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Lab 5 –Blood, Lymphatics and the Immune Response
Gilbert Pitts, Ph.D., Joseph Schiller, Ph.D., James F. Thompson, Ph.D.
Objectives
Examine: Lymph node slide Lymphatic vessels on charts and models
Blood slides Differentiate red blood cells, platelets,
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
Perform 2 differential WBC counts Identify leukemia Identify sickle cell anemia
Understand blood typing (ABO and Rh systems)
Calculate and interpret hematocrit/packed cell volume
The Lymphatic System
Basic organization Lymph fluid in lymph vessels Lymphatic organs (red bone marrow, thymus,
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils) with smaller collections of lymphatic tissue in other organs
Functions Return interstitial fluid and proteins to the blood Transport dietary fats to adipose tissue Protect against cancer & infection
Lymph Flow from smallest to largest: Capillaries vessels trunks ducts
Lymph vessels anastomose and supply and drain lymph nodes along their course
Lymph Flow Follows Venous Circulation
Right head, arm, and thorax drained by the right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein
Left head, arm, thorax, most of the abdominal cavity and both legs drained by the thoracic duct into the left subclavian vein
R
L
Connective tissue capsule with trabeculae extending from cortex to medulla
Stroma – the supportive connective tissue network of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
The Lymph Node
capsule
trabeculae
Lymph Node Parenchyma Cortex - filled with
lymphocytes and macrophages in follicles Outer edge of
follicle contains more T cells
Inner germinal center is the site of B-cell proliferation
Medulla - medullary cords of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells (activated B cells)
Cortex
Medulla
Lymph Node Micrograph
Cortex
Medulla
Lymph Node Germinal Centers
germinal centers
Leukocytes = White Blood Cells
Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
lymphocytes - T cells, B cells
monocytes tissue macrophages
The Formed Elements of the Blood:
Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophil60-70%
Eosinophil2-4%
Basophil0.5-1%
Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocyte20-25%
Monocyte3-8%
Leukocyte Life Span and Number 5,000 - 10,000 WBC’s/mm3 blood
RBC/WBC ratio 700/1
Differential WBC count (a standard clinical lab report) Neutrophils 60-70% Lymphocytes 20-25% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0.5-1%
Abnormal proportions are correlated with different types of disease processes
Differential WBC Count
20-25%
3-8%
l2-4%
l60-70%
0.5-1%
Leukocyte IdentificationAgranular
Lymphocyte
Granular
SmallSpherical nucleus
DarkHidden nuc.
Large2+ lobes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Red gran.
Faint gran.no largegranules incytoplasm
All have many largegranules in cytoplasm &multilobed nuclei
Composition of Blood
Blood sample separates into 2 parts plasma - straw colored
liquid on top ~55% of the volume
formed elements ~45% of the volume
• red blood cells• buffy coat: white
blood cells and platelets
Hematocrit (Hct) Packed Cell Volume is
the % of the blood which is RBC’s Males: 40-54% (47%) Females: 38-46%
(42%)
Hct indicates the status of RBC production, the state of hydration, or various disease states
Hematocrit Procedure
Blood Typing Antigen – any
substance which provokes specific immune responses
Antigenic determinants Antigen parts which
trigger the specific immune response
An antigen may be an entire microbe or only small structures such as subregions of large molecules
RBC antigens (agglutinogens) are membrane glycoproteins
Most “antigens” are complex and express
multiple types of antigenic
determinants.
ABO Blood Types 2 glycoprotein agglutinogens, A & B One gene from each parent, A, B or O 6 combinations - AA, AB, AO, BB, BO, OO (no agglutinogens)
ABO Blood Types
Agglutinins Naturally occurring antibodies produced in response to
the agglutinogens not present in your blood React in antigen-antibody response to blood not of your
type blood type AB = universal recipients blood type O = universal donors
ABO System
Rh System Rh typing - Rhesus monkey
Those expressing Rh antigens are Rh+
Those without Rh agglutinogens are Rh-
Normally, blood does not contain Rh agglutinins
Immune system only makes agglutinins in response to specific exposure to Rh antigens
Rh sensitivity does not occur until second transfusion
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)• many “blue babies” prior to WWII
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn =
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Perform Fingerstick and Transfer Blood
Slide Appearance
Blood Type
A
B
AB
O
Please Clean Up Your Work Area Place only lancet and capillary tubes in
designated sharps containers
Place all other blood contaminated materials (gloves, alcohol wipes, paper towels, etc.) in the large red biohazard bucket at the front of the room
Place all other discards in regular trash receptacles
Disinfect your work area with the spray solution after you have concluded your blood work.
Homework
o Complete and turn in the questions on pages 5-13 to 5-15
o Complete Assignment 5 on MasteringAandP.
End Lab 5