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Lab Challenge: How will we determine the
taxonomy of the microbes we find?
Lab Challenge: How will we determine the
taxonomy of the microbes we find?
Traditional ClassificationTraditional Classification
Chapter 26, 27 and 28Understanding the 3 Domain;
Kingdom System with a focus on Bacteria and Archaea
Chapter 26, 27 and 28Understanding the 3 Domain;
Kingdom System with a focus on Bacteria and Archaea
Chapter ReferencesChapter References
HEY!!! Let’s make this abundantly CLEAR---when you see references to chapters, READ THEM! They are your HOMEWORK!
Chapter 26 and 27 (selections) Reading Tips - Don’t read every word. Skim
over all headings! Then, look for the parts of reading that match your notes
Take NOTES by making a powerpoint!
HEY!!! Let’s make this abundantly CLEAR---when you see references to chapters, READ THEM! They are your HOMEWORK!
Chapter 26 and 27 (selections) Reading Tips - Don’t read every word. Skim
over all headings! Then, look for the parts of reading that match your notes
Take NOTES by making a powerpoint!
Unity: Characteristics of Living Things
Unity: Characteristics of Living Things
Made of Cells Obtains materials
and use energy Grow and
Develop Reproduce
Made of Cells Obtains materials
and use energy Grow and
Develop Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Maintain Homeostasis
Based on a Genetic Code
Evolve
Respond to Stimuli
Maintain Homeostasis
Based on a Genetic Code
Evolve
Hierarchical Organization
Hierarchical OrganizationBinominal Nomenclature:2 word naming system based on Genus species
Did king philip come over for good soup?
Shows relationships…what are they based on?
Binominal Nomenclature:2 word naming system based on Genus species
Did king philip come over for good soup?
Shows relationships…what are they based on?
Diversity: How can these characteristics show the diversity of
living things?
Diversity: How can these characteristics show the diversity of
living things?
Focu
s on
Bact
eri
aFo
cus
on
Bact
eri
aAll living things are MADE of CELLS, but size, shape, or arrangement may vary
Focu
s on
Bact
eri
aFo
cus
on
Bact
eri
a
Does the naming system make sense?
(a) Gram-positive bacteria: peptidoglycan traps crystal violet.
Gram-positivebacteria
Peptido-glycanlayer
Cellwall
Plasmamembrane
10 m
Gram-negativebacteria
Outermembrane
Peptido-glycanlayer
Plasma membrane
Cellwall
Carbohydrate portionof lipopolysaccharide
(b) Gram-negative bacteria: crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing red dye.
Figure 27.3
Gram stainingGram staining• Make up of cell structures is also a
distinguishing characteristic
• Cells with peptidoglycan in their walls stain darker
• Make up of cell structures is also a distinguishing characteristic
• Cells with peptidoglycan in their walls stain darker
Response to environmentResponse to environment
Notetaking: what should you write down about this visual slide?
Notetaking: what should you write down about this visual slide?
Obtaining energyObtaining energy
Nutrition is one important characteristic that allows us to compare.
Into which group do you think our cheese microbe will fit?
Nutrition is one important characteristic that allows us to compare.
Into which group do you think our cheese microbe will fit?
New characteristics force changes in classificationNew characteristics force changes in classification
What was the 2 kingdom model?
The 5 kingdom model?
How do the Domains and the current 6 kingdom model relate?
What’s the current debate?
What was the 2 kingdom model?
The 5 kingdom model?
How do the Domains and the current 6 kingdom model relate?
What’s the current debate?
Role of technology Role of technology
Using Molecular DataUsing Molecular Data
In 1977, Carl Woese used molecular data from ribosomal RNA to classify microbes. Previously, microbes classification was limited due to their lack of identifiable characteristics.
Woese’s work led to the current three “domain” system of classification: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
In 1977, Carl Woese used molecular data from ribosomal RNA to classify microbes. Previously, microbes classification was limited due to their lack of identifiable characteristics.
Woese’s work led to the current three “domain” system of classification: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
http://dericbownds.net/uploaded_images/microbes2.gif
http://aboundlessethic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/treeoflife.gif
3 Domains3 Domains
The 3 domains vary in how organisms display the characteristics of living things
See Table 27.2
What’s the difference between eubacteria and
archaebacteria?
What’s the difference between eubacteria and
archaebacteria? Archaebacteria are more
closely related to eukaryotes. Cell walls
Eubacteria: Material--peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria: Other materials
Archaebacteria are usually extremophiles Halophiles Thermophiles
Archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes.
Cell walls Eubacteria: Material--
peptidoglycan Archaebacteria: Other
materials Archaebacteria are usually
extremophiles Halophiles Thermophiles
How closely related are the kingdoms?
How closely related are the kingdoms?
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Key Characteristic= Nutrition
If we use this as the basis, are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?
Key Characteristic= Nutrition
If we use this as the basis, are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?
Fungi: Heterotrophic decomposers
Animals: Heterotrophic consumers
Plants: Photoautotrophs
Fungi: Heterotrophic decomposers
Animals: Heterotrophic consumers
Plants: Photoautotrophs
Problems with using characteristics
Problems with using characteristics
Maybe cell wall shows a better relationship.
Does this agree with your previous hypothesis?
Maybe cell wall shows a better relationship.
Does this agree with your previous hypothesis?
Plants: Cellulose Fungi: Chitin
(although some have no cell wall)
Animals: No cell wall
Plants: Cellulose Fungi: Chitin
(although some have no cell wall)
Animals: No cell wall
Chitin vs. CelluloseChitin vs. Cellulose
Note: Animals do not use chitin for a cell wall but can manufacture chitin for an exoskeleton…what do they need to make chitin?
Note: Animals do not use chitin for a cell wall but can manufacture chitin for an exoskeleton…what do they need to make chitin?
What do the genes tell us?What do the genes tell us?
General consensus: Fungi & Animals share most recent Common Ancestor.
Jury is still out though…
General consensus: Fungi & Animals share most recent Common Ancestor.
Jury is still out though…
Active Reading ActivityActive Reading Activity
Read and take notes to answer a question…what information/vocab are important to that question!
Read and take notes to answer a question…what information/vocab are important to that question!
Section 28.1
Is the protista kingdom MONOPHYLETIC?
(all share a common ancestor)
Section 28.1
Is the protista kingdom MONOPHYLETIC?
(all share a common ancestor)
Kingdom Protista=ProblemKingdom Protista=Problem
ProtistsProtists
Are all protists closely related to eachother?
Are all protists closely related to eachother?
ActivityActivity
Take the information from your reading & notes and fill out the kingdom graphic organizer that you did in 9th grade!
Take the information from your reading & notes and fill out the kingdom graphic organizer that you did in 9th grade!
Discussion: Is this memorization?
Discussion: Is this memorization?
Direction…Direction…
Later we will look at classification of the animal kingdom.
Later we will look at classification of the animal kingdom.
As we go through the year, we will see the importance of understanding classification of plants, fungi, and protists.
As we go through the year, we will see the importance of understanding classification of plants, fungi, and protists.