labaratory diagnosis of malaria

7/29/2019 labaratory diagnosis of malaria

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LABORATORY

DIAGNOSIS OF

MALARIA


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Common infectious disease in indonesia

Parasite called Plasmodium

name "mal aria" meaning "bad air" in Italian

INTRO


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250 million cases of fever and approximately one milliondeaths annually

children under 5 years old Pregnant women

endemic in a broad band around the equator

sub-Saharan Africa where 8590% of malaria fatalities occur

common in rural areas than in cities contrast to dengue fever where urban areas present the greater

risk

EPIDEMIOLOGY


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protozoan of the genus Plasmodium

sporozoites, merozoites, and gametocytes

Sporozoites are the form that is injected by the mosquito intohumans

parasite travels into the bloodstream and eventually makes itsway to the liver

develop into merozoites

merozoites leave the liver and enter red blood cells toreproduce

Infect red blood cells

CAUSE OF MALARIA


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reproducing Plasmodia will create a form known as agametocyte in the human bloodstream

mosquito takes a blood meal when gametocytes are present,the parasite begins to reproduce in the insect and create

sporozite forms that are infectious to people five species of Plasmodium

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

P. falciparum

P. knowlesi


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cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor andthen fever and sweating lasting four to six hours

Different for different parasites

children with malaria frequently exhibit abnormal posturing, a

sign indicating severe brain damage

cognitive impairments

neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria

Severe malaria 6

14 days after infection coma and death

Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), severe headache, cerebralischemia, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), hypoglycemia, and

hemoglobinuria with renal failure


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Imaging

Chest radiography may be helpful if respiratory symptoms are

present a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head may be

obtained to evaluate evidence of cerebral edema orhemorrhage

DIAGNOSIS


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Polymerase chain reaction assay

very specific and sensitive

are not available in most clinical situations

effective at detecting

10 parasites/mL of blood

Lumbar puncture

mental-status changes, and even if the peripheral smeardemonstrates P falciparum, a lumbar puncture should beperformed to rule out bacterial meningitis


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Blood Smears

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT)

Immunochromatographic tests based on antibody to histidine-

rich protein-2 (PfHRP2), parasite LDH (pLDH), orPlasmodium aldolase

very sensitive and specific.

But less effective when parasite levels are below 100parasites/mL of blood,


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treated at home with oral medications and fluids

Hydration will not treat or cure malaria, but it will reduce side

effects associated with Chloroquine

quinine

Mefloquine

Doxycycline Clindamycin

TREATMENT


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When traveling to endemic areas

use mosquito precautions

medications to reduce the risk of disease NO VACCINE

wearing light, protective clothing

window screens and bed nets

Insect repellants containing DEET

PREVENTION


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infectious disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium

in Asia and African Nations

high fatality rate where treatment not available

SUMMARY

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labaratory diagnosis of malaria