfieldS6MkIIFlumeasthepaddle.TheS6-45Controlboxinterfaceswithapersonalcomputer(notsuppliedbyArmfield)viaaserialinterface.

Wave generation SoFtWare

>Regularwaves>Irregularwaves-filteredwhitenoise>Irregularwaves-Fourierseries>Userdefinedwavegenerationtechniques

Thisisanadvancedsoftwarepackagedesignedtosimulatelongcrestedseaconditions.ItcangenerateRegular,IrregularandSolitarywaves.

ItiscapableofrunningonanyWindowscompatible-PCwithafreeserialinterface.

Installationisbymeansofaninstallationprogram.Followinginstallationitallowsalltherelevantdimensionaldetailsofthepaddletobeenteredandsavedinafile.

Theexperimentaltransferfunctioncanbeenteredandsavedforarangeofwaterdepths.

Waveheightandperiodrequirementsareenteredatfull(prototype)scaletogetherwiththemodelscalebeingused.

Whenitisrunning,theparametersofthegeneratedseastateandarealtimegraphicaldisplayofthepaddlemovementareshownonscreen.

generated Sea StateS

Regular waves Thismethodofsignalgenerationenablesregularmonofrequencywavestobeproducedwithaspecificheightandperiod.

Irregular waves - filtered white noise method Thismethodofsignalgenerationisbasedontheprincipleofdigitallyfilteredwhitenoiseandisgeneratedinrealtime.Threesourcesofwhitenoiseareavailablebasedoneitherasingleshiftregister,multipleshiftregistersorrandomnumberswithaGaussiandistribution.Thewhitenoisesourceisgeneratedandpassedthroughadigitalfiltertoproducetherequiredpositiondemandedsignalforthepaddle.

ThecharacteristicsofthisfilterareobtainedbyperformingaFastFouriertransformationbasedonthespectralshapethathasbeenselected.

Theadvantageofthismethodisthatitcreatessequenceswhichcanbevariedfromafewsecondstoseveralyearswhilstonlyrequiringenoughmemorytoholdtheseastateparameters.

Thisabilitytocreatelongnon-repeatingsequencesisofgreatimportancewhentestingmodelswhichhaveanon-linearresponse.Extensivetestshavebeencarriedoutwhichdemonstratethatthewavesproducedusingthissystemarerealisticandthattheydofitthestatisticaltheoriesforoceanwaves.

The data inputs required are: •modelscale •spectralshape •sequencelength •sequencestartcondition •runtime

Thesequencestartconditionisaveryusefulfeaturebecauseitallowsexactlythesamerandomsequencetobegeneratedeachtimeasthisisessentialforcomparativetests.

Controls for S6-45 Random Wave Maker

advanced FloW channelS

Besidesallowingtheusertocompletelydefine the spectral shape, many standard shapesareavailableincluding:

•Pierson-Moskowitz •JONSWAP •ITTC •1SSC •DarbyshireCoastal •DarbyshireOcean •Neuman Irregular waves - Fourier series method

Thismethodisequivalenttothesummationofsinewavesofdifferentfrequenciesandamplitudestoreproducethespecifiedenergyspectrum.

InfacttheoutputtimeseriesisproducedbycarryingoutaninverseFourierTransformofthespectralamplitudesafterapplyingtheappropriateTransferFunction.

Twooptionsareprovided.Inthefirstthefrequencycomponentsareproducedwithrandomphase.Inthesecondthecomponentshaverandomphaseandamplitude.

Thetechniqueisnotsuitableforproducingsignalsinrealtimesotherequiredvaluesarecomputedandstoredinafile.Thisisreadbya‘playback’programwhenthewavesaretobegenerated.Oncecreatedthesefilesmaybekeptandusedrepeatedly.

AsingleFFToperationcannotproduceatimeseriesofinfinitelengthandthelimitinthissystemhasbeensetto2048points.Longersequencesareavailablehowever,madebycarryingoutanumberofFFTsandmergingtheindividualsequencestogethertocreateoneofthelengthwhichtheuserhasrequested.

Thismethodprovidesallthespectraltypeswhichareavailablefromthefilteredwhitenoisemethod.

SpeciFicationS

General Outputsignal±10volts

Standard sea states available:

>Pierson-Moskowitz >JONSWAP >ITTC >ISSC >DarbyshireCoastal > Darbyshire Ocean >Numan Sea states may be defined by: >Windspeed >WindspeedandFetch >Wavefrequencyandheight > Frequency >16Ordinatesofspectraldensity Random waves may be based on:

>Whitenoisewithsingleormultipleshiftregistersorrandomnumbers,allwithvariabletestlength

>Fourierserieswithvariableorfixedamplitude,andwithvariabletestlength

> User defined techniques Transfer Functions:

>AutomaticrecompilationofthepaddledemandsignalwithchangingTransferFunction

>InterpolationofTransferFunctionbetweendefinedfrequencies

NB

Thisbasicrandomwavemakerconceptcanbeappliedtoallourlargeflumes.Paddleconfigurationscanvarytosiuttheapplication.

Askfordetails&aquotation.

neW

glaSS Sided tilting and non-tilting Standard FluMeS For reSearch

TheselargerFlumesareconsideredresearchfacilitiesandsoitneedstobenotedthatmostofthemodelsandaccessoriesavailablefortheS6-MkIIarenotavailablefortheseflumes.TheexceptionaretheWavemakers.WecanofferWavemakersfortheseflumestospecialorder.

InconstructionthetiltingversionsareverysimilarindesignandperformancetotheS6-MkIIrange.Howeverduetotheirincreasedsizetherearecertaindesigndifferencesthatreflectthegreaterloadsbeingtransportedandthehigherflowratesoffered.

Thesedifferencescomprisebedmanufacturei.e.mildsteel,laminatedwithstainlesssteelonthewettedside,arigidsupportingunderframeandtheendtanksaremanufacturedfromstainlesssteel.

Theothermajordifferencesrelatetothecapacityofthesebiggerunits.Thestandardunitsdonothavefloormountedreservoirtanks.Insteadtheyincorporateclosedloopsforre-circulation.Theseloopsaredesignedasstandardtoaccommodatesedimenttransportasafeature.Inadditionflowiscontrolledviathepump(s)whereatleastonepumphasvariablespeedcontrol.

Thejacksareelectronicallydrivenviaacontrolboxwithup/downinchbuttonsplusanadditionalemergencystopbutton.Electroniclimitswitchesdisabletheelectricaldeviceatthemaximumandminimumextentoftravel.

Thenon-tiltingoptionshavegenerallythesameperformancecriteriatothetiltingoptionsbuttheirmethodofconstructionislighterandmoreflexible.Theworkingsectionisofaprovendesignandutilizesasteelframeworkrobustenoughtosupporttheweightofwater.Thesidesaretoughenedglassandthebaseisconstructedfrommarineplywoodfacedwithstainlesssteelorcanbetoughenedglasswherevisualisationisrequired.Thesectionsaresuspendedwithinthesteelframe.Sectionsizesareapproximately2.5mlongmakingthemeasytomanhandleduringconstructionoratanytimeinthefuture.

Oneofthefeaturesofthenon-tiltingdesignistheabilitytomodifytheflumeinvariouswaysatalaterdate.

Forexample:- >Increasethelength >Re-configurethedimensions >Addviewingpanelsinthebase

Unlikethetiltingversionswhichcomeinpre-glazed2.5mmodulesthenon-tiltingversionsareflat-packedforassemblyatsite.

Bothtiltingandnon-tiltingareavailableforservicefromanexistinglaboratorysupplyorasadvisedabovewithafullyself-containedcapability.

Theyareavailableinstandardworkinglengthsof5m,7.5m,10m,12.5m,and15m.Longerlengthsareavailabletospecialorderinincrementsof2.5m.

10m Wave tank

technical detailS

Wave tanKS

Usingthesamemethodsofconstructionasusedbythenon-tiltingflumesArmfieldcanofferwavetanksofsimilardimensionswithorwithoutwatercirculatingandwithsimplemonowavemakersorsophisticatedrandommachines.

Furtherdetailsonapplication.

S20/S21 S22/S23

Workingwidth 600mm 1000mm Workingdepth 600mm 1000mm Workinglength Asordered Asordered (Multiplesof2.5m) (Multiplesof2.5m)

Walls Toughenedglass Toughenedglass

Bed-tiltingversions Mild-steellaminated Mild-steellaminated withstainless-steel withstainless-steel

Bednon-tiltingversions MarinePlywoodlaminated MarinePlywoodlaminated withstainless-steel withstainless-steel orglass orglass

Endtanks Stainless-steel Stainless-steel

Pump(s) Close-coupledcentrifugal Close-coupledcentrifugal

Slope(tiltingonly) 1:40max(1.4°)+ve 1:40max(1.4°)+ve 1:200max(0.28 )̂-ve 1:200max(0.28°)-ve

Flowmeter Electro-magnetic Electro-magnetic

Maximumflowrate 120L/sec 180L/sec

Bedstability <1.0mm(typically)at <1.0mm(typically)at 540mmwaterdepth 900mmwaterdepth Sidewallstability <0.5mm(typically)at <0.5mm(typically)at 540mmwaterdepth 900mmwaterdepth Maximumparticlesize whencirculatingsediment 3mmdiameter 3mmdiameter

ordering optionS

S6 MkII flumes - cross section 300mm wide x 450mm deepS6MkII-5.0m Basicselfcontainedflume(noelectrics)S6MkII-7.5m Basicselfcontainedflume(noelectrics)S6MkII-10m Basicselfcontainedflume(noelectrics)S6MkII-12.5m Basicselfcontainedflume(noelectrics)S6MkII-15m Basicselfcontainedflume(noelectrics)

S6MkII-C 415V/3ph/50Hz-Basicelectricscomprisingcontrolconsole&pump

S6MkII-D 208V/3ph/60Hz-Basicelectricscomprisingcontrolconsole&pump

S6MkII-E 380V/3ph/50Hz-Basicelectricscomprisingcontrolconsole&pump

S6MkII-F 220V/3ph/60Hz-Basicelectricscomprisingcontrolconsole&pump

S6MkII-SL SedimentloopforanyoftheaboveflumesS6MkII-14-1 Poweredjacksfor5.0mor7.5mflumesS6MkII-14-2 Poweredjacksfor10mor12.5mflumes

S20/S21 flumes - cross section 600mm wide x 600mm deepS20-7.5m Basicflume-Tilting(noservices)S20-10m Basicflume-Tilting(noservices)S20-12.5m Basicflume-Tilting(noservicesS20-15m Basicflume-Tilting(noservices)

S20-SERV(5/10) Servicesystem-7.5mto10m S20-SERV(12/15)Servicesystem-12.5mto15m

S21-7.5m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices) S21-10m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices) S21-12.5m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices) S21-15m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices)

S21-SERV(5/10)Servicesystem-7.5mto15m

S22/S23 flumes - cross section 1000mm wide x 1000mm deepS22-7.5m Basicflume-Tilting(noservices)S22-10m Basicflume-Tilting(noservices)S22-12.5m Basicflume-Tilting(noservicesS22-15m Basicflume-Tilting(noservices)

S22-SERV(5/10) Servicesystem-7.5mto10m S22-SERV(12/15)Servicesystem-12.5mto15m

S23-7.5m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices) S23-10m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices) S23-12.5m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices) S23-15m Basicflume-Non-Tilting(noservices)

S23-SERV Servicesystem-7.5mto15m

WITH DISCOVER

2 -YR WARRANTY ON ALL ARMFIEL

D PRO

DUCT

S

<EXTENDED> WARRANTY

2 years

©2010 armfield Ltd. all rights reserved We reserve the right to amend these specifications without prior notice. E&OE 09010/3k/SO2796

Head Office: Armfield Limited Bridge House, West street, Ringwood, Hampshire. BH24 1DY england

Telephone: +44 1425 478781Fax: +44 1425 470916e-mail: sales@armfield.co.uk

U.S. Office: Armfield inc. 436 West Commodore Blvd (#2) Jackson, NJ 08527Telephone: (732) 928 3332Fax: (732) 928 3542e-mail: info@armfieldinc.com

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learn more! www.armfield.co.uk

scan QR code* to download the latest version of this datasheet or click: www.armfield.co.uk/flumes* Scan with mobile smartphone or webcam

with barcode scanning software installed.

H33 URL: www.armfield.co.uk/h33

neWnew research flumes - available as standard

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URL: www.armfield.co.uk/h41

poWer optionS S20/21 & S22/23 FluMeSMustbedecidedwhenordering

C 415V/3Ph/50Hz D 208V/3Ph/60HzE 308V/3Ph/50Hz F 220V/3Ph/60Hz

inStruMentation

Aselectionofinstrumentsisavailableforuseinflumes,channelsandbasins:-

H1-1toH1-11 VernierHook&PointGaugesH12-1toH12-7 Manometersincludingwater,

pressurised,water-mercuryH12-8toH12-9 PortablePressureMetersH30-1HtoH30-3H PitotTubesH33toH33-11 VelocityProbes,DigitalIndicator

andDatalogger

H40-1-1toH40-2-3 WaveProbeSystems

H41LaserPIVSystem(SuitableforS8MkII&S16sizeflumesonly)

Hydraulic Instruments (H series) data sheet available on request.