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Which one of the following substances is not a lipid?
• A) wax • B) cholesterol • C) cellulose • D) steroids • E) triglycerides
You now know that the old cliche "oil and water don't mix" is true. Why?
• A) Oil exhibits polarity and water does not. • B) Water exhibits polarity and oil does not. • C) Oil is hydrophilic. • D) Water is hydrophobic. • E) Oil is an organic compound and water is
not.
A molecule with the formula C55H110O55 is probably a(n)
• A) oil. • B) steroid. • C) wax. • D) protein. • E) polysaccharide.
All living things are made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of living things
• All cells come from other cells
• This is the classical cell theory
Cells are small
• Most bacteria are .5-2µm in size
• Light microscope’s limit= ~500nm=.5µm
• Single eukaryotic cells are larger, but still to small to see without magnification
Microscopes allow us to see the world of cells
• Microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify small things
Measuring the world of the small• We use the metric system • The metric system uses powers of 10• Major metric prefixes are 1000-fold apart• English-Metric conversions:• 1 meter = 1.09 yards• 1 centimeter = .4 inches• Metric interconversions• 1 m = 100 cm• 1 cm = _____m
The Metric System
• Decimal system (powers of 10)• Base units (meter, gram) modified by prefixes:
kilo = thousand 1000.0centi (c) = hundredthcenti (c) = hundredth 0.010.01milli (m) = thousandthmilli (m) = thousandth 0.0010.001micro (µ) = millionthmicro (µ) = millionth 0.0000010.000001nano (n) = billionthnano (n) = billionth 0.0000000010.000000001
The Metric System
• How do you convert from one metric unit to another?
• Each decimal place represents one power of 10.
• 1.0 meter =100 or 102 centimeters (cm)1000 or 103 millimeters (mm)1,000,000 or 106 micrometers (µm or microns)
1,000,000,000 or 109 nanometers (nm)
The Metric System
• Example: 1.0 cm = ? m– Since a centimeter is a hundredth of a meter, it is
10x10 or 2 decimal places smaller than a meter. – So, move the decimal point 2 places to the left:
1.0 cm = 0.01 m
The Metric System
• Example: 1.0 cm = ? mm– First put both in terms of meters:
1.0 m = 100.0 cm = 1000.0 mm– How many powers of ten (decimal places) are
there between cm and mm? – If 100.0 cm = 1000.0 mm, then
1.0 cm = 10.0 mm – So to convert from cm to mm, you must multiply
by 10 (move the decimal point one place to the rightright).
Using a Light Microscope
1. Get microscope from cabinet• Carry with one hand holding armarm and the other
supporting the basebase
Arm
Base
Using a Light Microscope 1. Ocular (eyepiece)
2. Arm
3. Coarse focus knob
4. Fine focus knob
5. Base
6. Nosepiece
7. Objectives
8. Stage
9. Stage clips
10. Diaphragm
11. Light source
Field of View
• Actual diameter of microscope image at a certain mag.
• As magnification increases, field of view _______.
Using a Light Microscope
• Letter “e”– Practice steps for observing specimens– Draw what you see at different powers– Calculate total magnification
• Silk threads– Get a sense of ‘depth of field’ (how deep can
lenses focus at different powers) – Try to determine relative positions of threads
(top, middle, bottom)
Cells can be placed into two categories
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic- smaller and simpler
• Eukaryotic- larger and more complex
• Eukaryotic- containing membrane-bound organelles
Your instructions for the lab• 1. Draw each subject in detail. Label 2
organelles.• 2. Using field of view, estimate size of
specimens.• 3. On back of paper, compare and contrast:– Onion vs. elodea– Elodea in salt vs. elodea in fresh water– Plant vs. animal cells
• 4. Describe drawn pond water organism. What does it look like? Size? What do you think it is? Categorize it. Unicellular? Plant or animal? Etc.
Using a Light Microscope
• Cleaning up:– Remove and return your slides.– Put the scanning objective in place and lower it all
the way down. – Roll up the lamp cord neatly.– Carefully return your microscope to the shelf
where you got it.
• .