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U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Nevada State Office Southern Nevada District Office Red Rock/Sloan Field Office U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Region Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest Spring Mountains National Recreation Area
LA MADRE MOUNTAIN WILDERNESS
AND
RAINBOW MOUNTAIN WILDERNESS
Final Wilderness Management Plan
and Environmental Assessment
FS
December 17, 2013
Cover photograph courtesy of Sendi Kalcic.
La Madre Mountain Wilderness
and
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
Final Wilderness Management Plan and
Environmental Assessment
Prepared By:
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Land Management
Nevada State Office
Southern Nevada District Office
Red Rock/Sloan Field Office
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service
Intermountain Region
Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
Spring Mountains National Recreation Area
December 17, 2013
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Table of Contents
Wilderness Management Plan
Wilderness Management Plan......................................................................................................... 1 Scope of the Wilderness Management Plan.................................................................................... 1 Wilderness Overview ...................................................................................................................... 2 Wilderness Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 13
Wilderness Management Goals and Objectives ........................................................................... 13 Current Situation and Assumptions .............................................................................................. 15 Management Strategy ................................................................................................................... 18 Wilderness Management Actions ................................................................................................. 19
Management and Designation of Trails .................................................................................... 20 Management of Vehicle Access Points and Designation of Trailheads ................................... 27
Sign Plan ................................................................................................................................... 28 General Recreation Activity and Visitor Use Management ..................................................... 30 Management of Cultural and Paleontological Resources ......................................................... 38
Management of Small-Scale Surface Disturbances .................................................................. 40 Management of Structures and Installations ............................................................................. 42
Management of Personal Property, Refuse, or Vandalism ....................................................... 43 Research .................................................................................................................................... 44 Environmental Education and Interpretation ............................................................................ 45
Management of Group and Commercial Services .................................................................... 45 Wildlife Management ............................................................................................................... 47
Management of Wild Horses and Burros ................................................................................. 50 Vegetation, Soil, and Water Management ................................................................................ 51
Noxious Weeds and Non-Native Invasive Species ................................................................... 53 Fire Management ...................................................................................................................... 55
Management of Aircraft ............................................................................................................ 59 Monitoring Program...................................................................................................................... 59 Plan Evaluation ............................................................................................................................. 60 Appendix A. BLM Wilderness Monitoring Program ................................................................... 62
Appendix B. Forest Service Wilderness Monitoring Program ..................................................... 65
Environmental Assessment
Purpose and Need for Action ........................................................................................................ 75
Proposed Action and Alternatives ................................................................................................ 82 Wilderness Management Actions ............................................................................................... 162
Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences ......................................................... 103 Mandatory Items Analyzed ......................................................................................................... 103
Cumulative Impacts .................................................................................................................... 139 Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 144 Individuals, Organizations, or Agencies Consulted .................................................................... 144 List of Preparers .......................................................................................................................... 146 Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 148 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................... 150 References ................................................................................................................................... 152
iii
Appendix C. Public Comment and BLM/FS Response .............................................................. 154
Appendix D. Errata ..................................................................................................................... 162
List of Tables Table 1. Wilderness Management....................................................................................................3
Table 2. Resources/Concerns Considered for Analysis ...............................................................104
Table 3. Fire Management Units within the Wilderness areas ....................................................108
Table 4. Special Status and Sensitive Wildlife Species That Do or May Occur in the Planning
Area ..............................................................................................................................................114
Table 5. Special Status and Sensitive Plant Species That Do or May Occur in the Planning Area ..
................................................................................................................................................119
Table 6. Vegetation Communities Present within the Wilderness areas .....................................123
List of Maps Map 1. Wilderness Overview ..........................................................................................................7
Map 2. Current Condition of La Madre Mountain Wilderness .......................................................9
Map 3. Current Condition of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness .......................................................11
Map 4. La Madre Mountain Wilderness New Designated Trails ..................................................25
Map 5. Rainbow Mountain Wilderness New Designated Trails….. .............................................26
Map 6. Overview of Planning Area ...............................................................................................67
Map 7. Rainbow Mountain Wilderness Alternative 3 Trails ........................................................ 85
Map 8. Fire Management Units and Fire History from 2000-2013 ............................................ 110
Map 9. Vegetation Communities in the Wilderness areas .......................................................... 125
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Wilderness Management Plan
Introduction In 1964 the United States Congress established the National Wilderness Preservation System
through the Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577; 16 U.S.C. 1131-1136). This law was created to
“…assure that an increasing population, accompanied by expanding settlement and growing
mechanization, does not occupy and modify all areas within the United States.” Wilderness
designation is intended to preserve and protect certain lands in their natural state. Only Congress,
with Presidential approval, may designate lands as wilderness. The Wilderness Act of 1964
defines wilderness characteristics, the uses of wilderness, and the activities prohibited within its
boundaries.
Wilderness areas provide a contrast to lands where human activities dominate the landscape. No
buffer zones are created around wilderness to protect them from the influence of activities on
adjacent land. Wilderness areas are managed for the use and enjoyment of the American people
in a manner that will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness, for their
protection, preservation of their wilderness character, and for the gathering and dissemination of
information regarding their use and enjoyment as wilderness.
Scope of the Wilderness Management Plan This Wilderness Management Plan (WMP) provides the primary management direction for the
La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. Given their proximity,
comparable natural resources, and similar broad management issues, it is appropriate to
incorporate the administration of both Wilderness areas into a single plan. This WMP addresses
appropriate actions within and immediately adjacent to the Wilderness areas, such as wilderness
access and information provided to the public.
This WMP is jointly prepared by the United States Department of the Interior (DOI), Bureau of
Land Management (BLM) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service
(FS). Each agency has jurisdictional authority for separate portions of each Wilderness.
Wilderness characteristics are cumulatively identified by the Wilderness Act of 1964 as
untrammeled (i.e., unrestrained, unhindered) by man, natural, undeveloped, having outstanding
opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation, and the inclusion of
supplementary values. This WMP preserves the areas’ characteristics by:
Identifying the conditions and opportunities for which the Wilderness areas would be
managed.
Creating specific directives and guidelines for managing resources and activities existing
in the Wilderness.
Identifying management needs outside of, and immediately adjacent to the Wilderness
areas, including signing, staging areas, and access points.
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The WMP is the first half of this document and contains comprehensive descriptions of the
Wilderness areas and proposed goals, objectives, desired future conditions, management actions,
directives, and guidelines that relate to the areas as a whole. The WMP also addresses specific
wilderness management actions. An Environmental Assessment (EA) follows the WMP, which
fully describes and analyzes the potential impacts relating to proposed management actions,
directives, guidelines, and alternatives considered.
This WMP conforms with and will supplement the BLM’s Red Rock Canyon National
Conservation Area (RRCNCA) Resource Management Plan (RMP) and Record of Decision
(2005) and the FS’s Toiyabe National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) and
the General Management Plan (GMP) for the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area
(SMNRA) – an Amendment to the LRMP for the Toiyabe National Forest (1996), to provide
more specific, updated, and consistent direction for management of the La Madre Mountain
Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness.
The FS has specific requirements for WMP components that guide future project and activity
decision-making. Management of geographic areas must be identified. The FS has identified the
entirety of the La Madre Mountain and Rainbow Mountain Wildernesses as one management
area, based on geography and the proximity of both Wilderness areas; therefore, the plan
components described herein address the entirety of the two Wilderness areas as one
management area. The FS will amend the GMP to adopt and include this WMP. The La Madre
Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness will be designated as one designated
management area identified as Management Area 15. This amendment would not change forest-
wide direction (Forest Plan standards which apply to the entire Humbolt-Toiyabe National
Forest); therefore, management direction contained in the Toiyabe National Forest LRMP would
continue to remain relevant. Management direction contained in the Toiyabe LRMP is
incorporated by references made to the SMNRA GMP in this WMP.
A list of applicable planning documents, laws, policies, manuals, and executive orders are listed
in the EA associated with this WMP.
Wilderness Overview The La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness were added to the
National Wilderness Preservation System by the Clark County Conservation of Public Land and
Natural Resources Act (CCCPLNRA) of 2002 (Public Law 107-282; November 6, 2002). The
La Madre Mountain Wilderness encompasses a total of approximately 47,225 acres in two
parcels that are separated by a decommissioned dirt road (Map 1). Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness is approximately 24,899 acres (Map 1). Elevations in La Madre Mountain
Wilderness range from about 3,570 feet near its northeast corner to 9,422 feet along the ridge
south of Griffith Peak. Elevations in Rainbow Mountain Wilderness range from about 3,830 feet
at the base of the escarpment near Bonnie Springs to 7,493 feet in the Spring Mountains south of
Red Rock Summit. Both Wildernesses are managed in part between the BLM Southern Nevada
District Office (SNDO), Red Rock/Sloan Field Office and the FS Humboldt-Toiyabe National
Forest, SMNRA (Table 1). While no private inholdings are present, several private parcels are
either adjacent to or in proximity to each of the Wildernesses.
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Table 1: Wilderness Management
Wilderness Name BLM Acres FS Acres
La Madre Mountain 28,114 19,111
Rainbow Mountain 20,225 4,674
The Wilderness areas are situated adjacent to one another in southern Nevada, approximately
three miles west of the Las Vegas Valley in Clark County and approximately 15 miles east of
Pahrump in Nye County, Nevada. Several small communities are located near the boundaries
including Mountain Springs, Blue Diamond, Calico Basin, and Trout Canyon. The paved Red
Rock Canyon Scenic Drive off of State Route 159 provides the majority of access to both areas.
State Routes 159, 160, 157 and the Lovell Canyon Road are other paved roads which provide
access. Several other short dirt roads lead to the boundaries off of these primary access routes. A
few cherry stem routes (a road that is excluded from the designated Wilderness by a non-
wilderness corridor having designated Wilderness on both sides) are associated with both
Wilderness areas.
Both Wilderness areas provide outstanding recreation opportunities for hiking, rock climbing,
scenic viewing, backpacking, wildlife viewing, photography, hunting, and exploration.
Horseback riding is limited due to the scarcity of water and rugged terrain throughout much of
these areas. Recreational use levels are high in the areas closest to the Red Rock Canyon Scenic
Drive, which receives close to one million visitors a year based upon counts of visitors passing
through the RRCNCA entrance station. Use levels are much lower about one-half mile inside the
wilderness boundaries and are generally low throughout most of the Wilderness areas. Most use
occurs during the cooler months of fall through spring.
Most visitations within La Madre Mountain Wilderness occur on the designated trails up to
Turtlehead Mountain, La Madre Spring, and around White Rock Hills. Other popular areas
include Kraft Mountain, Brownstone Basin, and the strenuous hike to La Madre Mountain.
Within Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, visitation is high in the eastern portions in the mouths of
canyons such as Lost Creek, Pine Creek, and Icebox Canyon, while the prominent peaks such as
Bridge Mountain, Rainbow Mountain, and Mount Wilson receive fewer visitations. These
Wilderness areas are nationally and internationally recognized as having technical rock climbing
areas. The potential for increased visitation is high considering the area’s scenic attractions, very
close proximity to Las Vegas which is expected to increase in population, and increasing visitor
participation in outdoor recreation activities.
The ecological systems of the two areas are mostly free from the effects of modern civilization.
The exceptions to naturalness include the introduction of non-native invasive plants, primarily
annual grasses, and non-native wildlife including chukar (Alectoris chukar) and elk (Cervus
canadensis). The non-native grasses can be extensive in some areas, especially lower elevations
and burned areas. These grasses can alter the natural fire regime of the ecosystem by increasing
the frequency of wildfires.
The undeveloped character of the two areas is generally free of human imprint except for the
following structures: (1) two small cemented rock dams and one associated cement trough in
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Brownstone Basin; (2) a developed spring (metal pipe to a cement lined catchment) and wooden
bench at White Rock Spring; (3) a small dam and an interpretive sign at La Madre Spring; (4)
three building foundations below and an old mine site (stone cabin and mine adits) above La
Madre Spring; (5) an exclosure at Rainbow Spring; (6) several former vehicle trails; (7) hiking
and equestrian trails; and (8) permanent fixed anchors (hardware requiring alteration of the rock
where it is installed) for rock climbing and canyoneering (Maps 2, 3). No modern wildlife water
developments exist within either wilderness.
Audible noise can be heard from nearby highway traffic and aircraft. The Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness is frequently overflown by passenger aircraft on approach to McCarran International
Airport. Low-level scenic helicopter overflights occasionally occur in the sandstone portions of
the wilderness. Search and rescue training events, which may involve the landing of a helicopter
on the sandstone bluffs in the Wilderness areas, have been permitted on BLM-managed portions
of the Wilderness areas (see BLM EA NV-058-07-386), and may occur several days over the
year. In addition to audible noise, there is extensive light pollution in all portions of the
Wilderness areas due to their proximity to the Las Vegas metropolitan area.
Both Wilderness areas offer a variety of scenic, educational, and ecological values, including the
Aztec sandstone formations, archeological and paleontological resources (e.g. rock art, dinosaur
tracks), and rare plants and animals.
The geology is predominantly a thrust fault of limestone over sandstone. Red, magenta, and tan
colored Aztec sandstone are exposed on the eastern escarpment of the Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness and the southeastern portion of the La Madre Mountain Wilderness. The soil is
predominantly gravelly sandy loam. Yearly precipitation ranges between four to eight inches
with moderately rapid permeability and very high runoff. Numerous springs occur in both
Wilderness areas and water may also be found much of the year in tinajas which are natural
rainfall catchments or depressions formed in bedrock formations.
The areas’ varying climates and elevations provide important habitat for a wide spectrum of
wildlife. Yellow-backed spiny lizard (Sceloporus uniformis), western fence lizard (Sceloporus
occidentalis), long-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia wislizenii), rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.) and
red-spotted toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) occur at lower elevations. Higher in the mountains it is
possible to spot desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), deer (Odocoileus hemionus), elk, ringtail cat (Bassariscus astutus), bobcat (Lynx rufus baileyi), and mountain lion (Felis
concolor). An impressive suite of raptors including golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), peregrine
falcon (Falco peregrinus), and prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus), along with a variety of other
bird species can also be seen.
The higher elevations of both areas are dominated by single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and
Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), with multiple species of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and
mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.) also present. Groves of white fir (Abies concolor) are
present in the highest elevations of the northern facing slopes of La Madre Mountain. Bristlecone
pine (Pinus longaeva) may also be found at the higher elevations of La Madre Mountain
Wilderness. Shrub species common to the lower elevations include blackbrush (Coleogyne
ramosissima), creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), Mormon tea (Ephedra nevadensis), Mojave
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yucca (Yucca schidigera), and Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia). The canyons on the eastern side of
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness support unique ecosystems for this region, with occasionally lush
vegetation and perennial streams. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) groves are present at
unusually low elevations in the eastern portions of both La Madre Mountain Wilderness and
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. The Wilderness areas are home to several sensitive plant species
such as Jaeger ivesia (Ivesia jaegeri) and rough angelica (Angelica scabrida). Examples of non-
native invasive plant species include giant reed (Arundo donax) and salt cedar (Tamarix sp.),
which are designated Nevada noxious weeds, and red brome (Bromus rubens), an annual grass.
Fire has historically been an extremely infrequent natural occurrence in the scrub-dominated
desert and the lower elevation ecosystems are not fire adapted. The presence of introduced non-
native annual grasses, predominately red brome, has changed the natural fire cycle by yielding
abundant fine fuel. Fires can carry through this fuel to burn native vegetation, causing their long-
term loss. The upper elevations of both Wilderness areas do support a fire adapted ecosystem.
There have been multiple fires in the Wilderness areas since 2000 that have burned at least
10,404 acres within both wildernesses, including the Carpenter 1 fire in July 2013 which burned
approximately 8,727 acres within the La Madre Mountain Wilderness.
No active mining claims or mineral leases are present in either Wilderness. At the date of
Wilderness designation, no grazing was established, permitted, or authorized. The Spring
Mountain, Las Vegas Valley, and Kyle Canyon Grazing Allotments were closed in 1998 through
the BLM Las Vegas Field Office RMP. Abandoned livestock developments within the
Wilderness areas include two small concrete dam stock reservoirs in La Madre Mountain
Wilderness, and an exclosure built at Rainbow Spring in Rainbow Mountain Wilderness.
Fossils found in the limestone bedrock offer a glimpse into life hundreds of million years ago
when the area was at the bottom of a sea. Prehistoric cultural resources abound and include
petroglyphs, pictographs, agave roasting pits, lithic and ceramic scatters, rock shelters, grinding
stones, and prehistoric camp sites. More recent human occupation by early settlers is evidenced
by the presence of various historic resources such as range water developments, mines and
mining camps, and artifacts such as glass bottles, metal cans, barbed wire, and camp structures.
The minimal number of recorded archaeological and historic sites within the Wilderness areas is
largely due to very limited cultural resource inventories, in part due to the wilderness character.
Despite the lack of recorded cultural resource sites within its boundaries, the planning area is
considered by Southern Paiute and Chemehuevi tribes to be part of their traditional lands. As
such the areas likely contain areas and sites of traditional and cultural significance, sacred sites,
and cultural resource sites important to these tribes.
Human-caused disturbances in the form of vehicle routes existed within these areas at the time of
wilderness designation. These routes have been decommissioned (motorized vehicle use is no
longer allowed) and several of these on the SMNRA have received initial rehabilitation in an
effort to return decommissioned routes to natural state.
A more comprehensive description of the environment is incorporated into the Affected
Environment section in the EA following this plan.
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Map 1: Wilderness Overview
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Map 2: Current Condition of La Madre Mountain Wilderness
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Map 3: Current Condition of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
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Wilderness Characteristics
The Wilderness Act of 1964 defines wilderness and mandates that the primary management
direction is to preserve wilderness character. Although wilderness character is a complex idea
and was not explicitly defined in the Wilderness Act, wilderness characteristics are commonly
identified as:
Untrammeled—Area is unhindered and free from modern human control or manipulation.
Natural—Area appears to have been primarily affected by the forces of nature.
Undeveloped—Area is essentially without permanent improvements or human occupation
and retains its primeval character.
Outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of
recreation—Area provides outstanding opportunities for people to experience solitude or
primeval and unrestricted recreation including the values associated with physical and
mental inspiration and challenge.
Unique/Supplemental Value—May also contain ecological, geological, or other features
of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value. Though not required of any
wilderness, where they are present they are part of that area’s wilderness character, and
must be protected as rigorously as any of the other four required qualities.
Wilderness Management Goals and Objectives
Management of Wilderness in the BLM is guided by four primary goals defined in the BLM
wilderness management planning manual (BLM Manual 8561).
1. Provide for the long-term protection and preservation of the areas’ wilderness character
under a principle of non-degradation. The area’s natural condition, opportunities for
solitude, opportunities for primitive and unconfined types of recreation, and any
ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historic value
present will be managed so that they will remain unimpaired.
2. Manage the Wilderness areas for the use and enjoyment of visitors in a manner that will
leave the areas unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness. The wilderness
resource will be dominant in all management decisions where a choice must be made
between preservation of wilderness character and visitor use.
3. Manage the Wilderness areas using the minimum tool, equipment, or structure necessary
to successfully, safely, and economically accomplish the objective. The chosen tool,
equipment, or structure should be the one that least degrades wilderness values
temporarily or permanently. Management will seek to preserve spontaneity of use and as
much freedom from regulation as possible.
4. Manage nonconforming but accepted uses permitted by the Wilderness Act and
subsequent laws in a manner that will prevent unnecessary or undue degradation of the
area’s wilderness character. Non-conforming uses are the exception rather than the rule;
therefore, emphasis is placed on maintaining wilderness character.
The FS manages wilderness with five primary objectives outlined in the Recreation, Wilderness,
and Related Resource Management planning manual (FSM 2320—Wilderness Management).
14
1. Maintain and perpetuate the enduring resource of wilderness as one of the multiple uses
of National Forest System land.
2. Maintain wilderness in such a manner that ecosystems are unaffected by human
manipulation and influences so that plants and animals develop and respond to natural
forces.
3. Minimize the impact of those kinds of uses and activities generally prohibited by the
Wilderness Act, but specifically excepted by the Act or subsequent legislation.
4. Protect and perpetuate wilderness character and public values including, but not limited
to, opportunities for scientific study, education, solitude, physical and mental challenge
and stimulation, inspiration, and primitive recreation experiences.
5. Gather information and carry out research in a manner compatible with preserving the
wilderness environment to increase understanding of wilderness ecology, wilderness
uses, cultural resources, management opportunities, and visitor behavior.
Because a single WMP is being developed for both the BLM and FS portions of the Wilderness
areas, the agency specific goals and objectives have been combined and refined into management
objectives, taking into consideration related laws, regulations, and BLM and FS policies. These
management objectives are statements of desired conditions stemming from current situations
and assumptions about the future. Management action(s) are based on these objectives.
Management Objectives
Preserve the primeval character and influence of the wilderness by allowing fire as a
natural process of disturbance and succession where the ecosystem is fire-dependent;
manage fire where it threatens wilderness character and/or natural ecological conditions
or processes; prevent fire where it threatens human life or property.
Suppress fire in those portions of the wilderness where the ecosystem is not fire adapted,
and where fire effects result in unnatural conversion of native plant communities to
communities dominated by non-native species (i.e., annual grasses).
Manage wildlife habitat to support healthy, viable, and naturally distributed wildlife
populations in an effort to retain the areas’ natural and primeval character.
Maintain native plant distribution and abundance through the reduction of noxious and
non-native invasive species in an effort to retain the areas’ natural and primeval
character.
Protect and preserve the outstanding paleontological, archaeological, and historic cultural
resources of these areas while allowing for visitor enjoyment of those resources.
Maintain existing opportunities for solitude by monitoring visitor use patterns that trigger
need for management action.
Maintain or enhance the natural appearance of the Wilderness areas by removing
unnecessary facilities and minimizing or restoring human caused surface disturbances.
Remove paint, markings, graffiti, or similar vandalism quickly to prevent proliferation.
Provide for the use and enjoyment of the Wilderness areas while maintaining outstanding
opportunities for primitive recreation, including solitude, through minimal visitor use
regulations and minimal on-the-ground developments.
Utilize education and interpretation as a proactive approach in managing visitor activities
that may impact preservation of the wilderness character.
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Prevent unauthorized motorized vehicle travel through the management of vehicle access
points.
Implement Proposed Actions as necessary to meet minimum requirements for the
administration of the areas as wilderness and to have the least impact to wilderness
characteristics.
Allow for special provision land uses determined by the Wilderness Act or the
CCCPLNRA while minimizing developments, degradation to naturalness, and other
impacts to wilderness resources.
Assess potential commercial services of the Wilderness areas for their economic
importance and prevent negative impacts on wilderness characteristics.
Manage the BLM and FS portions of the Wilderness areas through a single management
plan to provide a maximum amount of management consistency in wilderness protection
across administrative boundaries.
Where possible, management, including any regulation of visitor uses, will appear
seamless to the public. Where differences in agency policy occur, and if allowable by
law, regulation, or policy, the plan will endeavor to apply the more strict policy to the
adjacent land of the other agency.
The BLM and FS will assist one another in wilderness management activities including
education and public outreach, emergency management, law enforcement, and
monitoring.
Ensure Native American access to traditional and cultural sites and resources.
Current Situation and Assumptions
Current local conditions and expectations were identified before developing management
actions. Inventory, monitoring, and research are important aspects to meet the objectives of this
plan.
Recreational Activity
Current Situation: La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness provide
outstanding recreation opportunities for hiking on and off trail, rock climbing, scenic viewing,
backpacking, wildlife viewing, photography, horseback riding, hunting, and exploration. Visitor
use is high in the spring and fall when temperatures are moderate and drops off in the winter and
especially in the summer when temperatures are more extreme. The majority of visitor use is on
the southeast side of La Madre Mountain Wilderness and the east side of Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness.
Assumption: Recreational activities within the wilderness will continue to be principally
hiking and rock climbing but other activities such as canyoneering may increase in
popularity. Hunting will continue in the more remote areas in the western portion of
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness and northern and western portion of La Madre Mountain
Wilderness. Horseback riding will continue to be concentrated in the Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness near Mountain Springs, and in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness in the
north end of Lovell Canyon and in Brownstone Basin. However, the majority of
horseback riding in the region will continue to be on nearby non-wilderness lands.
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Access
Current Situation: The Wilderness areas are on the edge of Las Vegas and paved road access is
available to many locations on the perimeter of these areas. Access from the Red Rock Canyon
Scenic Drive is the busiest, with high visitor concentration in the Turtlehead Peak, White Rock
Hills, Icebox Canyon, Pine Creek Canyon, and Oak Creek Canyon areas. Paved road access is
also present around the town of Mountain Springs as well as in Lovell Canyon. These locations
have fewer visitations, and visitation tends to be more dispersed. However, near the town of
Mountain Springs, recreational activity is assumed to be increasing. Several cherry stem routes
provide access points into deeper portions of the wildernesses. Remote dirt roads provide access
points to other portions of the wilderness. Public access to some areas is restricted because it
would require crossing private property.
Assumption: Although the population of the Las Vegas Valley has leveled off in recent
years, it is expected to grow in the future. This growth would likely include the expansion
of the Summerlin development west towards the RRCNCA and additional housing
developments in the lower Kyle Canyon area. This growth would lead to increased
visitation to the Wilderness areas including increased use in the northeastern side of the
La Madre Mountain Wilderness. Wilderness designation by itself has the potential to
draw more attention to these areas and thereby increase visitation. Use would be expected
to increase in certain areas while use in the remainder of the Wilderness areas would be
light. Proactive management may be needed to preserve opportunities for solitude,
primitive unconfined recreation, and the future use and enjoyment of the areas as
wilderness. Some access across private property issues may be resolved in the future.
Wildlife
Current Situation: The Wilderness areas have a high diversity of wildlife species including
bighorn sheep, bobcat, mountain lion, ringtail cat, and numerous reptile and bird species.
Assumption: One aspect of preserving the Wilderness areas’ natural and primeval
character involves the maintenance of healthy, viable, and naturally distributed wildlife
populations. It may be necessary to implement or allow management activities to prevent
degradation or enhance wilderness characteristics. If monitoring indicates damage to
wilderness characteristics from wildlife activities, Federal or State agency assistance may
be sought to conduct wildlife damage assessments and assist in developing wildlife
damage management protocols that take into consideration the protection of special status
and game species.
Wild Horse and Burro
Current Situation: Three wild horse or burro herd management areas (HMA) overlap or are
adjacent to the two Wilderness areas. The three areas are the BLM managed Red Rock HMA and
Wheeler Pass HMA and the FS managed Spring Mountains Wild Horse and Burro Territory
(WHBT). Although the Wilderness areas include herd areas and incidental wild horses or burros
may enter the Wilderness areas, wild horse and burro use is managed for zero animals in these
portions of the HMAs and WHBT.
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Assumption: There is a possibility that wild horses or burros could move into the
wilderness. Periodic removal of animals may be needed and measures may be taken to
prevent wild horses or burros from entering some areas.
Noxious Weeds
Current Situation: Preservation of the natural character of these Wilderness areas is currently
affected by areas of invasive and noxious weeds. Giant reed occurs at La Madre Spring and salt
cedar occurs at several springs, but no other noxious weeds are known to occur in these
Wilderness areas. Red brome, an exotic invasive annual grass, is widespread in the lower
elevations.
Assumption: Current infestations of red brome would persist and may continue to spread.
Complete eradication is currently not possible although management actions may be
undertaken to help prevent it from becoming dominant in the ecosystem. Without
management actions, current weed infestations of giant reed and tamarisk would continue
to persist and may increase at the site or become established elsewhere. Visitors, other
animals, vehicles, and wind would continue to be vectors for the introduction and spread
of invasive and noxious weeds into the Wilderness areas. Early detection will be
important for new introductions of noxious weeds and management action may be
necessary to control and prevent widespread infestation. Further establishment of
invasive and noxious weeds could further impair ecological integrity throughout the
system and thus degrade wilderness character. Disruption of native vegetation could
further alter natural fire regimes, thus, management activities may be necessary.
Cultural Resources
Current Situation: The two Wilderness areas appear to contain a high frequency of important
prehistoric, historic, and Native American sites. Because few projects occur in the Wilderness
areas, there has been a reduced opportunity to inventory, record, monitor, and allocate cultural
resources to specific use categories (BLM Manual 8110.4 and FS Manual 2363.3).
Assumption: Without management actions including site monitoring and monitoring on
trails, trailheads, and dispersed camping areas there would be no means to identify
prehistoric, historic, and important Native American sites being affected by visitor and
outfitter and guide use. In addition, sites of outstanding significance have not all been
identified and therefore are not being managed for protection from erosion, natural decay,
wildland fire, and firefighting activities including affects from the application of fire
retardant.
Fire Management
Current Situation: The vegetation communities in the two Wilderness areas can be classified as
either non-fire adapted or fire adapted communities. The non-fire adapted communities are
characterized by species that do not recover or take a long time to recover (e.g., resprout from
roots, sprout from seeds) from a fire and include the Mojave Desert scrub communities of
blackbrush and creosote bush. These communities generally occur in the lower elevations of the
Wilderness areas. The fire adapted communities include species that recover more readily after a
fire, though fire return intervals may be long. These communities include singleleaf pinyon pine,
Utah juniper, Ponderosa pine, and oak (Quercus spp.) which occur in the higher elevations and
canyons of the Wilderness areas. The extensive canyons and rocky outcrops of the Wilderness
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areas help inhibit the spread of fire. Portions of the wilderness are adjacent to communities and
consequently there is concern that fire would pose a threat to human life or property.
Assumption: Fire occurrence in communities not adapted to fire may result in localized
conversion from native species dominance to dominance by non-native species.
Management activities before, during, or after fires may be required to protect human life
and property and to prevent conversion of native plant communities to communities
dominated by invasive annual grasses.
Off-Highway Vehicles
Current Situation: Numerous decommissioned vehicle routes exist in the two Wilderness areas.
These routes were decommissioned as a result of wilderness designation and several on the
SMNRA have undergone initial rehabilitation in an attempt to return them to a vegetative state.
There have been incidences of unauthorized vehicle incursions into the Wilderness areas.
Assumption: Off-highway vehicle use on non-wilderness lands on the east side of the
two Wilderness areas will continue to be prohibited under the existing RRCNCA RMP.
However, motorized vehicle incursions continue to be a problem in both Wilderness
areas where cherry stems and other vehicle routes outside of wilderness provide access to
the wilderness boundary. Unauthorized vehicle use may continue due to urban expansion
and proximity possibly leading to the degradation of wilderness characteristics.
Aircraft Overflights
Current Situation: In the southern portion of the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, overflights by
passenger aircraft are frequent. In the northern portion of the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness and
in the whole of La Madre Mountain Wilderness, overflights are infrequent. Occasional low
flying helicopters occur in the canyons operated by scenic air tour companies.
Assumption: Overflights will continue to occur in the airspace above wilderness and may
result in the need for operations to handle both non-emergency incidents and emergency
situations. The FAA is the agency responsible for managing air space and currently
recommends a minimum of 2,000 feet above ground level for aircraft flying over
wilderness. The BLM and FS would encourage the FAA to restrict low-flying scenic tour
overflights.
Management Strategy
The management strategy is in response to wilderness management objectives and the current
situation and assumptions for the wilderness. Two distinct conditions are present which influence
how the strategy is carried out. First, portions of the Wilderness areas are very easily accessed
and close to the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Conversely, a majority of the La Madre Mountain
Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness are remote and access is difficult. The
management strategy for both Wilderness areas is to maintain or improve the natural conditions
present today while rehabilitating existing and future disturbances.
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Wilderness Management Actions
Wilderness management actions are based on national wilderness goals, wilderness management
objectives, current situations and assumptions, and wilderness-specific issues that were identified
through internal and external scoping. Site-specific actions identified in this plan are actions that
will occur only on the BLM portions of the Wilderness areas. Potential impacts due to these site-
specific actions are analyzed in the attached EA and thus no additional analysis under the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) will be needed for the BLM to implement these
actions. The FS policy requires that site-specific actions be analyzed under NEPA in stand-alone
documents; consequently, only general management actions and no site-specific actions are
proposed in this WMP for the FS portions of the Wilderness areas.
All actions are supplemental to and consistent with wilderness laws, regulations, and agency
policies. These policies will be further consulted in the event of any future unforeseen issues.
The WMP describes the desired future condition of the Wilderness areas and site-specific
actions.
Differences in Agency Planning Regulations – The BLM and FS recognize they have
jurisdiction by law over separate portions of both wildernesses and each agency’s land base is
administered by different planning regulations; however, these wildernesses must be managed as
total units with management direction coordinated across administrative boundaries. General
management direction in the body of this plan applies to both agencies, except where specifically
stated as being applicable to one agency or the other.
As the lead agency, the BLM has written its planning framework into the body of the document;
however, the FS is required by regulation to frame its plans to include the following plan
components: desired conditions, objectives, standards and guidelines, and suitability of lands (36
CFR 219.7). The desired conditions and suitability of land in wilderness are defined and
constrained by wilderness laws, regulations and policy and by the definition of wilderness
character. Desired conditions can be found within general management direction applicable to
both agencies. Uses and activities not suitable for Wilderness are outlined in this WMP. The FS
has set out its objectives, where necessary, to describe measureable or time-specific statements to
progress resource conditions and management objectives toward desired conditions. The FS has
also set out its management standards, which are mandatory constraints on projects, and
activities that must be followed, and its guidelines, which are preferred or advisable courses of
action with more operational flexibility. The FS standards and guidelines are identified
separately under each wilderness management action. Some of the FS standards and guidelines
are also BLM guidance, where noted.
Due to their proximity and similar management issues, general broad management actions are
virtually the same for La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness,
except for site-specific Proposed Actions that will be implemented by the BLM as outlined in
this plan. The FS will conduct project-specific NEPA analysis outside of this planning process
for site-specific actions proposed in either wilderness. Resource programs, such as Wild Horse
and Burro, Fire Management, and Noxious and Invasive Weed Management, individually
address the management goals and activity plans of their respective programs. This document
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considers all resources involved in these Wilderness areas as well as associated management
issues and concerns as they relate to the wilderness resource. Non-wilderness resource programs
have been evaluated to ensure conformity with wilderness management goals and objectives.
Management and Designation of Trails The agencies will provide a trail transportation system to ensure suitable access for trail users
and protection of resources, with trail systems designed for resource protection and not for hiker
convenience. Trails should be visible in the foreground at close range view and fade from view
into the natural landscape at middle-ground and background distances.
There are two types of trails within the Wilderness areas, designated trails and visitor-worn
hiking paths. Direction for management and maintenance of these trails is as follows:
Designated trails are those system trails that are displayed on agency wilderness and
recreation maps, and maintained for general public access.
Visitor-worn hiking paths, referred to as user-created trails by the FS, are those created
by visitors traveling off designated trails. Many of the existing paths were created by
climbers accessing rock climbing routes while others are paths frequented by hikers.
These paths may continue to be used by visitors but would not be displayed on agency
trail maps. As part of ongoing management activities, the agencies will evaluate existing
visitor-worn hiking paths for their potential to be improved for inclusion as designated
trails, or for closure and restoration.
Designated Trails – Designated trails are trails identified as BLM or FS system trails and are
displayed on agency Wilderness and recreation maps and maintained for general public access.
Each of the agencies may consider designating trails where necessary for preservation of
wilderness character (including cultural and biological resources) and the management objectives
of this plan. The agencies may consider including existing visitor-worn hiking paths or user-
created trails when considering future new trail designations. New trail construction and
modifications and improvements to existing designated trails may be necessary in some locations
in order to bring trails into compliance with agency trail standards or to prevent damage to
resources (e.g., to avoid cultural and paleontological resources) [See the following “Trail
Standards”].
For the BLM, trail construction or modification may occur within a 200 foot wide corridor along
existing trails after inventory for cultural and biological resources identify the trail is compatible
with protection of those resources. Necessary trail construction or modification outside of
inventoried corridors will require additional inventory and NEPA analysis. BLM designated
trails would receive a minimum amount of signs at designated trail junctions and reassurance
markers placed elsewhere along the trail, only where necessary (e.g., where the trail crosses
bedrock and the trail tread is not obvious). Signs will be made of native material (e.g., wood) and
will be constructed in accordance with sign policy.
The FS will meet the following Objectives for management of designated trails:
Conduct ongoing monitoring of designated trails using the established baseline inventory
data, in conjunction with site inventory monitoring, every five to ten years, but no longer
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than ten years, or when driven by other management actions, to ensure that trail
management objectives are consistent with area management objectives.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of designated trails:
Consider removing trails from the system (with appropriate public involvement) when
concerns are identified, such as limited or no use, catastrophic natural event,
unmitigatable resource impacts, changed from original need (i.e. unneeded mining
road/trail), or others. Evaluate the need for physical closure or allow natural recovery,
depending on expected resource impacts.
Emphasize trail relocation to minimize impacts on steep slopes and away from sensitive
areas, such as meadows, riparian environments, known TES populations or habitat,
heritage resources, and consider other limiting factors when mitigating resource impacts.
Maintain system trails to meet management objectives for visitor use and resource
protection.
When conducting routine trail condition surveys, identify and document resource impacts
and locations.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of designated trails:
Maintain only those routes that are designated as FS system trails within the areas
managed by the FS.
Maintain trails to the design specifications for each trail in accordance with the
appropriate agency policy.
Place route markers only on FS designated system trails. Signs to mitigate resource issues
may be placed in other areas, only where necessary. Signs will be constructed and placed
in accordance with sign guidelines in this Plan.
Many trails have sections outside the wilderness. For the existing designated trails described
below, trail mileage is only listed for trail sections within the Wildernesses.
Existing designated trails in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness:
White Rock Loop Trail – Approximately 2.5 miles for hiking and equestrian use
designated in the RRCNCA RMP.
Turtlehead Peak Trail – Approximately 1.0 mile for hiking designated in the RRCNCA
RMP. The middle section of the Turtlehead Peak Trail does not conform to trail standards
and as a result, excessive soil erosion is occurring. The middle portion of the trail will be
fully evaluated to correct the trail alignment.
Brownstone Basin Trail – 1.3 miles of trail for hiking and equestrian use designated in
the RRCNCA RMP.
Kraft Mountain Trail – Approximately 1.6 miles of trail for hiking and equestrian use that
makes a loop around Kraft Mountain through Gateway Canyon. This trail was designated
in BLM EA NV-050-03-09.
Lovell Canyon/Schaefer Spring Trails – Approximately 7 miles of hiking and equestrian
trails on FS land in the Lovell Canyon area.
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Existing designated trails in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness:
Icebox Canyon Trail – Approximately 0.3 miles of trail for hiking designated in the
RRCNCA RMP.
Lost Creek/Willow Springs Loop Trail – Approximately 300 feet of trail for hiking
designated in the RRCNCA RMP that leads to the base of Lost Creek Falls
Visitor-Worn Hiking Paths (FS identifies these as user-created trails) - Creation of new
visitor-worn hiking paths will be discouraged. Formally designated system trails are easier to
traverse than visitor-worn hiking paths that are typically brushy and rough, with erratic grades.
As new visitor-worn hiking paths are discovered, they will be evaluated for impacts to
wilderness character (including cultural and natural resources) and the management objectives of
this plan. When appropriate and where possible, new visitor-worn hiking paths may be closed
and rehabilitated. User-created trails are not part of the Forest Service Trail inventory, and do not
receive funding for maintenance.
Some visitor-worn hiking paths may lead to popular sites such as climbing routes and receive
regular use to the extent that rehabilitation may not be practical. Some of these paths are
described in books and websites about hiking in southern Nevada. For the BLM, if rehabilitation
is not practical but adverse impacts to natural or cultural resources are occurring (for example,
excessive erosion), the trail will be evaluated for its potential to be rerouted and reconstructed.
Duplicate routes may be obscured and obstructed with native materials such as brush and rocks.
Additional planning and effects analysis will be conducted prior to any reroutes or reconstruction
of visitor-worn hiking paths.
The BLM will establish and maintain an inventory of visitor-worn hiking paths. Monitoring for
visitor-worn hiking path development will be focused near high-use areas, vehicle access points,
off of designated existing trails, and where attractive features may be present.
Future trail designations proposed to traverse across agency boundaries may necessitate the
identification and designation of new trail alignments to complement each agency’s proposed
trail alignments.
The FS will meet the following Objective for management of user-created trails:
The FS will conduct ongoing monitoring of user-created trails using the established
baseline inventory data, in conjunction with site inventory monitoring, every five to ten
years, but no longer than ten years.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of user-created trails:
Establish a baseline inventory of approximate locations of user-created trails based on
identification of trails located in high-use areas, areas where user-created trails leave FS
system trails, vehicle access points, and where attractive features may be present.
Actively restore and/or stabilize trails that have been abandoned (due to realignment or
closure) that will not heal naturally. Some examples include abandoned trails that alter
local hydrology, deeply compacted soils, and sites with continued inappropriate traffic,
increased entrenchment, gullying or widening.
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Evaluate existing user-created trails for their potential to be improved for inclusion in the
FS trails system, or for closure and restoration. Improve user-created trails only when
there is an overriding benefit to the recreating public and protection of the Wilderness
resource can be provided.
Trail Standards – The FS will maintain only the designated FS system trails. The BLM will
maintain or reroute both designated trails and, when determined appropriate, visitor-worn hiking
paths where they are causing or anticipated to cause damage to wilderness character.
For the BLM, examples of situations and potential actions that may be conducted as part of trail
maintenance include:
Slopes greater than 15 percent, beyond which potential for excessive soil erosion possibly
leading to trail deterioration is high. Very short, steep sections may be retained where
reinforcement with native rock would prevent soil erosion. If necessary, steps and/or
retaining walls may be repaired or constructed using native materials. Rolling dips or
rock-enforced water bars may be utilized to reduce water caused soil erosion. Cultural
resources will not be utilized or damaged in the trail maintenance.
Where trail braiding, duplicate routes, or cutting of switchbacks exist or are beginning to
occur, the most appropriate trail would be selected by improving its tread surface using
native materials. The alternate trail(s) would be obstructed and rehabilitated with rock
and/or native vegetation.
Maintenance would strive to limit trail widths to the design specifications for that trail,
typically up to 24 inches but not exceeding 36 inches, except for trail sections along
precipices (where it may be wider for safety and horse use) or in washes. Width standards
are applied to continuous segments longer than 50 feet.
Vegetation, including downed trees, may be removed from the trail.
Trails may be rerouted to avoid damage to natural or cultural resources.
Inside the wilderness, trails may be marked on the ground with agency identifiable
cairns in locations where the trail becomes obscure.
Site-Specific Actions
The BLM will designate a total of approximately 3.6 miles of trail in addition to the 13.4 miles
already designated within the La Madre Mountain Wilderness. Within the Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness, the BLM will designate a total of approximately 2.3 miles of trail in addition to the
0.36 miles already designated. The newly designated trails are currently existing visitor-worn
hiking paths. No new trail construction, except for the potential for minor reroutes, would occur
due to designation of these trails. Minor reroutes would be done using hand tools only.
In addition to the existing designated trails, the following trails will be designated in the La
Madre Mountain Wilderness (Map 4):
Limestone Trail – Approximately 1.3 miles linking Sandstone Quarry with Brownstone
Basin Trail for hiking (existing user-created trail). In addition, approximately 1.1 miles of
existing user created trail outside the wilderness will be designated between the
wilderness boundary and Sandstone Quarry.
Rattlesnake Trail – Approximately 1.2 miles linking the Kraft Mountain Trail to the
Calico Tanks Trail, for hiking (existing user created trail). In addition, approximately 0.3
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miles of existing user created trail outside the wilderness will be designated between the
wilderness boundary and the Calico Tanks Trail.
Brownstone Basin Trail Extension – Approximately 1.1 miles of trail in the Brownstone
Basin area for hiking and equestrian use (existing user-created trail).
In addition to the existing designated trails, the following trail will be designated in the Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness (Map 5):
Bridge Mountain Trail – Approximately 2.3 miles between Red Rock Pass and the
sandstone bluffs near Bridge Mountain for hiking (existing trail). The designated portion
of the trail would end at the sandstone bluffs with an unmaintained path that continues
across the sandstone to the summit of Bridge Mountain. This path involves sections of
rock scrambling and cannot be maintained to trail standards. It is unclear whether this
trail was designated in the RRCNCA RMP or not. Therefore it will be designated in the
WMP to clear up any uncertainty as to its status.
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Map 4: La Madre Mountain Wilderness New Designated Trails
26
Map 5: Rainbow Mountain Wilderness New Designated Trails
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Management of Vehicle Access Points and Designation of Trailheads Trailheads provide access to designated trails within the wilderness. Eight developed trailheads
are located along the RRCNCA Scenic Drive and State Route 159. These trailheads are in the
area receiving the greatest amount of visitation and provide trail access into or up to the
boundary of the Wilderness areas. Another trailhead is located in upper Lovell Canyon and
provides hiking and equestrian access to the Lovell Canyon/Schaefer Springs Trails. Two
trailheads exist in Calico Basin and provide access to the Kraft Mountain Loop. Interpretive
information about wilderness will be included at all existing and proposed trailhead signs.
In addition to trailheads, vehicles may be parked outside of the Wilderness areas at existing
pullouts along or at the end of roads. These pullouts provide wilderness access on an informal
basis as they are not associated with designated trails and accommodate only a few vehicles.
Unobtrusive informational signs may be placed at these informal access points to insure the
people using these access points are aware that they are entering wilderness and are informed
about rules, regulations, and Leave No Trace principles.
Pullouts are located along the Lovell Canyon Road, the east-west road to Rainbow Spring
(Forest Road 537F and BLM extension), the cherry stem road off of Lovell Canyon Road (Forest
Road 540), Lovell Summit Road (Forest Road 536A), Rocky Gap Road (Forest Road 549 and
BLM extension), State Route 160, roads in Harris Spring Canyon, FS roads in the Mountains
Springs area, and roads in the Black Velvet Canyon area of RRCNCA. Pullouts are typically no
more than 0.1 acre and accommodate two to four vehicles.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of vehicle access points. The
following FS Guidelines are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Unobtrusive informational signs will be placed at informal access points. Signs should
encourage users to stay on trails.
Place vehicle barriers in locations where natural barriers are not adequate to keep
vehicles from being driven into the Wilderness areas, using the least intrusive method
appropriate for the location. Use one or a combination of the following methods:
• Wilderness signs
• Land restoration (i.e. revegetation or rock scatter) • Berms
• Large boulders
• Posts
• Fences and/or gates
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of vehicle access points. The
following FS Standards are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
All motorized/mechanized vehicle use will be permitted only up to Wilderness
boundaries and trailheads.
All road closures at the Wilderness boundary will be signed. Turnarounds and parking
areas will be added at appropriate locations.
Extension of existing roads across the Wilderness boundary by informal use is prohibited.
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Determine methods of removal, restoration and rehabilitation of roads within Wilderness
and use the minimum tool to accomplish the objective of either road removal or
incorporation into existing trails system.
Site-Specific Actions
Trailhead
The BLM will designate the Bridge Mountain Trailhead (see Map 5). The existing unofficial
trailhead at Red Rock Pass along Rocky Gap Road will be officially designated to provide access
to the Bridge Mountain Trail. The trailhead will be in the previously disturbed parking area
which is less than 0.1 acres and will not result in any new disturbance. A post and rail fence will
be installed on the perimeter of the parking area to help control vehicle incursions and expansion
of the disturbed area. This trailhead requires a high clearance vehicle for access or can be
reached by hiking along Rocky Gap Road.
Vehicle barriers
The BLM will create the following vehicle barriers in order to control vehicle incursions in the
Rainbow Spring area of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness:
Open Public Road to Rainbow Spring - The east-west road between Lovell Canyon Road
and Rainbow Spring is designated in the RRCNCA RMP as open to motor vehicles to
0.25 miles southwest of Rainbow Spring. A barrier will be placed across the road near the
end of the open route southwest of Rainbow Spring to keep vehicles from continuing on
the closed portion of the road and entering the Wilderness area. An opening in the barrier
will be provided to allow access for hikers and horseback riders. The barrier will be
constructed so as to not obstruct or alter the natural flow of the stream coming from
Rainbow Spring. This barrier will not result in any new disturbance in the area except for
the footprint of the individual posts if posts are used as part of the barrier.
Administrative Road to Rainbow Spring - The north-south road just outside of Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness between the community of Mountain Springs and Rainbow Spring
is closed to motor vehicles except for administrative access based on the RRCNCA RMP.
It is open to non-motorized use including hiking and horseback riding. No barrier
currently exists, though, to keep the public from using the road. As a result, multiple
vehicle incursions into the Wilderness area have occurred and continue to occur off of
this administrative road. A barrier with a gate will be installed across the road to restrict
public motor vehicle access. An opening in the barrier will be provided to allow access
for hikers and horseback riders. This barrier will not result in any new disturbance in the
area except for the footprint of the individual posts.
Wilderness access through private land
The BLM will seek to preserve public access to the Brownstone Basin are of La Madre Mountain
Wilderness through agreement or easement with the Howard Hughes Corporation. Such
agreement or easement will only be pursued if the Howard Hughes Corporation is a willing
partner.
Sign Plan The BLM and FS may install signs to protect natural and cultural resource values and preserve
wilderness character. The wilderness boundary will be identified by wilderness boundary signs
29
(e.g. carsonite posts or aluminum signs) at key locations on the boundary. Signs will not be
placed to identify the boundary between the BLM and FS lands within the wildernesses.
Wilderness boundary signs at designated trail entry points and other points where visitors are
more likely to come into contact with the wilderness boundary may be larger, more formal signs
that state the wilderness name. Information signs, one to three-paneled signboards containing
wilderness and natural and cultural resources interpretive information and interagency
information may be placed at trailhead parking areas outside of wilderness.
Signs would rarely be placed by the BLM within the wildernesses. Signs would only be
considered for resource protection, with a minimum amount of directional signing only at
designated trail junctions, with reassurance markers placed elsewhere along the trail, as
necessary (e.g., where the trail crosses bedrock and the trail tread is not obvious). Signs will be
made of native material (e.g., wood) and will be constructed in accordance with sign policy. All
existing signs not in conformance with these standards will be removed or replaced.
For visitor-worn hiking paths which are not managed as part of designated system trails, the
BLM may place signs or cairns only to indicate preferred routes of travel to prevent resource
damage, and not as a convenience to the visitor.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of signs:
Identify Wilderness boundaries with more formal signs to state the name of the
Wilderness and information signs, one to three-paneled signboards containing Wilderness
and natural resources interpretive information and interagency information at trailhead
parking areas outside of Wilderness.
Place signs at key locations on the boundary and at designated trail entry points and other
access points (trails, trailheads, and roads) where visitors are more likely to come into
contact with the Wilderness.
Place a minimum amount of signs at designated trail junctions with reassurance markers
placed elsewhere along the trail as necessary (e.g., where the trail crosses bedrock and the
trail tread is not obvious).
Signs will be made of native material (e.g. wood, rock), a maximum of five feet high, and
will be constructed in accordance with sign policy. Remove or replace all existing signs
not in conformance with these standards and as necessary to protect resource values and
Wilderness character.
Site-Specific Actions
The BLM will place new information signs with agency, trail, and interpretive information at the
following trailheads. The signs will be placed in previously disturbed areas and thus will not
result in any new ground disturbance.
The Bridge Mountain trailhead along Rocky Gap Road.
The upper Kraft Mountain trailhead parking area at the end of Sandstone Drive in Calico
Basin.
The BLM will remove the following signs known to be in the wilderness using hand tools and
non-motorized equipment. If removal is not possible with hand tools alone, a minimum
requirements decision guide (MRDG) and separate NEPA analysis will be required.
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An interpretive sign in the Brownstone Basin area of La Madre Mountain Wilderness.
An interpretive sign next to La Madre Spring in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness.
Signs on the Bridge Mountain Trail within Rainbow Mountain Wilderness.
General Recreation Activity and Visitor Use Management The BLM and FS will provide for use and enjoyment of the Wilderness areas while maintaining
outstanding opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation, including solitude, through
minimal visitor use regulations and minimal on-the-ground developments. Wilderness will be
managed to allow for a range of use opportunities and solitude at levels that are ecologically
sustainable. The agencies will ensure that in areas of concentrated use that use does not expand
or enlarge spatially and the majority of the wildernesses remain at a low density of recreational
use insuring the highest quality of pristine wilderness.
Encounters with other visitors while traveling or camping would be very infrequent and the
environment would offer the highest degree of challenge, self-reliance, and risk. Management
will be focused on sustaining and enhancing the natural ecosystem. Management actions would
include direct, on-site actions and site-specific regulations for unusual cases where resources
require higher levels of protection. Indirect methods of accomplishing management objectives
would predominate, except for maintaining visitor use at low levels to ensure impacts are
contained and do not persist and do not become inconsistent with preservation of wilderness
character.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of recreation:
Identify limiting factors that may lead to site-specific restrictions, mitigations, or
reductions in use.
Maintain existing opportunities for solitude by monitoring visitor use patterns that trigger
need for management action.
In heavily impacted areas, identify durable campsites and encourage visitors to use these
sites.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of recreation:
Establish the recreation carrying capacity for the Wildernesses.
Limit recreational hiking groups to no more than 15 participants and implement measures
to ensure larger groups are not splitting into smaller groups to circumvent this restriction.
A limitation on the number of recreational hiking groups in a given area at any one time
will be considered because of the proximity of the Wilderness to urban areas.
If total use in any area increases by 50% or more, based on standard monitoring
protocols, assess impacts associated with the use and make determinations if further
management actions are needed to maintain desired wilderness character. Monitor total
use levels to determine the correlation between use levels, resource impacts and effects
on the opportunity for solitude.
Require refuse and inorganic waste be removed from wilderness; promote “Pack in, Pack
out, Leave No Trace” principles.
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Rock Climbing and Canyoneering – The agencies will continue to provide rock climbing
opportunities while protecting natural and cultural resources and wilderness character.
Trailheads accessing climbing areas will be signed to provide use restrictions. The BLM and FS
encourage coordination of efforts in management of climbing activities with climbing
organizations, commercial guides/schools, and local climbing organizations.
The BLM and the FS do not require Special Use Permits or Special Recreation Permits for non-
commercial rock climbing or canyoneering at this time. The BLM and FS may require other
permits for use of an area (e.g., overnight bivouac camping, late exit parking) where applicable.
On both BLM and FS managed portions of these Wilderness areas, alteration or removal of
vegetation at the base of or along the route is not allowed to prevent impacts to cliff-dwelling
plant species that occur in the wilderness. The creation of holds by installing artificial holds,
gluing, drilling, chipping, or similar activities is also not allowed. This includes the prying out of
rocks. Natural anchors (e.g., logjams, arches, slinging rocks) for canyoneering may be utilized.
Setting aside loose rocks which may fall and cause injury is allowed. Permanent fixed ropes,
slings, or cables are not allowed within these Wilderness areas.
Climbing areas may be closed (permanently or seasonally) to climbing or canyoneering when
needed to prevent degradation to wildlife, plants, cultural resources, Native American traditional-
cultural values, or recreational opportunities. The agencies are responsible for identifying
permanently or seasonally closed areas with the exception of rock art which is self-identifying.
Permanent Fixed Anchors
Permanent fixed anchors are defined as hardware that requires the alteration of the rock where
the placement is to occur. Permanent fixed anchors include bolts and pitons. The definition does
not include temporary devices, such as slings, nuts, camming devices, and other removable
anchors that do not alter rock surfaces.
The removal of existing fixed anchors may occur in areas permanently closed to climbing and
canyoneering so as to prevent degradation to wildlife, plants, cultural resources, or recreational
opportunities. The public will be notified prior to removing existing fixed anchors. Existing fixed
anchors may be replaced, using hand drills only, for safety purposes in cooperation with
climbing interest groups.
The BLM currently prohibits the installation of new permanent fixed anchors in the BLM portion
of the Wilderness areas, based on its 2005 RRCNCA RMP. Due to the level of public interest,
this issue is being reviewed and analyzed separately as a potential amendment to the RRCNCA
RMP. If this WMP is completed and approved prior to the decision on the RMP fixed anchor
amendment, the prohibition on the installation of new permanent fixed anchors in wilderness will
continue to be enforced by the BLM as directed in the 2005 RMP. If the RMP amendment is
approved, any new decisions regarding permanent fixed anchors that are in conformance with
wilderness management directives will be put into effect on the BLM portion of both Wilderness
areas. If the BLM alters its current policies and guidelines with an RMP fixed anchor
amendment, the FS will review the policies and may consider adopting them in the future.
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The FS will meet the following Objectives for management of rock climbing:
The FS will inventory climbing routes every five years or when five new routes occur
within a given area.
Climbing use inventories will be completed at 100 percent of Wilderness on a five to ten
year cycle (10-20 percent per year), or as necessary based on resource concerns.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of rock climbing:
Allow the installation of new permanent fixed anchors through a special use permit only
for the protection of human life and safety.
Allow the replacement of existing fixed anchors for safety purposes.
Place signs at trailheads accessing climbing areas to provide use restrictions.
Encourage coordination of efforts in management of climbing activities with climbing
organizations, commercial guides/schools, and local climbing organizations.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of rock climbing:
Assess and monitor routes to determine if they present resource concerns, and remove
inappropriate routes through administrative action, unless otherwise deemed necessary.
Approve routes to be retained and maintained.
Allow commercial outfitter guide services for rock climbing by use permit only, and use
must be deemed proper for realizing recreational or other Wilderness purposes.
No commercial services for canyoneering will be permitted.
Rock climbing within 300 feet of known active or recently active Peregrine falcon nests
will be allowed only from mid-July through the end of January. If active nests are
identified, the rock face on which any routes occur will be closed and signed as necessary
to inform visitors of seasonal closures.
No climbing or canyoneering will be allowed within 50 feet of rock art or other heritage
resource. Agency archaeologists will identify and keep record of locations of known rock
art and heritage resources.
No alteration of rock surfaces by gluing, chipping, chiseling, or prying out of rocks
during climbing activities will be allowed.
No alteration or removal of vegetation at the base of or along routes is allowed. The rock
climbing practice of “gardening” along climbing routes is prohibited to prevent impacts
to endemic cliff-dwelling plant species that occur in the Wilderness.
No permanent fixed ropes or cables will be left in place for climbing or belaying
purposes (not to include chain links used for belay/rappel/toprope anchors).
No new fixed anchor climbing routes, except as permitted for safety purposes.
Bolts can only be placed using non-motorized/mechanized equipment within the
Wilderness. Use of power drills is prohibited.
Camping – On the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas, the following camping regulations for
the RRCNCA will remain in effect:
Camping along Rocky Gap Road or on the escarpment of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
is authorized by permit only.
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From La Madre Mountain to the FS/BLM boundary, 3 miles south of State Route 160,
camping is managed as follows: 1) Camping northwest of the 6,500 foot elevation
contour on La Madre Mountain does not require a permit; 2) camping west of the Spring
Mountains escarpment does not require a permit; 3) within the Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness, camping between the escarpment crest and eastward to the canyon floor
(4,400 feet) requires a camping permit; 4) no other camping is allowed in this area unless
specifically agreed upon in writing by an authorized BLM representative.
Dispersed camping is allowed north of La Madre Mountain on existing disturbed areas.
If monitoring shows that additional impacts occur as a result, camping will be limited to
specific designated sites.
No camping is allowed within one-quarter mile of springs and riparian areas.
Camping at the base of the escarpment is not allowed. The intention of a bivouac is an
overnight stay on the rock wall, above the base, on a multi-day climb.
Camping will be monitored and if found to be causing impacts to sensitive natural and cultural
resources, camping permits or camping restrictions may be implemented to foster Leave No
Trace use ethics, or direct visitors to appropriate existing and durable sites. Campers are also
encouraged to use equipment that is earth tones in color and to avoid bright reds, oranges, blues
and yellows to help not draw the attention of other visitors to the campsite.
The FS will meet the following Objectives for the management of camping:
Campsite density will not exceed more than an average of three wilderness campsites per
1,000 acres.
Maintain all campsites so they do not exceed a 3.0 rating for condition class (3.0 is
considered to be a heavily impacted site). Maintain campsites so groundcover and
severely damaged trees do not exceed a rating of 2.0. Overall campsite rating is
determined by adding the ratings for condition class, number of severely damaged trees,
and square feet of impacted area, based on a standard protocol for monitoring. Campsite
ratings for condition class are defined in campsite inventory forms for the Wilderness and
were developed using national wilderness monitoring protocols for the FS.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of camping:
Encourage visitors to locate campsites away from and out of sight of trails, other
campsites, and other points of interest. Consider a camping prohibition and/or
removal/restoration of sites within 300’ (or in close proximity) of trails, paths, springs,
water sources, riparian areas, or known cultural resource sites if monitoring indicates
there are resource concerns or impacts to wilderness character.
Monitor campsites for density and condition class ratings.
Monitor and maintain data on success of campsite closures, rehabilitation, containment of
the site, and other management actions.
No permits required for overnight camping; however, a permit system may be
implemented if monitoring of resource impacts or adverse effects to Wilderness character
indicates the need.
Implement a range of actions to ensure protection of bristlecone pine, threatened,
endangered and proposed species, sensitive species and species of concern. For example,
relocation of trails may be necessary to protect bristlecone pine from cutting for fuel or
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when monitoring indicates visitor use and trampling are affecting the vigor and
reproductive capacity of sensitive plant species.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of camping:
Campsite occupancy is limited to 14 days.
All rock fire rings will be removed when discovered.
Manage all use in the alpine areas if monitoring, which includes but is not limited to site
and encounter inventories, determines that visitor use is having a negative impact on
vegetation in the alpine areas, from soil compaction, erosion, vegetation loss and
equestrian use that may be contributing to the introduction of non-native species.
Manage use levels to meet campsite density and campsite conditions class objectives and
apply appropriate management actions as needed.
Campfires of any kind are prohibited within the Wilderness; this includes wood burning
stoves, charcoal fires, packed in firewood, or fire pans. Camp stoves, such as portable
liquid or gas fueled stoves used for the purpose of cooking, are permitted within the
Wilderness.
Campfires – The BLM and the FS prohibit all ground campfires in the wildernesses, including
wood burning stoves, charcoal fires and stoves, packed in firewood, and fire pans. Camp stoves,
such as portable liquid or gas fueled stoves used for the purpose of cooking, are allowed. All
rock fire rings will be removed when discovered. Collection of dead and down fuel wood for any
fire related use will not be allowed on both BLM and FS managed lands in order to protect
wilderness resources, including live and dead bristlecone pines.
Hunting and Trapping - The Wilderness areas north of State Route 160, east of the Spring
Mountains escarpment, south of La Madre Mountain and west of the RRCNCA boundary which
are below the elevation of 5,000 feet are closed to hunting and trapping with one exception.
Bighorn sheep hunting is allowed in a portion of two sections within the area of RRCNCA
otherwise closed to hunting (R58E T20S N½ Section 36, R59E T20S NW¼ Section 31).
Trapping is further prohibited within one mile of any designated hiking or equestrian trail.
Where hunting and trapping are allowed, it is only allowed during set seasons as specified by
State regulations.
Hunting and/or trapping for commercial purposes is prohibited in designated Wilderness areas.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of hunting and trapping. The
following FS Standards are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Game may only be removed by means of non-mechanized methods such as packing out
on backpacks or horseback. No wheeled or mechanized game carts are allowed in
Wilderness.
The creation or construction of permanent hunting blinds is not allowed (43 CFR
6302.20(f)). However, portable or “pop-up” hunting blinds may be temporarily allowed
for a period of 14 days during the hunting season of use if they are packed or carried in
and out and do not require the disturbance or destruction of native soil, rock, or
vegetation. Portable and “pop-up” hunting blinds must be attended or occupied at least
some portion of a 10 day period within the 14 day period of use. If hunting blinds are not
35
attended or occupied for 10 days, they will be considered unattended property and/or
permanent structures and will be subject to removal by the BLM or FS and subject to
disposition under the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as
amended (40 U.S.C. 484(m)).
Portable or “pop-up” hunting blind carried into the Wilderness areas must have affixed to
the blind a name, address, phone number, the date the blind was placed, and the dates the
blind will be unattended or unoccupied.
Recreational Riding and Pack Stock Animals - In the portion of the Wilderness areas south of
La Madre Mountain and east of the Spring Mountains escarpment, recreational horseback riding
will be limited to trails specifically designated for equestrian use as specified in the RRCNCA
RMP. In the areas north of La Madre Mountain and west of the Spring Mountains escarpment,
recreational horseback riding and use of pack stock animals will be permitted on all trails and
cross country travel will also be permitted.
Riders and pack stock animals traveling cross country will be encouraged to utilize Leave No
Trace practices (e.g., not travel single file so as to not create new trails, travel in washes). This
includes tying or high-lining horses and pack animals out of sight of trails, streams, campsites
meadows, and other points of interest. The effects of cross country use will be monitored to
insure that this type of use is not causing degradation of off-trail areas.
Horse use will be managed to reduce impacts to endemic wildlife and vegetation. Species of
domestic pack stock animals known to carry catastrophic or chronic diseases will not be
permitted on BLM lands so as to prevent transfer of disease to native wildlife. Except for
incidental browsing, the grazing of recreational riding or pack stock animals will not be
permitted on BLM lands and feeding will be limited to packed-in and certified weed-free feed.
Pellets will be encouraged.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of recreational riding and pack
stock animals:
Monitor the effects of cross-country equestrian use occurring off designated trails to
determine if degradation of off-trail areas may necessitate trail closures or issuance of
permits for recreational equestrian use.
Prohibit, to the extent possible, species of domestic pack stock animals known to carry
catastrophic or chronic diseases in the Wilderness, to prevent transfer of disease to native
wildlife.
Prohibit, to the extent possible, the grazing of recreational pack stock animals.
Protect meadows from recreational stock grazing by requiring tethering away from
meadows.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of recreational riding and pack
stock animals:
Limit recreational horseback riding to trails specifically designated for equestrian use.
Do not permit recreational stock overnight camping use.
Do not allow marking of trails with materials, such as paint, blazes, clothespins and
flagging.
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Require the use of packed-in and certified weed-free feed, or pelleted feed (FS Order
Number 04-00-097) and in accordance with other FS policies and closure orders.
Discontinue equestrian use in the alpine if monitoring determines that equestrian use is
having a negative impact on vegetation.
Geocaching – For the BLM and the FS, traditional geocaching and letterboxing will not be
allowed. Traditional geocaching and letterboxing is prohibited by national BLM policy (BLM
Manual 6430).
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of geocaching. The following FS
Guidelines are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Outreach geocaching restrictions and allowances information to the geocaching
communities.
Direct visitors wishing to participate in traditional geocaching to locations outside of
Wilderness.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of geocaching. The following FS
Standards are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Traditional geocaching and letterboxing will not be allowed, however virtual geocaches
will be an accepted activity within Wilderness, to the extent the virtual geocache is not
creating resource impacts.
Remove traditional geocaches and letterboxes when encountered and request the
geocache sponsor to remove the site listing from the Internet. If a virtual geocache is
located in a sensitive area, request the geocache sponsor to remove the site listing from
the Internet.
Target Shooting - Target shooting is currently not allowed anywhere within the BLM’s
RRCNCA based on the 1993 Supplemental Rules for the NCA and 2005 RMP. Because FS
standards prohibit target shooting in wilderness, no target shooting will be allowed anywhere
within in either Wilderness area. This prohibition includes shooting from outside the wilderness
boundary (non-wilderness land) into the Wilderness areas.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of target shooting:
Target shooting is prohibited in Wilderness.
Collection of Natural Resources – For the BLM, collection of natural resources within
RRCNCA, including wildlife (except with a valid Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW)
hunting license and tag), plants, rocks, or fossils is prohibited based on the 1993 Supplemental
Rules for the RRCNCA. However, the 2005 RRCNCA RMP calls for allow Native American
use of sensitive resources when involved with traditional ceremonial purposes. Collection of
designated fruits, nuts, seeds, and similar plant materials may be allowed through a permit
approved by the BLM SNDO District Manager. The FS will implement measures to protect
bristlecone pine from vandalism, firewood cutting, removal for other purposes, and collection of
dead “driftwood.”
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for collection of natural resources:
37
Collection of natural resources within Wilderness is prohibited, exceptions include:
• Restrict mineral collecting to scientific purposes only and require a special use
permit.
• Scientific purposes. Collection of threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant and
wildlife species for academic, scientific, or research purposes requires a permit from
the Regional Forester and a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (50 CFR
17.22), except for traditional use by Native Americans.
• Native American gathering or tending native plants or materials for personal use,
which may be done without obtaining a use permit.
• As authorized by FS permit. The authorities for permits for collection are outlined in
FSH 2409.18, Ch. 82.1 and 87.05; FSM 2404.28; and FSM 2462; and FSH 2609.25,
Ch. 4.03, and as outlined in other FS policies.
Restrict mineral collecting to scientific purposes only and require a special use permit.
Cave Resources - Cave resources are federally protected under the Federal Cave Resources
Protection Act of 1988 (16 U.S.C. 4301) and will be managed cooperatively by the agencies to
protect resources and unique species, provide for public safety, and provide recreational
opportunities as set forth in the Act. The BLM and the FS will allow recreational caving without
a permit at this time.
Possessing, destroying, defacing, or removing cave formations (or parts thereof) is also
prohibited. Disturbance to cultural resources as a result of caving is prohibited in accordance
with the Archeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) of 1979 (16 U.S.C. 470). Native
vegetation will be maintained around cave openings for a minimum distance of 100 yards.
In order to prevent the introduction of white-nose syndrome, a fungus linked to bat mortalities in
the eastern U.S., cavers are required to follow the National White-Nose Syndrome
Decontamination Protocol (available at whitenosesyndrome.org). If it is found that people are not
in compliance with the required protocol, restrictions on cave access can be implemented.
Additionally, if determined necessary, the agencies may implement a permit system for caving
activities to ensure that cavers are aware of the requirements. This would be analyzed under a
separate planning process if deemed necessary.
The FS will meet the following Objectives for management of caves:
The FS will conduct non-invasive bat roosting/hibernating inventories on known caves
within the Wilderness within 5 years, funding permitting. Survey results will aid in
establishing long-term seasonal restrictions.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of caves. The following FS
Guidelines are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Guidelines for accessing caves using rock climbing gear will be the same as those found
in the rock climbing section.
Caves may be closed (permanently or seasonally) to access when necessary for human
health and safety or to prevent degradation to wildlife, plants, cultural resources, or
recreational opportunities. Closure methods are subject to MRDG to maintain Wilderness
character.
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Work cooperatively with other agencies and interested groups (organizations, commercial
guides/schools, and local climbing organizations) to evaluate caves. The inventory
process should document all unique biological, hydrological, geological, mineralogical,
paleontological, educational, scientific, cultural, and/or recreational values.
Caving activities should not get to a level where the vegetation around the cave openings
is becoming denuded.
Disseminate information on National White-Nose Syndrome Decontamination Protocol
to the public through signage, informational pamphlets and brochures.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of caves:
Allow recreational caving without a permit. No commercial services for caving will be
permitted.
Tossing, throwing, or rolling rocks or other objects into caves are prohibited.
Allow access to all caves only from the beginning of April through the end of May; and
from the beginning of September through the end of October. These seasonal restrictions
will remain in place until bat roosting/hibernating inventories have been completed and
long-term seasonal restrictions are established.
In order to prevent the introduction of white-nose syndrome, a fungus linked to bat
mortalities in the eastern U.S., cavers are required to follow the National White-Nose
Syndrome Decontamination Protocol (available at whitenosesyndrome.org). If it is found
that people are not in compliance with the required protocol, restrictions on cave access
can be implemented.
All gates on caves and mines will be designed to provide for unrestricted access for bats.
Temporary (test) gates of PVC or other light, impermanent material will be constructed
first to determine bats' reaction to gate design, prior to final design and construction of
permanent gates. Permanent gates will be compatible with Wilderness characteristics.
Prohibit alteration of cave and mine entrances (except for gating to protect cave
resources) or their use as disposal sites for slash, spoils, or other refuse.
Consult with Indian Tribes and an agency archaeologist to implement measures to protect
caves that are of traditional and cultural significance.
Management of Cultural and Paleontological Resources Cultural resources are managed under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).
Guidelines for the management of cultural resources are found in BLM Manual 8110 and FS
Manual 2360. Guidelines for the BLM and FS are further laid out in the State Protocol with the
Nevada State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Paleontological resources in wilderness are
managed in accordance with the Wilderness Act, the Paleontological Resources Preservation Act
(PRPA), and BLM Manual 8270.
Every attempt would be made to protect cultural and paleontological resources in place. If
cultural and paleontological resources are discovered in designated trails, visitor-worn hiking
paths, dispersed camping areas or other areas of recreational use the trail may be re-routed or
alternate preservation or protection actions may be taken after consultation with the SHPO by
following the Nevada State Protocol.
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No ground disturbing actions would occur prior to completion of a cultural resources inventory
and completion of the Section 106 NHPA process. Within wilderness, the BLM and FS will
accommodate traditional or sacred uses identified by Native American tribes who traditionally
used the area.
Casual collection of vertebrate paleontological materials is prohibited by the PRPA anywhere on
lands administered by the BLM or FS. Regulated collection of any fossil material in a wilderness
may be allowed under permit. Conditions for such permits must meet the requirements of the
PRPA and the requirement to preserve wilderness character as determined by the manager
considering terms and conditions jointly proposed by staff wilderness specialists and
paleontologists.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of cultural resources:
Identify, monitor, and manage significant heritage resources.
Continue consultation with affected Indian Tribes.
When appropriate, coordinate heritage resource management activities with local Indian
Tribes and other interested parties.
Interpret heritage resources and cultural history outside of Wilderness. Signs may be
present within Wilderness in very rare cases, for resource protection only.
Allow scientific use consistent with the NHPA, Archaeological Resource Protection Act,
FSM 2323.8, and Forest Plan direction.
Facilitate traditional Native American use practices that are not in conflict with the
Wilderness Act.
Reference the Consultation Handbook for Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute), the Spring
Mountains National Recreation Area, and the Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex
to establish government-to-government protocols for the management of traditional
resources in Wilderness, when appropriate.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of cultural resources:
Allow Native American access to access plants and traditional-cultural and religious
sites.
Take measures to protect known traditional-cultural or sacred sites from fire retardant
drops to the extent possible, unless there is a threat to human safety or private property. If
opportunity allows, consult with local Indian Tribes and a FS archaeologist prior to
retardant drops to determine the most appropriate action based on site locations.
Protect to the extent possible known cultural sites from damage due to trail maintenance.
Confine maintenance of trails that cross cultural resource sites to existing trail treads.
Material from cultural resource sites will not be used as fill or construction material
during trail maintenance activities.
Require permits for any ground disturbing archaeological study under the Archaeological
Resources Protection Act. An MRDG analysis will be required to determine the
minimum tool for ground disturbance, and the resulting proposal is subject to NEPA
compliance.
40
Management of Small-Scale Surface Disturbances Disturbances fall into two categories with common characteristics: linear disturbances created by
motorized vehicle traffic that are largely denuded of vegetation; and small-site disturbances
including abandoned developments, previous mining activities, and dispersed campsites.
Restoration of large surface disturbances, such as those that may be caused by heavy machinery,
would only be conducted after site-specific NEPA analysis.
The FS will undertake project-specific NEPA analysis to determine methods of removal,
restoration and rehabilitation of roads within the Wilderness areas and use the minimum tool to
accomplish the objective of either road removal or incorporation into existing trails system. BLM
methods for restoring small-scale disturbances are discussed under the Site Specific Actions.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of small-scale surface
disturbances:
Determine the levels of reclamation activities involving mine closures that are necessary
to restore or rehabilitate surface disturbances caused by heavy machinery used in mining
operations.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of small-scale surface
disturbances:
Prohibit all hazardous materials.
Mine Adits
There are three known mine adits in the Wilderness areas, all on BLM land. Two are above La
Madre Spring in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness and one is near Rainbow Spring in the
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. The BLM will close these adits pending site-specific NEPA
analysis which includes cultural resources surveys, bat surveys, and a MRDG analysis. Any
additional mine adits found in the future may also be closed pending site-specific NEPA analysis
by the BLM or FS.
Site-Specific Actions
Currently there are approximately 37 linear disturbances totaling approximately 10 miles on
BLM portions of the Wilderness areas, which comprises approximately 12 acres of surface
disturbance. Except for designated hiking and equestrian trails, the BLM will rehabilitate (restore
to a vegetative state) all decommissioned routes, including future disturbances, over time as staff
and funding is available. Based on monitoring results, repeat treatments may occur. Rehabilitated
routes would include 7 miles in La Madre Mountain Wilderness and 3 miles in Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness. These routes are displayed on Maps 2 and 3.
The BLM will complete restoration activities using staff, contractors, and volunteers. All
vehicles would be limited to existing designated roads outside of wilderness. All actions in
wilderness will be conducted with non-motorized equipment and non-mechanized transport.
Disturbances that cannot be rehabilitated through the use of non-motorized and non-mechanized
equipment will require a MRDG and separate site-specific NEPA analysis to permit the use of
motorized and/or mechanized means. Active rehabilitation efforts would be focused on areas
visible from key observation points. Other areas would be left to rehabilitate naturally. Repeat
treatments would occur on a case-by-case basis.
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The BLM will conduct its reclamation actions, as necessary, using the following methods in the
order specified below. Methods of reclamation would be limited to pitting, vertical mulching,
seeding, and desert varnish colorant in areas of desert tortoise habitat in order to prevent impacts
to individual tortoises and their burrows.
1. Decompaction: Working the top few inches of the entire disturbed surface to relieve soil
compaction. This action would be completed with the use of non-motorized hand tools
(soil spades, spading forks, McLeod rakes, pulaskis, shovels, horse-drawn implements,
etc.).
2. Scarifying/pitting: Loosening and texturizing the impacted, disturbed surface in random
locations to better capture water, organic debris, and wind-blown seeds, thereby
stimulating natural re-vegetation. This would be done with non-motorized hand tools.
3. Recontouring: Reconfiguring/shaping the route to blend it with the adjacent, relatively
undisturbed desert. This would involve the creation of small hummocks and banks, where
appropriate, to mimic the surrounding landscape. Berms would be pulled in and the soil
distributed across the disturbed surface. Vehicle tracks in sandy washes would be raked.
This would lessen visual contrasts and provide a surface for natural re-vegetation. This
action would be completed with non-motorized hand tools.
4. Vertical mulching: Dead and down vegetation is "planted" to obscure the visible
portions of the disturbance. Additional dead vegetation, rock material and other organic
matter may be distributed over the worked surface to decrease visual contrasts, create
sheltered sites to aid in natural re-vegetation, and add organic debris. Dead and down
vegetation and other materials would be gathered by hand from areas near the
disturbances.
5. Erosion control: Creating light terracing/berms to reduce erosion and create barriers to
vehicles on steep slopes. This is especially effective on hill climbs. Where native
materials are not adequate for erosion control actions, sterile weed-free straw bales may
be used. The straw bales break down over time and provide additional organic debris to
the reclamation site. Bales would be brought in by hand or horseback to the worksite.
6. Desert varnish colorant: Spraying disturbed rock surfaces to simulate the coloration of
the surrounding desert varnish. Desert varnish colorants are chemical compounds
comprised of manganese, salts, and other ingredients used to simulate the natural desert
varnish that occurs on rock surfaces in arid environments. This substance would be
applied sparingly, with the use of a backpack sprayer, and only on disturbed rock surfaces
that contrast sharply with the surrounding landscape.
7. Revegetation: This would involve planting, transplanting and/or seeding necessary to
help stabilize soil, speed overall vegetative recovery and camouflage evidence of
disturbances. This action would be completed with non-motorized hand tools. All seed
would be locally collected when possible and scattered on reclaimed surfaces to
accelerate natural re-vegetation. If locally collected seed is not available, seed from
native species that was collected elsewhere could be used. If appropriate, biological soil
crusts could also be reapplied to disturbed areas where soil crusts were present prior to
disturbance.
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Management of Structures and Installations Structures and installations will be removed if they are not historically significant, or are not the
minimum necessary for administration of the area as wilderness. All known existing structures in
the Wilderness areas are located on BLM land.
If structures are needed to be built in the future for the protection of resource values, they will be
analyzed through a separate planning process but the agencies will try to site them in areas that
minimize visual impact. Proposed temporary structures, such as corrals, hitch rails, or toilets
must be necessary for the protection of wilderness resources and not for the convenience of
users. Structures, if approved, should be built of native or natural appearing materials and
harmonize with the environment.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of structures and installations:
Maintain sites and structures for administration of the Wilderness only for the protection
of resources, where temporary or other management actions are not providing adequate
protection (FSM 2323.13).
Encourage the placement of automated snow measurement sites (sensors) outside of
Wilderness.
Evaluate all structures with the following criteria for decisions on retention and use as an
administrative site.
• Is this a historically significant structure?
• Does the structure conflict with stated Wilderness goals, objectives, and desired
condition of legislations, policy and management plans?
• Are there less intrusive methods of achieving the purpose of the structure?
• Can the activity associated with the site or structure be accomplished outside
Wilderness and still achieve its objectives?
• Is the activity associated with a site or structure tied to a valid existing right such
as a mining claim or right-of-way easement?
• Is there a special provision in legislation that allows this activity?
• How does the site or structure or associated activities benefit the Wilderness as a
whole as opposed to maximizing one resource?
• Does the structure ensure that human presence is kept to a minimum and the area
is affected primarily by forces of nature rather than being manipulated by
humans?
• Determine if the structure is the minimum tool necessary to accomplish the
activity considering, where relevant, the use of mechanized transport as an
alternative.
Trees may be cut for administrative use in the construction and maintenance of
authorized structures located within the Wilderness; visual quality objective of
preservation must be met (FSM 2323.53(a)).
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of structures and installations:
Flood control devices will not be constructed in the Wilderness.
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On the BLM portion of Wilderness areas, the concrete dam at La Madre Spring is planned for
removal as part of restoration work at La Madre Spring that was analyzed under a separate
planning process (BLM EA NV-S010-2013-0044).
The following may be removed by the BLM pending a review through a subsequent EA and/or
consultation with appropriate state and federal agencies:
Three building foundations (2 large, 1 small) next to the La Madre Spring Trail.
An exclosure at Rainbow Spring.
The following structures and installations would not be removed by the BLM. These structures
will be allowed to deteriorate naturally over time unless maintenance or repair is found to be
warranted after additional NEPA analysis. The reason for not removing the structure or
installation is provided.
The spring development (iron pipe and cement-lined catchment) at White Rock Spring –
This spring development was built in 1941 by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
The spring is piped from an underground source and the catchment provides an additional
benefit as an important wildlife water source.
The two concrete dams and associated trough in Brownstone Basin – These dams and the
trough were built by the CCC. One dam was built in 1941 while the date for the
construction of the other dam is unknown. Both dams are historically significant and can
retain small pools of water after rainfall and thus provide an additional benefit as an
important wildlife water source.
The miner’s stone cabin above La Madre Spring – The cabin is historically significant.
Site-Specific Actions
The following will be removed by the BLM. Method of removal will include hand tools only.
Any surface disturbance as the result of removal will be filled in and smoothed out with the use
of hand tools.
A wooden bench at White Rock Spring.
Management of Personal Property, Refuse, or Vandalism Recreation visitors will not be permitted to cache or store equipment, personal property, or
supplies in wilderness. For the BLM, abandoning property and/or leaving property unattended
for more than 24 hours in a day use area or for more than 72 hours in other areas is prohibited
based on the 1993 Supplemental Rules for the RRCNCA. Unattended personal property not
associated with an active camp or at the base of an active climb, including rock climbing gear,
will be removed by BLM or FS personnel upon being encountered and will be held at the
appropriate office. If possible, the owner of the personal property will be contacted to retrieve it.
No new summit registers will be permitted. Existing summit registers on the tops of peaks will
be evaluated for their impact and removed if their presence or visitor use patterns related to their
presence are found to be impacting wilderness character. Summit registers left in place may
provide some information regarding visitor use patterns. Summit registers left in place will be
recorded for archival purposes by photograph or other appropriate technique at a minimum of
every three years.
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Graffiti or the marking of any rocks or permitted structures (e.g. paint, chalk, or etching) within
either Wilderness area is prohibited and a serious degradation of the resource. The BLM will
remove graffiti, markings, and/or other forms of vandalism when feasible. The process of
removal will vary according to the types of paint or marks and the type of rock affected and will
be determined on a case-by-case basis. The least intrusive method appropriate for the location
will be chosen. All equipment and personnel would be transported into the wilderness by foot or
pack animal. If graffiti or other type of vandalism occurs on a cultural site, a BLM archeologist
will be contacted to coordinate with the SHPO and Native American tribes.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of for management of personal
property, refuse or vandalism:
Items that are not historically or culturally significant, as determined by an agency
archaeologist, will be considered unattended personal property or refuse.
Unattended personal property not associated with an active camp or at the base of an
active climb, including geocaches and rock climbing gear, will be removed by FS
personnel and held at the appropriate office. If possible, the owner of the personal
property will be contacted to retrieve it.
Remove paint or marks on rock from graffiti, paintballs, or other forms of vandalism
quickly to prevent proliferation, using least intrusive methods with materials and
personnel transported into the Wilderness by foot or pack animal.
Examine graffiti sites to assure that cultural resources are not present on the affected site.
Removal of graffiti within ten feet of rock art will require separate, site-specific analysis
under consultation with an archaeologist and Native American representative.
If an illegal dump, marijuana grow or other subversive act is discovered inside the
Wilderness boundaries, management will conduct the necessary reclamation activities,
including an MRDG analysis and NEPA compliance, if necessary.
Research The Wilderness areas are available for conducting basic and specific inventory, monitoring,
research, and education.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of research. The following FS
Guidelines are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
If research proposals will not contribute to improved management of the area as
Wilderness, the activity will be referred to lands outside the Wilderness.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of research. The following FS
Standards are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Permits will be required for researchers and educators interested in conducting activities
in Wilderness and all activities will be conducted in a manner consistent with section 4(c)
of the Wilderness Act. Researchers will be required to provide a copy of findings to the
FS and the BLM.
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Environmental Education and Interpretation This plan will incorporate wilderness education principles developed through a comprehensive
county-wide plan. Basic interpretive information about the Wilderness areas (e.g., safety,
wilderness character, wilderness ethics, wilderness values, Leave No Trace principles, sensitive
natural and cultural resources, noxious weeds, or location information) will be provided in
brochures, on the BLM and FS websites, on agency maps, at visitor centers, or on other
educational materials as appropriate. A wilderness specific visitor map may be produced to
include trails, descriptions, and interpretive information.
Although not within the control of agency management, information may be made available by
private sources, such as printed guide books or websites. When possible, BLM and FS will
provide information to authors in an effort to assure privately provided information is compatible
with the objectives of this plan.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of environmental education and
interpretation. The following FS Guidelines are applicable on both FS and BLM managed lands:
Interpretive information may be included on trailhead information signs, but will not be
located on signs in the Wilderness.
No interpretive trails will be designated.
Coordinate with the US Geological Survey (USGS) to remove from future USGS map
products, vehicle routes depicted within Wilderness boundaries.
The primary purpose of educational activities conducted in the Wilderness should be
focused on Wilderness, environmental, or other site-specific education, and group size
should not exceed 15.
If use levels related to group educational activities increase so that visitor encounter
standards are exceeded, educational groups will be limited to no more than two per
month within the Wilderness.
Management of Group and Commercial Services Group Activities – The BLM may require special recreation permits (SRPs) for non-
commercial, non-competitive organized groups or events, and recreation use in special areas,
regardless of group size (43 CFR Subpart 2932). Organized groups include, but are not limited
to, recreational hiking groups that advertise and/or organize hikes online (i.e. Meetup groups)
and recreation clubs with paid dues.
Individuals organizing events or organized group activities should contact the BLM to determine
if a SRP is required. Signage will notify the public regarding SRP requirements and that the
recommended group size is 15 people or less to help preserve solitude and reduce impacts to
soils and vegetation. Additionally, the BLM can issue up to four non-commercial rock climbing
group permits for up to 12 people per group per year within the BLM portion of the wilderness
as determined in separate BLM EAs (NV-S020–2010–0014, NV-S020-2010-0016).
Agency Led Interpretive Hikes – Agency-led (including organizations that partner with the
agencies) interpretive hikes may be provided to interpret the area and educate visitors with
regard to the wilderness resource. Agency-led interpretive hikes will be limited to a group size of
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15. Agency-led hikes will primarily travel over washes, rock, and trails in order to limit impact
to soils and vegetation. If use levels increase so that visitor encounter standards are exceeded,
agency-led hikes will be limited to no more than two per month within the wilderness.
Commercial Guides and Outfitters – The BLM will authorize permits consistent with the
decisions in the RRCNCA RMP. The numbers of permits in the categories below apply to the
entire RRCNCA:
Commercial guiding would be permitted on the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas for:
1) hiking guides; 2) climbing guides; 3) organizations whose service is primarily for the
support of people with disabilities; 4) big game hunting (within the area open to hunting);
and equestrian use. A report of visitor-use days within wilderness will be required of
permittees for each calendar year. Commercial guide permit regulations and guidelines
for the BLM portion of the wilderness were analyzed and determined under separate
BLM EAs (NV-S020–2010–0014, NV-S020-2010-0016).
Five, renewable ongoing hiking guide permits will be issued annually for BLM managed
potions, with renewals granted up to five years pending the successful completion of
annual compliance inspections. Hiking guide permits are valid for the Wilderness areas
as well as other areas within the RRCNCA. Guided hikes are limited to 2 guided tours
per day with a group size limit per tour of 12, including the guide. Guides will be
restricted to designated trails, visitor-worn hiking paths approved by the agency, washes,
and bedrock/slickrock. Permitted guide services may be restricted from some visitor-
worn hiking paths where higher use levels are occurring and stability of the path is
diminishing such as with erosion and trail braiding problems.
Five, renewable ongoing climbing guide permits will be issued annually for BLM
managed potions, with renewals granted up to five years pending the successful
completion of annual compliance inspections. Additionally, 12 temporary (guest)
climbing guide permits will be issued for the BLM portion each year. Climbing permits
are valid for the Wilderness areas as well as other areas within the RRCNCA. Temporary
permits are valid for only one year and issued through a lottery. Temporary permits are
valid for 1 trip up to 10 consecutive days, or 2 trips up to 5 consecutive days. In all cases,
guided climbs are limited to one per area/crag with a limit of 12 people including the
guide.
Three renewable year-long equestrian guide permits will be issued for the entire
RRCNCA. Each permit has a defined non-overlapping area where it can operate, one of
which is in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. For the permit issued that includes the
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, up to 2 tours are allowed per day with a maximum of 12
horses per tour including the guide.
Permits may also be available for big game hunting guides limited by the availability of
hunting tags issued by NDOW. The number of annual guided big game hunt permits has
not been defined but is limited to one tour per day and only during hunting season in
areas where hunting is allowed.
Permits may be issued for organizations whose primary purpose supports people with
disabilities. If use levels increase so that visitor encounter standards are exceeded, these
permits will be limited to no more than two per month within the wilderness.
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Commercial guides that operate on both the BLM and FS portions of the wilderness will be
required to obtain authorization from each agency. Commercial use permits that are allowed
within wilderness must be shown to meet an identified public need, be assessed for their
economic importance, meet the agencies’ objectives, and provide benefits to the wilderness
resource. All guides will be directed in their permit to model appropriate wilderness practices
and incorporate awareness for wilderness values in their interaction with clients and others.
Outfitter/guide permits will be managed at appropriate use levels and in appropriate areas.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of group and commercial
services:
Use permits may allow outfitter guide services for hiking, equestrian, climbing, as well as
other activities. Permits will only be issued following a needs assessment or capacity
analysis to determine if outfitter guide services are feasible for the Wilderness.
Manage outfitter guides to ensure they are not exceeding a threshold that will have a
negative impact on Wilderness character, which may include limiting the number of days
that outfitter guides are permitted and may include limitations on the group size. The
threshold for such limitations will be determined through monitoring outfitter guide use
(encounters or changes in site conditions) and impacts therefrom.
Identify areas and destinations of operations in all commercial use permits.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of group and commercial
services:
Require use permits for outfitter guides and commercial horseback operators. Use permits
may authorize overnight camping for commercial guide services in the Wilderness.
Wilderness permits are currently not required for overnight use; however, if in the future
Wilderness permits are required for such use, guides will be required to obtain permits.
Include restrictions in outfitter guide and organized trail ride use permits for the
protection of vegetation and to maintain solitude character.
Use permits will be required for pack or saddle stock group use for organized trail rides
in the Wilderness. Groups will be limited to a combination of people and stock not to
exceed 25, with no more than 15 stock animals in any one group. Limitations will be
placed on pack or saddle stock if monitoring (encounters or changes in site conditions)
determines the need for such limitations.
Require the use of weed-free feed or pellets for stock animals (FS Order Number 04-00-
097) and in accordance with other FS policies and closure orders.
Require permits for publicized and/or organized events with 15 or more participants if
any portion of the activity takes place within the Wilderness.
Do not permit competitive events, training events, and contests (FSM 2323.13h).
Do not permit filming for commercial purposes, guidebooks, television, or film, as
instructed by Forest Service national direction.
Wildlife Management Over the life of this plan, it may be necessary to implement wildlife management activities to
prevent degradation to or to enhance wilderness characteristics by promoting healthy, viable, and
more naturally distributed wildlife populations and/or their habitats. For both agencies, wildlife
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management activities within these designated Wilderness areas would be guided by the
Wilderness Act and Federal and State laws, with the goal of protecting indigenous wildlife from
human caused conditions that could lead to Federal and/or regional listing and to enhance
healthy, viable, and more naturally distributed wildlife populations and their habitats.
For the BLM, wildlife management activities would also be guided by the CCCPLNRA, and be
conducted in conformance with the current (Supplement No. 9, 2012) and any subsequent BLM-
NDOW Memorandum of Understanding. For the FS, management activities would be also be
guided by the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest LRMP, the SMNRA GMP, and would be in
conformance with FS Memorandums of Understanding with NDOW and the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. Wildlife management activities may include, on a case-by-case basis, the
occasional and temporary use of motorized vehicles or tools.
Wildlife Water Developments – Currently there are no NDOW water developments in either
Wilderness areas. Though limited, natural water is available in these two Wilderness areas.
Water may be found in springs and tinajas throughout the Wilderness areas. It is not expected
that these natural sources would be diminished or impacted in ways that would reduce the
availability of water to maintain healthy, viable, and more naturally distributed wildlife
populations. Should impacts be identified, wildlife water developments may be considered.
The CCCPLNRA permits existing and future structures and facilities, including inspections and
maintenance, for wildlife water development projects in wilderness when considered essential to
preserve, enhance, or prevent degradation of wilderness character. Wildlife water developments
will be authorized if the structures and facilities will enhance wilderness values by promoting
healthy, viable, and more naturally distributed wildlife populations and the visual impacts can
reasonably be minimized.
Proposals would be considered for construction of new developments, which may allow
motorized and/or mechanized equipment if deemed necessary by the MRDG and site-specific
NEPA analysis.
The FS will adhere to the following Standard relating to wildlife water developments:
Give first priority to locating habitat improvement projects outside wilderness for the
benefit of wildlife that spend only part of the year in wilderness (FSM 2323.35a). Only
allow water source developments in wilderness to improve desert bighorn sheep habitat.
These developments must protect wilderness character.
Wildlife Relocation - Wildlife transplants (i.e. removal, augmentation, or reintroduction of
wildlife species) may be permitted if judged necessary to perpetuate or recover a threatened or
endangered species or to restore populations of native (including sensitive) species eliminated or
reduced by human influence or natural causes such as disease outbreaks. This includes potential
translocation of Mojave Desert tortoises as analyzed under a separate BLM EA (NV-S010-2012-
0097). Locations outside of wilderness boundaries would be utilized first, and if not available,
would be implemented in a manner compatible with preserving the wilderness characteristics of
the areas. Transplant projects, including monitoring, require advance written approval from the
BLM and FS if the action involves ground-disturbing activities, motorized methods, and/or
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temporary holding and handling facilities. The BLM and FS would provide review to NDOW on
all releases near these Wilderness areas. A MRDG and NEPA analysis would occur for site-
specific actions.
If motorized or mechanized means are authorized, staging would occur outside the wilderness
boundary. When feasible, the specific project implementation would occur during periods when
visitor use is low (for example, weekdays). In order to inform visitors of impending activity,
relocation dates would be posted on the BLM and FS website two weeks in advance.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards relating to relocation of wildlife:
Entry into wilderness using motorized or mechanized means for wildlife management
activities, including wildlife relocation or capture, or wildlife research, will be allowed
only if deemed necessary by an MRDG. Approval must be made by the Region 4
Regional Forester (FSM 2326.04b).
Wildlife hunting, collection, movement or removal will be managed in accordance with
state statutes, specifically, "It is unlawful to collect or remove wildlife without written
consent of the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NRS 503.597). Further, Nevada
Administrative Code 503-093 requires the necessary permit or written authorization from
the Department to hunt, take or possess wildlife, which are classified as protected.”
Collar Retrieval - From time to time NDOW may submit requests for use of a helicopter in the
Wilderness areas in order to retrieve data from Very High Frequency (VHF)/Global Positioning
System (GPS) telemetry collars which have dropped off study animals or from animals which
have died. In locating remotely situated study animals or dropped collars, opportunities to
retrieve telemetry collars are usually discovered while performing aerial surveys using helicopter
where direct line of site detection of signals from transmitters are optimal. Once a collar’s
location is determined, its retrieval by aircraft assistance is usually unnecessary. However, in rare
instances, NDOW may need to land a helicopter in remote wilderness locations as there is a
narrow window of time to retrieve the collar before its location signal ceases and significant data
stored in the collar is effectively lost. Furthermore, if animal mortality is involved, speedy access
to the animal to perform a necropsy would provide additional information on the species.
NDOW would notify the BLM or FS Wilderness Specialist any time they are requesting a
helicopter for collar retrieval. The Wilderness Specialist would then evaluate the location and the
use of a helicopter if any of the following criteria apply:
Collar retrieval is requested between the months of May-September or the day time high
will be over 100°F as extreme heat would limit the distance that could be covered on foot
safely.
Collar is located more than five miles from a vehicle access point or helicopter landing
zone outside of wilderness.
Extreme elevation gain and loss to access the collar location.
Collar is located on a cliff and technical rock climbing gear or rappelling is needed to
retrieve the collar.
The FS will adhere to the following Standard relating to wildlife necropsy and collar retrieval:
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Entry into wilderness using motorized or mechanized means for necropsy or retrieval of
VHF/GPS telemetry collars or other types of tracking devices that have dropped off study
animals or deceased animals, which do not allow time for an MRDG analysis, will be
allowed if approval is made by the Regional Forester (FSM 2326.04b).
Wildlife Damage Management - To maintain the area’s natural character, wildlife damage
management may be necessary to protect federally listed threatened or endangered species,
candidate species, declining species, and reintroduced native wildlife species and to prevent
transmission of diseases or parasites affecting wildlife and humans.
Activities would use the minimum amount of control necessary to resolve wildlife damage
problems. Acceptable control measures include lethal and non-lethal methods, however,
toxicants including M-44 (sodium cyanide) are prohibited. Activities would be conducted on foot
and may include the use of stock. Use of motorized vehicles, motorized equipment, and/or
mechanical transport must be approved by the BLM or FS on a case-by-case basis and would
require a MRDG analysis. Activities occurring in wilderness would be approved by the BLM
and conducted by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in
conformance with the BLM-APHIS (2012) MOU.
The FS will consider the following Guideline for wildlife damage management:
Activities involving wildlife damage management will be approved by the FS and
conducted by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), in
accordance with and FS-APHIS (2004) MOUs.
Management of Wild Horses and Burros Periodic gathers may occur to achieve Appropriate Management Level (AML) within BLM
HMAs or FS WHBT. In particular, the Brownstone Basin and Rainbow Spring areas will be
monitored for horses and burros from the Red Rock HMA and if detected, a gather may be
initiated. Each gather would require a project specific MRDG and NEPA analysis.
The BLM or FS my institute gathers, as determined necessary, to ensure wild horses and burros
are not found in Wilderness. If gathers are needed, on-the-ground activities within wilderness
would be accomplished on foot or by the use of pack stock. If the MRDG and NEPA analysis
results in motorized means for horse gathers, aircraft, including helicopters, may be used to
survey, herd, capture, and monitor wild horses or burros. However, aircraft may not land inside
wilderness boundaries except in cases of emergency or by approval from the BLM SNDO
District Manager or the FS Region 4 Regional Forester.
The agencies will control wild horse and burro access into the wildernesses and favor control
measures outside of wilderness where prudent and feasible. In cases where impacts to springs
and riparian systems result from wild horses or burros, mitigation measures may be employed to
prevent further degradation or to restore wilderness character.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of wild horses and burros:
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Control wild horse and burro access into the Wilderness; favor control measures outside
of Wilderness where prudent and feasible.
In cases where impacts to springs and riparian systems result from wild horses or burros,
mitigation measures may be employed to prevent further degradation or to restore
Wilderness character.
The FS will adhere to the following Standard for management of wild horses and burros:
Implement measures to ensure wild horses and burros are not found in Wilderness. If
gathers are necessary, on-the-ground activities within Wilderness will be accomplished
on foot or by horseback. If a MRDG and NEPA analysis warrants, the use of motorized
means (aircraft and helicopters) for horse gathers and to survey, capture, and monitor
wild horses or burros in the Wilderness may be permitted with approval of the FS
Regional Forester.
Vegetation, Soil, and Water Management The management goal in the Wilderness areas will be to maintain the desired condition of the
vegetation mosaic through natural disturbances such as fire, flood, and avalanches. The
Wilderness areas should evidence very little vegetation loss or alteration of duff and litter layers
from human use, where camping occurs and along travel routes. The areas surrounding
campsites will be closely monitored for the presence of a near natural component of dead,
deteriorating woody debris, and any damage to standing or live trees. Areas lacking this
component may be closed to camping until the area recovers.
No special management actions will be taken to try to mitigate or repair the visual damage from
natural events and processes such as rock slides, avalanches, or tree mortality from insect and
disease unless there is a threat to public safety. Indigenous insect and plant diseases will be
allowed to play, as nearly as possible, their natural ecological role within wilderness. Natural
ecological processes will determine the composition and distribution of plant communities. This
is part of the naturalness of the area and will help protect the scientific value of observing the
effects of insects and plant diseases on the ecosystem. Insect and plant disease epidemics that
threaten wilderness resources beyond a natural scope, or exotic pests that threaten wilderness
resources will be controlled if possible. If control measures are necessary, they will be analyzed
under a separate planning process and will be carried out to minimize impacts to wilderness
resources.
On BLM land, tree cutting is prohibited in Wilderness (43 CFR 6302.20(g)), except as necessary
in emergencies involving the health and safety of persons, as provided for in the Wilderness Act.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of vegetation:
Management tools, such as mechanical treatment or prescribed burning, will be used to
achieve the desired conditions for the vegetation mosaic only if natural processes are not
achieving goals and objectives.
No special management actions will be taken to try to mitigate or repair the visual
damage from natural events and processes such as rock slides, avalanches, or tree
mortality from insect and disease.
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Allow indigenous insect and plant diseases to play, as nearly as possible, their natural
ecological role within Wilderness to protect the scientific value of observing effects on
the ecosystem.
Control insect and plant epidemics and exotic pests that threaten Wilderness resources
beyond a natural scope, as deemed appropriate by a MRDG and NEPA compliance, if
necessary.
Allow natural ecological processes to determine the composition and distribution of plant
communities.
Monitor Threatened, Endangered, Proposed or Sensitive (TEPS) species to ensure
protection of these species and their habitat and develop management actions consistent
with Wilderness values, where appropriate to help ensure their protection.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of vegetation:
Where monitoring indicates visitor use and trampling impacts to sensitive plants are
occurring and may be affecting the vigor or reproductive capacity of the populations,
relocate or modify trails or campsites as needed to prevent a loss of viability or trend to
federal listing of any sensitive plant species.
On FS land, tree cutting is prohibited in Wilderness (36 CFR 293.6), except for
administrative purposes as stated in this plan and emergencies.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of soil and water:
Take actions to limit soil displacement, runoff and erosion that results from human
activity and authorized uses to a rate similar to natural erosion
Maintain large woody material and forest duff and litter to provide for nutrient cycling
and soil organisms.
Limit areas of soil disturbance that could adversely impact vegetation, infiltration,
subsurface flow, or the water table.
Refine threshold values for organic matter, erosion, and porosity to fit ecological
communities and site-specific conditions as needed and as information becomes
available.
Emphasize the protection of alpine and subalpine ecosystems, considering the slow
recovery and sensitivity of soils and vegetation.
Protect habitat of riparian-dependent species (including herpto-fauna, macro
invertebrates, fish, and endemic plants) from human-caused conditions that could lead to
a federal threatened or endangered species listing.
Any effects on water quality from management or recreation activities should be
negligible so that water quality returns on an annual basis to its previous level once the
activity ceases.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of soil and water:
Apply Forest Service Region 4 Soil and Water Conservation Practices Handbook (FSH
2509.22, Ch. 10, 5/1988).
Management of soil and water in Wilderness is generally the same as for all National
Forest watersheds (FSM 2502). However, in Wilderness natural processes shall
dominate; measures that modify plant cover and treat soil mantles or other activities
designed to supplement natural water yield are inappropriate (FSM 2323.42).
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Noxious Weeds and Non-Native Invasive Species The management ideal is to sustain only native species in the Wilderness areas. If not managed,
areas, especially disturbed areas, can become colonized by non-native invasive species including
noxious weeds. Invasive species are species that do not naturally occur in an area and whose
presence has the potential to cause environmental or economic harm. A noxious weed is an
invasive plant species that has been specifically designated as injurious to public health,
agriculture, recreation, wildlife or property. Noxious weeds are given priority for response and
treatment. Noxious weeds in Nevada are designated by the Nevada Department of Agriculture
(under Nevada Revised Statute 555) and by the USDA-APHIS (under the Plant Protection Act of
2000).
Current noxious and invasive weed infestations include, but are not limited to: red brome
(invasive), giant reed (noxious), and salt cedar (noxious). The giant reed infestation at La Madre
Spring is planned for removal as analyzed under BLM EA NV-S010-2013-0044. The potential
exists for further infestations of these species, and others, coming from surrounding areas.
Different management techniques may be required for each non-native invasive species based on
effectiveness as determined by plant biology, MRDG analysis, and impact to the wilderness
resource.
Activities that facilitate the introduction or spread of non-native species will be scrutinized to
determine if the activity should be disallowed, or if special stipulations will be satisfactory to
mitigate the activity. Management practices that may be employed include avoiding weed
infested areas, including seasonal closures, or weed free forage requirements.
When noxious and invasive weeds are found, emphasis would be placed on controlling small
infestations with the potential to spread and displace native plants. Treatments for large
infestations (defined by the BLM and FS Weeds Coordinators) would be considered separately.
Seeding and transplant projects will follow guidelines presented in the Emergency Stabilization
and Rehabilitation section. BLM and FS weed management protocols would guide the use of
herbicide treatments.
Treatment activities will utilize the current knowledge of effective treatment methods and
treatment strategies appropriate for the target plants and compatible with the wilderness setting.
The level of treatment intensity and the minimum tools necessary will be determined prior to
site-specific weed treatment activities. Treatments could include the following methods with
priority given to the method using the minimum tool, though it is likely that treatment
combinations would be necessary in some situations:
Manual removal with hand tools if weeds could be controlled or eradicated without
causing re-sprouting, without soil disturbance leading to expansion of noxious or non-
native invasive species, and where infestations are of a size manageable by hand crews.
Herbicides applied by backpack and/or pack stock spraying equipment where manual
removal is not effective.
Herbicides applied with and/or in conjunction with motorized equipment, used in
accordance with a site-specific Pesticide Use Proposal, where the infestation is of such
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size that treatment intensity levels 1 and 2 are impractical, and secondary impacts from
the control activity are minor and easily rehabilitated. This treatment intensity level may
include cutting plants down prior to treatment.
Biological control agents approved by APHIS where infestations are of such size that
eradication by manual removal or herbicides is not feasible.
Herbicides applied aerially or with motorized equipment where impacts could be
controlled and quickly rehabilitated and where the infestation is of such size that
herbicide could not be effectively applied without motorized equipment.
Reseeding/re-vegetation and application of biological soil crusts to treated areas
preferably with native species of local genetic stock following restoration/rehabilitation
program policies as well as the decisions outlined under the Emergency Stabilization and
Rehabilitation heading.
Alternative treatments would be considered.
The FS will meet the following Objectives for management of noxious weeds and non-native
invasive species:
Within five years of approval of this plan, a Weed Management Plan will be developed
and approved that includes specific weed prevention and control strategies, funding
permitting.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of noxious weeds and non-native
invasive species:
Treat areas for noxious and non-native species as monitoring and visitor use mandates in
accordance with a Weed Management Plan and an MRDG analysis.
Scrutinize activities that facilitate the introduction or spread of noxious and non-native
species to determine if the activity should be disallowed, or if special stipulations will be
satisfactory to mitigate the activity.
Monitor increase of noxious and non-native plant populations in the alpine to identify the
need for any trail closures and restrictions on access.
Place emphasis on controlling small weed infestations with the potential to spread and
displace native plants. Place emphasis on prevention, by frequent monitoring of new
invaders. Treat these populations while they are small and before they become
established.
Only use herbicides or pesticides when no other options are practical and then use the
least persistent chemical or biological treatment that is able to control the infestation in
accordance with management objectives. Avoid use in habitat for species of concern
whenever possible.
Give preference to the use of manual weed removal using hand tools. Allow for
flexibility in management decisions, recognizing removal using hand tools may be
ineffective on some species, may result in greater ground disturbance and visual impacts,
and be detrimental to sensitive plant species near or adjacent to the weeds.
Reseeding/revegetation will be accomplished with native species of local genetic stock.
Seed used for restoration actions must be weed-free.
The FS will adhere to the following Standard for management of noxious weeds and non-native
invasive species:
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Pesticide and herbicide use will require a MRDG analysis and a Pesticide Use Proposal
(FS-2100-2) approved by the Regional Forester. Application techniques should employ
the most primitive methods where possible, in accordance with an approved MRDG
analysis.
Fire Management Fire Suppression - Fire management objectives in the wilderness would be structured in
accordance with the 2004 Las Vegas Field Office Fire Management Plan (FMP) and 2013
Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest FMP for the BLM and FS portions of each wilderness,
respectively. If the BLM FMP is updated over the life of this WMP, the new policies will be
followed. The FS will review, revise and approve its FMP annually and updated policies will be
followed.
The BLM will consider the natural role of fire within the ecosystem in fire management
decisions. A full range of fire management responses may be utilized based on ecosystem
factors, safety, and prescription criteria. Fire management actions will be developed on the BLM
portion of the wildernesses following the initial report for wildland fires in the planning area and
would include a range of specific actions including monitoring, confinement, initial attack and
suppression and/or extinguishment, or wildfire suppression with multiple strategies which may
include use of mechanized equipment and retardant.
The BLM will determine actions for each wildland fire based on site factors, including fuel
loading and fire behavior, protection of natural and cultural resources, and the circumstances
under which a fire occurs, while ensuring the safety of firefighter, the public, and protection of
private property. Wildfire management priorities include maintaining native vegetation diversity
by managing fire size to minimize the spread and density of noxious or invasive weeds, such as
red brome.
The FS will also consider the natural role of fire within these Wilderness areas in making fire
management decisions, taking into consideration that fire should be allowed to play its natural
role, where consistent with the protection of firefighter/public safety, private property and
developed facilities, and wilderness resources in surrounding areas. Actions will be based on site
factors, including fuel loading and fire behavior, protection of natural and cultural resources and
the circumstances under which a fire occurs. Lightning caused fires that do not pose a direct
threat, as stated herein, may be allowed to assume their natural role in the environment. Wildland
fires that do not pose a direct threat to public safety or developed areas will be managed under
less than a full suppression strategy, taking into consideration the role of wildland fire as an
essential ecological process and natural change agent. Fires may be managed using any of the
following suppression strategies or a combination thereof: confinement, containment, control.
Any wildland fire will be managed using the concept of risk management. A wildland fire
decision will be completed on all fires using the Wildland Fire Decision Support System
(WFDSS), and a risk analysis will determine the management response to each incident.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for fire management:
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Determine actions for each wildland fire that are consistent with the protection of
Wilderness resources and ensure the safety of firefighters, the public, and protection of
private property and developed facilities in surrounding areas. Actions will be based on
site factors, including fuel loading and fire behavior, protection of natural and cultural
resources, and the circumstances under which a fire occurs. Lightning caused fires that do
not pose a direct threat, as stated herein, may be allowed to assume their natural role in
the environment.
Fires may be managed using any of the following suppression strategies or a combination
thereof: confinement, containment, control.
“Leave No Trace” principles will be employed in the Wilderness. All evidence of human
activity will be removed or rehabilitated to the maximum extent possible.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for fire management:
Prior approval from the Forest Supervisor of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest must
be sought to use motorized equipment or mechanized transport in Wilderness in
emergency situations (FSM 2326.04c and 2326.1).
Use Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics (MIST) and assign Resource Advisors, as
warranted, to wilderness fires to minimize impacts to wilderness character. Implement
direction in the FS Fire Plan.
Allow water to be dropped from aircraft or buckets (considered to be a landing), if
authorized by the Forest Supervisor.
Prior approval from the FS Forest Supervisor must be sought to use retardant in
Wilderness areas. The use of fire retardant may require a post-fire assessment per the
protocols outlined in the 2011 Nationwide Aerial Application of Fire Retardant on
National Forest System Land.
Planned ignitions may be used as a tool to restore natural ecosystems as necessary in the
Wilderness. The use of planned ignitions to restore natural ecosystems will require site-
specific NEPA and MRDG analyses, in conformance with the minimum requirements
provision of the Wilderness Act, with documented, pre-planned and specified burn
conditions.
Fire Suppression Guidelines
The BLM and the FS will follow MIST in an effort to minimize impacts to wilderness character.
Minimum cost and consistency with resource objectives would be considered. The following
points would guide suppression by both agencies:
A Wilderness Resource Advisor would be dispatched, if warranted, to all fires occurring
in or threatening the wilderness.
Use of any motor vehicles and motorized equipment, including heavy machinery such as
bulldozers, would be considered for approval by the BLM SNDO District Manager or
Forest Supervisor in cases where the fire is threatening human life, property, or
wilderness characteristics.
Helibases and helispots would be located outside of wilderness boundaries. When this is
not feasible, the BLM SNDO District Manager or Forest Supervisor may approve
temporary sites within wilderness that require minimal clearing of natural vegetation.
These temporary helispots and helibases will be reclaimed after fire suppression activity
has ceased.
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Staging areas and fire camps requiring motorized access would be located outside of
wilderness unless authorized by the BLM SNDO District Manager or Forest Supervisor.
Staging areas and fire camps that only require non-motorized access may be located in
Wilderness areas if recommended by the Wilderness advisor and authorized by the BLM
SNDO District Manager or Forest Supervisor.
Loading and unloading of personnel from a helicopter within wilderness must be
approved by the BLM SNDO District Manager or Forest Supervisor.
Sling loading materials into or out of wilderness using a helicopter must be approved by
the BLM District Manager or Forest Supervisor.
Helicopters or other aircraft may be used for aerial reconnaissance work.
The noxious weeds and invasive species transport control procedures from the FMPs, as
updated, which identify best management practices for prevention of the spread of
noxious weeds, would be utilized. Suppression equipment would be inspected and
washed to prevent the spread of noxious weeds. Wash-down sites would be recorded
using a GPS unit, if possible, and reported to the Agency Weeds Coordinator. Camps and
other assembly points would not be located in noxious weed infestation areas.
Use of retardant must be approved by the BLM SNDO District Manager or Forest
Supervisor; if retardant is not approved, water may be dropped from aircraft or bucket as
ordered by the Incident Commander without additional authorization.
All fire suppression activities in wilderness would use MIST unless a higher degree or
level of fire suppression is required.
Leave No Trace principles would be used in wilderness. All evidence of human activity
would be removed or rehabilitated to the maximum extent possible.
Fire Rehabilitation - Active rehabilitation work will occur only in situations necessary to
stabilize soil to prevent damage to downstream human life or property, to onsite cultural or
biological resources, or to prevent the site from becoming dominated by an exotic species (see
the previous Management of Small-Scale Surface Disturbance section). Otherwise, rehabilitation
will be limited to natural rehabilitation.
Repair of fire suppression activity damage will generally be planned and implemented by the
suppression incident organization, prior to demobilization. Active rehabilitation with hand tools
will occur to obscure fire lines with rock or brush, especially in those areas where they may be
visible and mistaken for hiking trails. If motorized earth-moving equipment was used to
construct fire lines, then the same type of equipment may be needed for rehabilitation and
recontouring before the equipment is released from the fire.
Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation Activities
For the BLM, the following site-specific assessments and planning, emergency stabilization and
rehabilitation (ESR) activities may be undertaken in accordance with current DOI policy (620
DM 3 Wildland Fire Management Burned Area Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation) and
BLM policy (H-1742-1 Burned Areas Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation Handbook).
The following points would guide the BLM’s ESR management in wilderness:
Natural recovery by native plant species is preferable to planting or seeding. The
potential for recovery of existing vegetation and the potential establishment of invasive
58
species should be evaluated prior to recommending seeding or planting. Seeding or
planting will only be used when objectives cannot be accomplished without seeding or
planting and there is a threat to wilderness values if no action is taken. When seeding or
planting is recommended, the use of native material, preferably of local genetic stock,
will be required. When material of local genetic stock is not available, timely,
economically feasible, or will not accomplish objectives, then other options may be
evaluated.
The following activities occurring in wilderness may be approved on a case-by-case basis
and would follow guidelines presented in the Fire Suppression Guidelines section:
• The use of overland motorized equipment.
• The location of helibases and helispots.
• Sling loading materials into or out of wilderness using a helicopter.
• Loading and unloading of personnel from a helicopter within wilderness.
• Helicopters or other aircraft for aerial seeding.
Erosion control techniques such as the installation of anchored logs, bales, wattles, the
application of mulch, or the use of other techniques to slow water flow may be approved
when their presence would contribute to the long-term enhancement of wilderness
character or are necessary to meet ESR or land use plan objectives.
Minor improvement and facilities (e.g., kiosks, interpretive or boundary signs, water
control structures, guzzlers, trails, etc.) burned or damaged by wildfire could be repaired
or replaced to pre-fire specifications when this repair or replacement would contribute to
the long-term enhancement of wilderness character or is necessary to meet ESR or land
use plan objectives.
Non-motorized and non-mechanized visual inspections for hazardous conditions or
materials may be conducted.
Burned or seeded areas may be temporarily closed to the public if unacceptable resource
damage would occur, if danger to the public is present due to fire damage or ESR
activities, or until safety assessment can be completed.
Efforts to stabilize and prevent post-fire related degradation to cultural resources
including archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, traditional cultural properties, and
historic structures may be approved.
Techniques described under the Management of Small-Scale Surface Disturbances
section may be approved for use in ESR.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for fire rehabilitation:
An interdisciplinary analysis will be conducted for all fires larger than 500 acres to
determine rehabilitation needs. Passive rehabilitation will be used to repair and
rehabilitate effects from fire. Active rehabilitation work will occur only to rehabilitate the
effects of fire suppression activities and to stabilize soil to minimize risk to downstream
human life or property or to onsite cultural or biological resources, and to prevent the site
from becoming dominated by exotic species. The line officer will determine if
interdisciplinary analysis is required for fire less than 500 acres.
Emergency stabilization will be completed when it is necessary to prevent loss of soil and
onsite productivity, loss of water control and deterioration of water quality, or when
onsite life or property are threatened.
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Activities will take place in accordance with the current Watershed Protection and
Management, Emergency Stabilization – Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER)
policies (FSM 2523) and in accordance with other FS policies.
No cleanup or reforestation following wildfires will be authorized.
Management of Aircraft The BLM and FS will manage wilderness to maintain opportunities for solitude as a wilderness
characteristic and to maintain a sense of remoteness and isolation, by monitoring and limiting, to
the extent possible, aircraft over flights. Aircraft are prohibited from landing with wilderness
except in cases of emergency.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the agency responsible for managing air space
and currently recommends a minimum of 2,000 feet above ground level for aircraft flying over
wilderness. The BLM and FS will cooperate with the FAA, the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, military authorities, and with local pilots to promote compliance
with the 2,000 foot limit, to keep aeronautical charts current, and to reduce low level flights
except in emergencies, any situation necessary for the safety of flight, or for essential military
missions.
The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of aircraft:
Aircraft may not land inside wilderness boundaries except in cases of emergency.
The places, circumstances, and suitability of the use of aircraft for protection and
administration of wilderness and its resources will be determined by the Line Officer
authorized to approve such use (FSM 2326.1)
The use of aircraft will be scheduled to minimize impacts on wilderness visitors.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of aircraft:
In emergency situations involving an inescapable urgency and temporary need for speed
beyond that available by primitive means, the use of aircraft will be authorized by the
Forest Supervisor of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest (see FSM 2326.04(c) and
2326.1, as revised, for further information).
In non-emergency situations, the use of aircraft, including non-emergency transport and
supply and air drops, will be authorized by the Regional Forester for the Intermountain
Region of the FS, and will require a MRDG analysis to determine if aircraft, including
helicopters, will be the minimum tool necessary (see FSM 2326.04(b) and 2326.1, as
revised, for further information).
Monitoring Program
Both BLM and FS managers are directed to “preserve wilderness character.” Though never
explicitly defined, wilderness character is circumscribed in the Act by four qualities required of
Wilderness areas, and a fifth quality which includes values the Act says “may” be present. The
qualities of wilderness character are: untrammeled, natural, undeveloped, outstanding
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opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation, and
unique/supplemental values.
Monitoring is associated with specific wilderness characteristics and tracks the outcome of
proposed activities on the quality of wilderness character. The impacts of a single activity may
affect multiple qualities of wilderness character. Monitoring can improve understanding of an
activity’s effects whether intentional or unintentional. Unauthorized activities will also be captured
under the monitoring system.
If monitoring of on-site conditions indicates that wilderness resource values are being degraded,
management actions may be implemented to reverse the declining trend. Recreational visitor
activities may be regulated, reduced, or excluded from specific sites or areas. If it becomes
necessary to establish priorities for wilderness visitation, highest priority would be given to uses
which least alter the wilderness environment and are activities dependent upon the wilderness
environment to be fully realized. Other uses would be encouraged to occur outside wilderness.
Descriptions of BLM and FS specific monitoring programs can be found in Appendix A and B
respectively.
Plan Evaluation
This management plan will be revised when the management actions prescribed no longer meet
the wilderness management objectives or when a change in the existing situation warrants
revised management. The need for revision would be reviewed every five years and if the
decision is made to revise the plan, then it will be accomplished with public participation. Minor
revisions such as typographical or cartographical errors may be made by inserting an errata
sheet.
Plan Implementation Sequence
Management of the La Madre Mountain and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness areas will be carried
out in accordance with this plan under the direction of BLM or FS staff depending on what land
is being affected. Four types of management activities may occur: 1) ongoing activities carried
out through the life of the plan; 2) site specific actions proposed by BLM that will be
implemented as special projects at the beginning of the plan; 3) management activities triggered
by changes in conditions as detected through monitoring; and, 4) activities that may be proposed
in the future for which general guidance exists in the plan, or that may not be addressed in the
plan. The following list shows the actions needed for accomplishing management activities of
the plan. The actual implementation could be altered based on funding and staff availability
outside the control of this plan.
Ongoing activities
Maintaining boundary signs.
Monitoring visitor uses, natural resources, cultural resources, trail conditions, and
wilderness character.
Monitoring the effectiveness of signs and possible removal or repair.
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Monitoring staging areas for use and maintenance.
Dissemination of visitor information.
Issuing and monitoring permit activities such as commercial tours, educational/school
visits, and geological study/sampling.
Removing graffiti and repair of vandalism.
Inspecting climbing bolts for wear and possible replacement.
Posting temporary signs, for example fire prevention, safety and conservation messages.
Enforcement of regulations.
Monitoring wild horse and burro populations.
Controlling non-native plants.
Management of social conditions.
Special projects (in order of priority)
Archeological, botanical, and threatened and endangered species clearances to support
plan implementation.
Write and publish supplemental rules for all visitor use standards established in the plan.
Rehabilitation of former vehicle routes
Situate trailheads and other vehicle access points
Trail designation
• Trail preparation (improvement of sections not currently within standards)
• Trail marking (directional markers)
Signing
• Trailhead and vehicle access point signs
Removal of unnecessary structures and installations
Anticipated Concerns
Rehabilitation
• New visitor impacts
• Fire rehabilitation
Trail maintenance and stabilization
Management of social conditions
• Visitor use requirements
• Group size
Fire suppression
Non-native plant control
Potential future proposals
Wildlife and cultural resources projects
Research on natural resources
Actions that require a use prohibited in Section 4(c) of the Wilderness Act and are not fully
described and analyzed in the plan, or other actions that are not adequately described and
analyzed require separate environmental analysis and public involvement, pursuant to NEPA.
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Appendix A. BLM Wilderness Monitoring Program
The BLM Implementation Guide to Monitoring Attributes of Wilderness Character (2010) and
future iterations prescribes a monitoring effort based on the statutory requirements of The
Wilderness Act of 1964. The following outline describes the measures the BLM will use to
assess changes in each indicator. These indicators will be used to answer questions in order to
determine the trends in each quality of wilderness character. The outline follows this structure:
Untrammeled
What are the trends in actions that control or manipulate the earth and its community of life
inside wilderness?
Actions authorized by the Federal land manager that manipulate the biophysical environment.
Number of authorized actions and persistent structures designed to manipulate plants,
animals, pathogens, soil, water, or fire.
Percent of natural fire starts that are manipulated within the boundaries of the wilderness.
Actions not authorized by the Federal land manager that manipulate the biophysical environment.
Number of unauthorized actions.
Natural
What are the trends in terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric natural resources inside wilderness?
Plant and animal species and communities.
Status of native biological communities.
Abundance and distribution of non-indigenous species.
Amount of livestock use inside wilderness.
Physical resources.
Visible air quality, based on average visibility index (e.g. deciview) and sum of
anthropogenic fine nitrate and sulfate.
Ozone air pollution based on concentration of N100 (episodic) and W126 (chronic) ozone
exposure affecting sensitive plants.
Acid deposition, based on concentration of sulfur and nitrogen in wet deposition.
What are the trends in terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric natural processes inside wilderness?
Biophysical processes.
Departure from natural fire regimes, averaged over the wilderness.
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Undeveloped
What are the trends in non-recreational development inside wilderness?
Non-recreational structures, installations, and developments.
Index of physical development for authorized or pre-designation structures and
developments.
Inholdings.
Area and existing or potential impact of inholdings.
What are the trends in mechanization inside wilderness?
Use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, or mechanical transport.
Type and amount of administrative use (but not law enforcement or emergency use) of
motor vehicles, motorized equipment, and mechanical transport.
Proportional use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, and mechanical transport in
law enforcement or emergency responses.
Type and amount of use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, or mechanical transport
not authorized by the federal land manager.
Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation
What are the trends in outstanding opportunities for solitude inside wilderness?
Remoteness from sights and sounds of people inside the wilderness.
Amount of visitor use levels on trails to assess if overall use is more than 30% from
current levels and to assess the need for the Wilderness permitting system.
Area of wilderness affected, and severity of effect, from travel routes inside the
wilderness.
Remoteness from occupied and modified areas outside the wilderness.
Area of wilderness affected, and severity of effect, from developments that are near the
wilderness.
What are the trends in outstanding opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation inside
wilderness?
Facilities that decrease self-reliant recreation.
Type and number of agency-provided recreation facilities.
Type and number of user-created recreation facilities.
Management restrictions on visitor behavior.
Type and extent of management restrictions.
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Unique / Supplemental Values
What are the trends in cultural resources inside wilderness?
Loss of cultural resources.
Severity of disturbances to cultural resources.
What are the trends in species of concern inside wilderness?
Status of plant and animal species of concern.
Index of the status of indigenous species that are listed, or are candidates for listing, as
threatened or endangered.
Level that visitor and equestrian overnight camping recreational impacts are affecting
species of concern or reducing species of concern populations by an unacceptable level.
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Appendix B. Forest Service Wilderness Monitoring Program
Monitoring Goals and Objectives
1) Monitor key variables to understand the conditions, risks and the threats to the
Wilderness resource. Establish benchmark or reference monitoring. Develop reporting
and documentation techniques and protocols. Conduct monitoring procedures in a
manner compatible with the preservation of Wilderness values.
2) Monitor for change in conditions over time. Identify unacceptable adverse impacts.
Determine when, where, and why changes are occurring.
3) Conduct inventory and monitoring with an integrated resource approach, to the best
extent possible.
4) Provide information to improve management decisions, policies, actions, and evaluate for
effectiveness. Inform decisions that have an effect on the Wilderness resources.
5) Monitor management strategies and actions, and assess the benefits and costs, in time,
money, and effectiveness and to the Wilderness character.
6) Engage in collaboration amongst managers, scientists, public, and academic institutions.
Communicate with local, regional, and national agencies and all interested publics.
Describe, communicate, and demonstrate the effects of management and use on the
Wilderness resource.
The FS has established Wilderness at the Primitive end of a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum.
The Primitive recreation opportunity provides a very high degree of naturalness and very high
opportunities to experience solitude, closeness to nature and self-reliance, which result in unique
and highly favored recreational experiences; however, recreational use of Wilderness must be
closely managed and monitored to assure that degradation of resource values does not occur.
Monitoring is associated with specific Wilderness characteristics and tracks the outcome of
proposed activities on the quality of Wilderness character. The impacts of a single activity may
affect multiple qualities of Wilderness character. Monitoring can improve understanding of an
activity’s effects whether intentional or unintentional. Unauthorized activities will also be
addressed in the monitoring system.
For the FS, the Wilderness component of the forest plan shall include monitoring requirements
for determining whether prescriptions, standards, and guidelines are met (FSM 2322.03).
Monitoring will determine how well objectives have been met and how closely management
standards and guidelines have been applied. The plan monitoring program sets out plan
monitoring questions and associated indicators that are designed to inform management of
resource conditions in Wilderness, including relevant assumptions and changes, and measuring
the effectiveness and program toward maintaining the Wilderness plan’s desired future
conditions and objectives (36 CFR 219.12 (a)(2)).
The FS will monitor the elements in the tables below, funding permitting, for baseline
information or changes in baseline. If areas of degradation are detected, appropriate measures
will be taken, commensurate to the potential severity of the impact and needs of the area.
Appropriate measures may range from education, to maintenance, to closure. Closures may be
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invoked but are not necessarily the first choice. As per the authority of the Organic Act of 1897,
the Forest Supervisor may invoke special orders at any time for the protection of the resource.
The following monitoring strategies will respond to maintaining five qualities of Wilderness
Character.
Untrammeled Wilderness is essentially unhindered and free from modern human control or manipulation.
Monitoring Plan for Campsites
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured;
monitoring technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
What are the
density and
condition class
ratings?
Density of sites, density
of vegetation, total area
of campsite, bare
mineral soil, camp
development, social
trails, mutilations of
vegetation, and distance
to water.
Monitoring Technique
Field reviews
10% of the
Wilderness
per year
over a ten-
year
reporting
period.
Percent of total
campsites
inventoried and
proximity of sites;
campsite condition
class should not
exceed a 3.0 rating;
groundcover and
severely damaged
trees should not
exceed a rating of
2.0; campsite density
not to exceed more
than 3 Wilderness
campsites per 1,000
acres.
Establish destination
quotas or reduce use
when campsite
condition or
campsite density
standards are
exceeded; close and
rehabilitate
campsites when not
in compliance;
require Wilderness
permits.
How successful
are campsite
closures,
rehabilitation,
containment of
the site, and
other
management
actions?
Campsite closures
Monitoring Technique
Field reviews
10% of the
Wilderness
per year
over a ten
year
reporting
period.
Percent of total
campsites re-
established and
proximity of sites.
Remove and
rehabilitate
campsites as
necessary.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
Monitoring for Visitor Use
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
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technique
Is visitor use
impacting
untrammeled
character of
wilderness?
Use levels on trails to
assess need for the
Wilderness permitting
system.
Monitoring Technique
Field reviews
Annually. Increase in overall
use of more than
30% from current
levels; increase in
site density; impacts
to resource
conditions at
campsites.
Institute Wilderness
permit system or
other appropriate
management actions.
Natural Area appears to have been primarily affected by the forces of nature.
Monitoring Plan for Noxious Weeds and Non-native Invasive Species
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Are noxious
weeds, non-
native plant
populations, or
exotic pests
present in the
Wilderness?
Non-native plants;
exotic pests
Monitoring Technique
Visual observations;
field surveys
10% of the
Wilderness
per year
over a ten
year
reporting
period.
Percent of non-
native plant
populations,
invasive species, or
exotic pests
observed.
Humboldt-Toiyabe
Weed Management
Plan; Pesticide Use
Proposal.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
Undeveloped Area is essentially without permanent improvements or human occupation and retains its primeval
character.
Monitoring Plan for Vehicle Access Points and Designation of Trailheads
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Are vehicle
incursions
occurring in
Wilderness?
Vehicle and/or OHV
tracks
Monitoring Technique
Field reviews of road
closures, turn-arounds
10% of the
Wilderness
per year
Vehicle incursions
occurring at
Wilderness
boundaries.
Employ appropriate
management
actions, block
access; place
signage; close
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and parking areas at
Wilderness boundaries,
using established
baseline inventory data
parking areas.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
Monitoring Plan for System Trails and User-created Trails
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Are trails
adequately
maintained?
System trails; percentage
of change of trail depth
and width at transect
points, boggy areas,
resource damage, safety
concerns.
Monitoring Technique
Field reviews
10% of the
Wilderness
per years
over ten
year
reporting
period.
The percent of
system trails
identified by
condition surveys to
have resource
problems (i.e.,
excessive erosion,
etc.). 20%: No
more than 20 percent
of the system trail
miles would have
identified resource
problems.
Institute trail
maintenance,
closures, or
Wilderness permits.
Are user-created
trails increasing
in frequency?
User-created trails;
resource damage, safety
concerns.
Monitoring Technique
Field reviews using
baseline inventory of
user-created trails.
10% of the
Wilderness
per year
over ten
year
reporting
period.
Percent of increase
in user-created trails.
20%: No more than
20 percent increase
in user-created trails.
Assess user-created
routes and consider
adding to system if
appropriate;
otherwise, closure
and rehabilitation, or
other appropriate
options may be
necessary.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
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Monitoring for Rock Climbing Routes and Use
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Have climbing
routes and
climbing use
increased?
Routes: number of rock
climbing routes; route
density.
Use: number of rock
climbers; resource
impacts; bolt
proliferation.
Monitoring Technique
Routes: site visitation
and review using
baseline inventory of
climbing routes.
Use: site visitation, user
counts, vehicle counts,
bolt counts, resource
monitoring.
Routes:
every five
years.
Use: 100%
of
Wilderness
on a 5-10
year cycle
(10-20%
per year),
or as
resource
concerns
dictate.
Routes: when five
new routes occur
within a given area;
increase in route
density, based on
existing route
inventory; impacts
to species of concern
and other resources;
bolt proliferation.
Use: rock climber
numbers and
distribution of users.
Require site surveys
and possible route
closures, or
authorize other
appropriate options.
Outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of
recreation Area provides outstanding opportunities for people to experience solitude or primeval and
unrestricted recreation including the values associated with physical and mental inspiration and
challenge.
Monitoring for Visitor Encounters, Group and Commercial Services
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Are group size
and visitor
encounters
affecting
solitude
character?
Solitude and primeval
Wilderness values
Monitoring Technique
Field observations;
contacts with use
permittees; citations
issued for exceeding
group size or stay limits;
use levels to determine
correlation between use
levels, resource impacts
Annually Increase of 50% or
more in the
following:
recreational riding –
combination of
people and stock not
to exceed 24, with no
more than 15 stock
animals in any one
group;
Outfitter guide
Place limitation on
group size or pack or
saddle stock.
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and opportunity for
solitude.
restrictions –
numbers determined
by condition by site-
specific needs and
objectives; 14 days
camping; groups of
any kind – 15
participants.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
Unique and Supplemental Values Wilderness areas may also contain ecological, geological, or other features of scientific,
educational, scenic, or historical value.
Monitoring for Sensitive and Alpine Areas
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured; monitoring
technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Is visitor use
having a
negative impact
on vegetation in
sensitive or
alpine areas?
Alpine and springs
vegetation
Monitoring
Technique
Field reviews of soil
compaction, erosion,
vegetation loss and
equestrian use that may
be contributing to the
introduction of non-
native species; springs
vegetation.
Every five
to ten
years.
Alpine species
composition and
abundance; springs,
water sources,
riparian areas
vegetation and soil
impacts.
Establish destination
quotas to alpine or
sensitive areas;
require use permits
to alpine areas or
sensitive springs.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
Monitoring Plan for Heritage Resources
Monitoring
question
Activity,
practice, or
effect to be
measured;
monitoring technique
Measuring
frequency
Indicator* Protocol to meet
plan standards
Are existing
heritage or
cultural
resources
damaged or lost
by visitor use or
Heritage and cultural
resources
Monitoring
Technique
Field reviews
Annually The percent of
previously recorded
cultural resource sites
receiving annual site
inventory and evaluation
and evidence of damage
or loss to existing and
Employ appropriate
management practices
to eliminate or reduce
adverse effects to
historic and
prehistoric sites and
places.
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management
activities?
known cultural or
heritage resources.
*Indicator to initiate further evaluation and/or a change in management direction
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La Madre Mountain Wilderness and
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
Environmental Assessment
DOI-BLM-NV-S020-2012-0004-EA
FS Project No. 38545
Prepared By:
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Land Management
Nevada State Office
Southern Nevada District Office
Red Rock/Sloan Field Office
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service
Intermountain Region
Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
Spring Mountains National Recreation Area
December 17, 2013
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75
Purpose and Need for Action
The BLM Southern Nevada District Office (SNDO) and the FS Humboldt-Toiyabe National
Forest, Spring Mountains National Recreation Area (SMNRA) propose to write a Wilderness
Management Plan (WMP) for the La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness. These areas are located approximately three to seven miles west of the Las Vegas
Valley, Nevada (Map 6) and were designated by the Clark County Conservation of Public Land
and Natural Resources Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-282; November 6, 2002).
The United States Congress established the National Wilderness Preservation System to assure
that an increasing population, accompanied by expanding settlement and growing mechanization,
does not occupy and modify all areas within the United States. Wilderness designation is
intended to preserve and protect certain lands in their natural state. Only Congress, with
Presidential approval, may designate public lands as Wilderness. The Wilderness Act of 1964
identifies wilderness uses and prohibited activities. Although wilderness character is a complex
idea and is not explicitly defined in the Wilderness Act, wilderness characteristics are commonly
described as:
Untrammeled—Area is unhindered and free from modern human control or manipulation.
Natural—Area appears to have been primarily affected by the forces of nature.
Undeveloped—Area is essentially without permanent improvements or human occupation
and retains its primeval character.
Outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of
recreation—Area provides outstanding opportunities for people to experience solitude or
primeval and unrestricted recreation including the values associated with physical and
mental inspiration and challenge.
Unique/Supplemental Value—May also contain ecological, geological, or other features
of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value. Though not required of any
wilderness, where they are present they are part of that area’s wilderness character, and
must be protected as rigorously as any of the other four required qualities.
The purpose of a WMP is to preserve wilderness characteristics by identifying the conditions and
opportunities that will be managed for within wilderness, creating specific guidelines for
managing wilderness resources and activities, and identifying management need outside of, and
immediately adjacent to these areas over an approximately ten-year span. It identifies actions that
will be implemented upon adoption of the WMP, and those that may be implemented in the
future if changes in resource conditions occur.
The need for the Proposed Action stems from the Wilderness Act, which mandates that the
primary management direction is to preserve wilderness character. Direction for wilderness
management planning is provided in BLM Manual 8561 – Wilderness Management Plans, which
states “Wilderness management plans…will be written as soon as is practicable after
designation. Where a number of Wilderness areas are in close proximity and have similar
wilderness character and issues, they may be addressed in a single plan.” Furthermore, FS
Manual 2300 Chapter 2322 –Wilderness Management, states, “Wilderness management
76
direction is prepared as a part of the forest planning process.” The Proposed Action would create
specific guidance to achieve these mandates.
Relationship to Planning This Environmental Assessment (EA) has been analyzed within the scope of the BLM Red Rock
Canyon National Conservation Area Resource Management Plan [RMP] (2005) and the FS
General Management Plan (GMP) for the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area – an
Amendment to the Land and Resource Management Plan for the Toiyabe National Forest (1996).
This EA has been found to be in conformance with the goals, objectives, and decisions of the
aforementioned planning documents.
This WMP is in conformance with and tiered to the following documents and decisions therefor:
Final Supplementary Rules for Certain Public Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land
Management Within the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Las Vegas
District, Nevada (NV-050-03-4333-04)
Search and Rescue Training in the La Madre Mountain and Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness areas (NV-058-07-386)
Calico Basin Management Plan and Environmental Assessment (NV-050-03-09)
Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Integrated Weed Management on Bureau
of Land Management Lands (NV-052-01-0191)
Environmental Assessment and Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact
for Noxious Weed Management And Control Program for the Humboldt-Toiyabe
National Forest, including the Austin, Bridgeport, Carson, And Tonopah Ranger Districts
and Spring Mountains National Recreation Area (2001)
Environmental Assessment for Special Recreation Permits in the Core Area of Red Rock
Canyon National Conservation Area (NV-S020–2010–0014)
Environmental Assessment Special Recreation Permits for the Cottonwood Valley Trail
System (NV-S020-2010-016)
Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Restoration in Wilderness (NV-S010-2012-
0062)
Desert Tortoise Translocation Environmental Assessment (NV-S010-2012-0097)
Restoration of La Madre, Rainbow, and Kiup Springs (NV-S010-2013-044)
BLM (43 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1610.3.2[a]) and FS (36 CFR Part 219) planning
regulations require that BLM and FS resource management plans be consistent with officially
approved plans of other federal, state, local, and tribal governments to the extent those plans are
consistent with federal laws and regulations applicable to public lands. Although this regulation
does not apply to other official plans created after the land use plan is implemented, the BLM
and FS strive for management decisions to be consistent with other official plans.
Consistency with Other Appropriate Land Use Plans
The WMP is consistent with the goals, objectives, and decisions of the following Land Use
Plans:
Clark County Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (2000)
Conservation Agreement for the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area, Clark and
Nye Counties, Nevada (1998)
77
Map 6. Overview of Planning Area
78
Compliance with Executive Orders, Laws, Regulations, State Statute, and Agency Policy
The Proposed Action and alternatives are in compliance with the following:
The Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 U.S.C. §§ 1131-1136, September 3, 1964, as amended
1978)
The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. §§ 1701-1782,
October 21, 1976, as amended 1978, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990-1992, 1994 and 1996)
Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Establishment Act of 1990 (Public Law
101-621, November 16, 1990, as amended 2002)
Final Supplementary Rules for Certain Public Lands Managed by the Bureau of Land
Management Within the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Las Vegas
District, Nevada (NV-050-03-4333-04, 58 Federal Register 97 (May 21, 1993) pp.
29,625-29,633)
National Forest Management Act of 1976 (16 U.S.C. §§ 1600-1614, August 17, 1974, as
amended 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1988, and 1990)
Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (16 U.S.C. §§ 528-531, June 12, 1960, as
amended 1996)
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4347, January 1,
1970, as amended 1975 and 1994)
Southern Nevada Public Lands Management Act of 1998, "As Amended," (SNPLMA)
(Public Law 105 263)
Fiscal Year 2004 Appropriations Act amending the Southern Nevada Public Land
Management Act of 1998, Public Law 105-263 H.R. 2691
Clark County Conservation of Public Land and Natural Resources Act of 2002 (Public
Law 107-282 H.R. 5200)
Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Act (16 U.S.C. §460hhh; Public Law 103-
63, Aug. 4, 1993, 107 Stat. 297)
Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 7401-7602, December 31, 1970, as amended 1977, 1990,
2004)
Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq., 1972)
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544, December 28, 1973, as
amended 1976-1982, 1984, and 1988)
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 668-668d, June 8, 1940, as amended
1959, 1962, 1972, and 1978)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 703-712, July 3, 1918, as amended 1936, 1960,
1968, 1969, 1974, 1978, 1986 and 1989)
Executive Order 13186 ─ Responsibilities of Federal Agencies to Protect Migratory
Birds (2001)
Noxious Weed Act, as amended (7 USC. 2801, et seq.)
Management of Designated Wilderness areas (43 CFR Part 6300)
Recreation Management Restrictions: Occupancy Stay Limitation (43 CFR 8365.1-2(a)
and Federal Register Notice NV-930-4333-02)
Unlawful Manner of Camping Near Water Hole (Nevada Revised Statute 503.660)
Executive Order 13112: Invasive Species (1999)
Executive Order 13443: Facilitation of Hunting Heritage and Wildlife Conservation
(2007).
79
National Historic Preservation Act (Public Law 89-665; 16 U.S.C. 470 as amended
through 2000) and its parallel authority, Protection of Historic Properties (36 CFR 800)
Executive Order 12898, Environmental Justice (Feb. 11, 1994, 59 Fed. Reg. 7629)
Executive Order 13007, Protection and Accommodation of Access to “Indian Sacred
Sites”, (May 24, 1996).
Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. as amended
through P.L. 106–580, Dec. 29, 2000)
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, as amended (Public Law 96-95; 1
U.S.C. 470aa-mm)
Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (Public Law 92-195)
National Forest System Land Management Planning, New Plan Development or Revision
(36 CFR 219.7)
Wilderness – Primitive Areas (36 CFR 293)
Prohibitions on Wilderness (36 CFR 261)
Minerals Management in Wilderness (36 CFR 228)
The specific laws designating Wilderness areas in the National Forest System
Relationship to Policies and Guidelines
The Proposed Action and alternative action are in conformance with the following guidelines,
manuals, and handbooks:
Management of Designated Wilderness areas (BLM Manual 6340)
Wilderness Management Plans (BLM Manual 8561)
Recreation, Wilderness, and Related Resource Management - Wilderness Management
(Forest Service Manual 2300, Chapter 2320)
Wildlife Management Guidelines (House Report No. 101-405, Appendix B)
BLM Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation Handbook (1742-1)
Forest Service Manuals and Handbooks for Affected Resources (FSM 2360)
Resource Opportunities in Recreation Planning (FSM 2311)
Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (FSM 2311.11)
Scoping, Public Involvement, and Issues Issues to be addressed in this WMP were identified through internal and public scoping. Internal
scoping was done with meetings and written communications with BLM and FS resource
specialists. Public scoping was conducted in the form of workshops, meetings, written letters,
email, and by BLM and FS staff. Public scoping workshops were held at Mountain Springs, Blue
Diamond, and Las Vegas on May 18, 23, and 30, 2006 respectively, and additional public
comment was received through the mail or e-mail during a following 30-day input period. A
public comment period for the WMP Preliminary Proposed Action was initiated May 2007. The
project was reinitiated in 2012 and a draft of the revised WMP and EA were made available for a
45 day public comment period on July 8, 2013.
All issues and concerns identified during the 2006-2007 scoping and comment periods and the
2012-2013 scoping were considered during the development of the Proposed Action and range of
80
alternatives described in the EA. Relevant issues that were identified through public scoping
relate to wilderness characteristics and are as follows:
Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation:
Access to Brownstone Basin and Little Red Rock.
Use of permit system to access the backcountry.
OHV routes at the wilderness boundary as dead-ends or loops to take the vehicles away
from the wilderness.
Camping regulations in different portions of the wilderness.
Camping restriction near springs and tinajas.
Use of campfires.
Establishment, maintenance, signing, and management of designated or visitor-developed
trails.
Establishment, designation, and management of equestrian trails and allowance of cross
country equestrian travel.
Target shooting restrictions.
Group use level regulations.
Allowance of commercial guides in the Wilderness areas.
Protecting and enhancing the undeveloped and natural appearance of the Wilderness
areas.
Minimal use of signs within and adjacent to wilderness.
Closure of vehicle routes that result in vehicle trespass at topographical barriers before
they reach the wilderness boundary.
Preserving naturalness and primeval character and influence of the Wilderness areas.
Posting of fire restriction signs.
Management of fire including suppression levels.
Management of wild horses and burros.
Protection of sensitive species.
Inventory, monitoring, and research of flora, fauna, paleontological and archeological
resources.
Recreation use impacts on bighorn sheep.
Protection of springs and water sources.
Management of caves.
Managing supplemental values of the wilderness.
Using monitoring to adjust management actions.
Use of kiosks, signs, maps, pamphlets, ranger-led interpretive hikes, volunteer
opportunities, websites, TV commercials, billboards, and educational programs to
provide information to the public.
Continued allowance for educational and research opportunities within the Wilderness
areas.
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Wilderness Management.
Use of active and proactive management due to the urban proximity of the Wilderness
areas.
Sufficient resources to enforce wilderness regulations.
Issues Considered but not Further Analyzed
Issues Beyond the Scope of the Plan
Managing airspace above wilderness. Airspace is managed by the FAA and the BLM and
FS do not have authority to restrict the airspace above the Wilderness areas.
Light pollution within the Wilderness areas. Light pollution within the Wilderness areas
is mainly due to their proximity to the Las Vegas valley and several small communities
and methods to ameliorate the light pollution are outside the scope of this management
plan.
Issues regarding agency management and policies for areas outside of the Wilderness
areas such as traffic on State Route 159 and the Red Rock Canyon Scenic Drive,
equestrian limits, campgrounds, water use, and the gypsum mine on Blue Diamond Hill.
These issues are outside the scope of this management plan.
Issues Addressed Through Other Administrative or Policy Actions
Status of the road between Mountain Springs and Rainbow Spring and the cherry stem
road between the east and west portions La Madre Mountain Wilderness for public
vehicle access. These roads were closed to public vehicle access in the RRCNCA RMP.
Status of Rocky Gap Road for 4WD access to the Bridge Mountain trailhead. Rocky Gap
Road was designated as an open route for challenging 4WD use in the RRCNCA RMP
and SMNRA GMP and receives only minimal maintenance.
Maintenance of Lovell Canyon Road to improve wilderness access. The FS has made
improvements to Lovell Canyon Road, completed under a separate planning process;
however, the purpose of the project was to improve the road surface for safe driving
conditions and reduce maintenance with improved drainage crossings.
Use of the Wilderness areas for search and rescue training. The use of the BLM portion
of the Wilderness areas for search and rescue training has been analyzed and
subsequently allowed under environmental assessment NV-058-07-386.
Requiring a permit for camping throughout the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas. The
RRCNCA RMP currently allows camping without a permit in the northern portion of La
Madre Mountain Wilderness and the western portion of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness.
Changing this policy would require an amendment to the RMP which would have to be
done through a separate NEPA process including publishing a notice in the Federal
Register.
All resources considered or analyzed in this EA are displayed in Table 2 of this EA. All issues
and concerns received through internal and external scoping that relate to wilderness resource
conditions were considered during the development of the reasonable range of alternatives.
Certain issues and concerns were judged to be out of the scope of this analysis as described
above.
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Proposed Action and Alternatives
Alternative 1 – No Action The No Action alternative briefly describes differences within each category if a wilderness
management plan was not adopted. For instance, new trails or trailheads would not be designated
unless project-specific NEPA was undertaken for such purposes. This alternative provides a
baseline for comparison. In general however, the management plan identifies wilderness related
constraints for non-wilderness resource programs that may operate within wilderness. Most of
these constraints would still occur without adopting the WMP.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action The WMP in the beginning of this document is proposed for implementation and is the Proposed
Action. The Proposed Action consists of Wilderness Management Categories contained in the
plan that relate to either specific resources or resource programs administered by the BLM and
FS. These categories are briefly described in the EA with a reference to the detailed description
contained within the WMP. Some of the Wilderness Management Categories contain and
authorize site-specific Proposed Actions on BLM land. Site-specific actions on the FS portion
are not proposed and would be handled under a separate project-specific NEPA analysis. The
remainder outlines general guidelines for each non-wilderness resource program operating within
wilderness. Although the WMP would not administer these resource programs, resource activity
plans have been evaluated to ensure conformity with laws, management goals, and objectives for
these Wilderness areas.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions Alternative 3 provides alternative or additional actions for each management category that were
identified as potential options during the scoping process but were not included in the proposed
WMP. These include the designation of additional trails (and thus additional trailheads and
signs) on the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas, requiring permits for caving and large
organized groups, and limiting equestrian use to only designated trails throughout the Wilderness
areas. These alternatives are analyzed in the EA to compare their potential impacts with those of
the Proposed Action and No Action alternatives. Alternative site-specific actions cover actions
only on the BLM portions of the Wilderness areas. No alternative site-specific actions are
proposed for the FS portions of the Wilderness areas.
Wilderness Management Actions
Management and Designation of Trails Alternative 1 – No Action
The existing 13 miles of designated trails in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness and 0.35 miles
of designated trails in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness would remain designated trails. No
new trails would be designated and all former vehicle routes and existing undesignated trails
would be treated as visitor-worn/user-created hiking paths and be reclaimed according to existing
83
BLM and FS policy. Those paths would not be displayed or described on agency maps or
brochures and would be monitored according to existing BLM and FS policy.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
The Proposed Action identifies specific designated trails and how designated and visitor-
worn/user-created hiking paths would be managed. The WMP provides a detailed description,
including trail guidelines, on how the agencies will manage trails within the Wilderness areas. In
summary, 3.6 and 2.3 miles of trails would be newly designated by the BLM in the La Madre
Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, respectively.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions In addition to the designated trails proposed in the WMP, the BLM would designate the
following additional trails (Map 7):
North Peak Trail – An approximately 1.4 mile trail from Rocky Gap Road to North Peak
following an existing visitor-worn hiking path. This trail may require rerouting the
existing path and construction of new trail segments in order for it to be able to meet trail
standards.
Spring Mountains Crest Trail – An approximately 22 mile trail along the crest of the
Spring Mountains from south of the community of Mountain Springs to the Bridge
Mountain Trail in the north. This trail would follow existing foot worn paths where
present but would also require some new trail construction.
Sandstone Bluffs Trail - Approximately 1.2 miles between Rainbow Spring and the crest
of the Spring Mountains overlooking Sandstone Canyon for hiking (existing visitor-worn
hiking path and washes). At its terminus, the trail would connect to the Spring Mountains
Crest Trail. In addition, approximately 0.5 miles of the existing old road outside of the
Wilderness area would be designated as part of the trail from the wilderness boundary to
the proposed trailhead.
Management of Vehicle Access Points and Designation of Trailheads Alternative 1 – No Action
Under the No Action alternative, the only trailheads would be those already in existence and no
new trailheads for access into the Wilderness areas would be designated. Vehicle pullouts
without trailheads that provide access to non-designated trails leading into the Wilderness areas
would not receive any additional management actions such as informational signs or barriers.
There would be no guidance on pursuing public access to Brownstone Basin through private
land.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
The WMP provides a detailed description of proposed trailhead and visitor parking guidelines
and site specific actions proposed by the BLM. In summary, an additional trailhead would be
established in conjunction with the Bridge Mountain Trail identified in this plan. Interpretive
information about the wilderness will be included at all existing and proposed trailhead
information boards. Vehicle barriers may be placed in locations where natural barriers are not
adequate to keep vehicles from being driven into the Wilderness areas. This includes barriers at
the end of the open east-west road and along the north-south administrative access road to
84
Rainbow Spring. To assure continued public access to Brownstone Basin, BLM would seek to
preserve public access through agreement or easement with the Howard Hughes Corporation.
Such agreement or easement would only be pursued if the Howard Hughes Corporation is a
willing partner.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
Guidelines for trailheads and visitor parking would be the same as those described in Alternative
2. In addition to the new trailhead for the Bridge Mountain Trail in Alternative 2, the BLM
would create additional trailheads for trails designated under Alternative 3 (see Map 6). This
includes the following:
North Peak Trail trailhead on Rocky Gap Road. This trailhead would be in an existing
disturbed area that can accommodate approximately 2 to 3 vehicles. Hikers can also hike
to the trailhead from the existing parking area at Willow Springs or other parking spots
along Rocky Gap Road.
Sandstone Bluffs Trail trailhead in existing disturbed parking area on road to Rainbow
Springs. This area can accommodate approximately 2 vehicles with additional parking
options in existing disturbed areas along the road before reaching the trailhead.
Sign Plan Alternative 1 – No Action
The RRCNCA RMP does not provide general or specific guidelines for the management of signs
within the Wilderness areas. The GMP for the SMNRA provides direction to allow for signs in
wilderness only at a minimum level necessary for public safety (directional) and resource
protection. Current wilderness boundary markers and existing trail signs would be maintained.
The need for additional signs would be addressed on a case-by-case basis as needed.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
The Proposed Action outlines general guidelines for future sign placement and BLM site-specific
proposals for information sign placement and sign removal. Site specific actions proposed by the
BLM include placement of informational signs at the Bridge Mountain Trail and upper Kraft
Mountain Trail trailheads, and removal of interpretive signs in Brownstone Basin and La Madre
Springs and signs on the Bridge Mountain Trail. A detailed description of how the agencies
would manage signs in the Wilderness areas is found in the WMP.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
In addition to the items in the Proposed Action, additional information signs would be installed
by the BLM at the North Peak Trail and Sandstone Bluffs Trail trailheads. Because the
Sandstone Bluffs Trail would pass within one-quarter mile of Rainbow Spring, the information
sign at this trailhead would also provide interpretive information about Rainbow Spring itself in
conformance with the requirements of the RRCNCA RMP for trails within one-quarter mile of
springs. These signs would be placed in existing disturbed areas and would not result in any new
disturbance.
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Map 7. Rainbow Mountain Wilderness Alternative 3 Trails
86
General Recreation Activity and Visitor Use Management Rock Climbing and Canyoneering
Alternative 1 – No Action
The current management direction for rock climbing as identified within the RRCNCA RMP and
GMP for the SMNRA would be followed. While canyoneering is not called out specifically in
either plan, it is assumed that rock climbing regulations also apply to canyoneering. Within both
areas, rock climbing and canyoneering do not require a separate permit (for example, to use
removable or existing fixed protection); however both agencies require a special use permit for
outfitter guide services for climbing activities. Areas within 50 feet of rock art are closed to
climbing. Areas may also be closed (permanently or seasonally) to climbing by the BLM and/or
FS when needed to prevent degradation to wildlife, plants, cultural resources, or recreational
opportunities. The agencies are responsible for identifying permanently or seasonally closed
areas with the exception of rock art which is self-identifying. The creation of holds by installing
artificial holds, gluing, drilling, chipping, or similar activities is not allowed. This includes the
prying out of rocks. Setting aside loose rocks which may fall and cause injury is allowed.
The RRCNCA RMP also prohibits alteration or removal of vegetation at the base of or along the
climbing route. Within RRCNCA, the removal of existing fixed anchors may occur in areas
permanently closed to climbing so as to prevent degradation to wildlife, plants, cultural
resources, or recreational opportunities. These proposals would be subject to additional analysis
and public comment. Existing fixed anchors on routes may be replaced, using a hand drill only,
for safety purposes in cooperation with climbing interest groups.
The RRCNCA RMP was written while the two Wilderness areas were still wilderness study
areas. Because of this, installation of new permanent fixed anchors was prohibited. A separate
NEPA process is currently under way which is examining the permanent fixed anchor
regulations in the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas and a potential amendment to the
RRCNCA RMP. The prohibition on the installation of new permanent fixed anchors in
wilderness will continue to be implemented as directed in the 2005 RRCNCA RMP. If an
amendment to the RMP is approved, guidance regarding climbing and fixed anchors in
wilderness will be revised to reflect any new guidance identified in the amendment.
The SMNRA GMP does allow for the installation of new permanent fixed anchor routes in the
Wilderness areas under a voluntary route registration system. After development of more than
five routes, climbing areas require a site survey before additional routes will be allowed.
Permanent fixed anchors can only be installed using non-motorized equipment (i.e., a hand drill).
With the exception of the allowance of new permanent fixed anchor routes, the SMNRA GMP
aligns with the direction in the RRCNCA RMP.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Under the Proposed Action, rock climbing regulations for the BLM portion of the Wilderness
areas will be the same as those under the No Action alternative. The FS would adopt the
management standards found in the WMP which include the prohibition on the installation of
new permanent fixed anchors, except as permitted for safety purposes. If the WMP is completed
and approved prior to the decision on a BLM RMP permanent fixed anchor amendment,
permanent fixed anchor regulations in the BLM portions of the Wilderness areas will remain the
87
same as those currently in place in the 2005 RMP. If an amendment to the RMP is approved, any
changes or more detailed guidance to the climbing policy in the Wilderness areas will go into
effect on the BLM portions of the Wilderness areas. The FS may adopt BLM’s new wilderness
climbing policies as set out in the BLM’s amendment to the RMP.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Camping
Alternative 1 – No Action
The current management direction for camping as identified within the RRCNCA RMP and
GMP for the SMNRA would be followed. For those portions of the Wilderness areas
administered by the BLM, the following management directions apply:
All camping, including dispersed, is limited to a 14 day stay limit.
Expand the public education program of Leave No Trace recreation ethics and land
stewardship.
Camping along Rocky Gap Road or on the escarpment of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
is authorized by permit only.
From La Madre Mountain to the FS/BLM boundary, 3 miles south of State Route 160,
camping is managed as follows: 1) Camping northwest of the 6,500 foot elevation
contour on La Madre Mountain does not require a permit; 2) camping west of the Spring
Mountains escarpment does not require a permit; 3) within the Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness, camping between the escarpment crest and eastward to the canyon floor
(4,400 feet) requires a camping permit; 4) no other camping is allowed in this area unless
specifically agreed upon in writing by an authorized BLM representative.
Dispersed camping is allowed north of La Madre Mountain on existing disturbed areas.
If monitoring shows that additional impacts occur as a result, camping will be limited to
specific designated sites.
No camping is allowed within one-quarter mile of springs and riparian areas.
Camping at the base of the escarpment is not allowed. The intention of a bivouac is an
overnight stay on the rock wall, above the base, on a multi-day climb.
For those portions of the Wilderness areas administered by the FS, the following management
Standards apply:
No camping within 300 feet of water sources.
Prohibit camping within riparian areas.
Prohibit camping in sensitive areas, as determined through monitoring.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Primitive camping on the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas would be the same as those in the
No Action Alternative.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of camping:
Campsite occupancy is limited to 14 days.
All rock fire rings will be removed when discovered.
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Manage all use in the alpine areas if monitoring, which includes but is not limited to site
and encounter inventories, determines that visitor use is having a negative impact on
vegetation in the alpine areas, from soil compaction, erosion, vegetation loss and
equestrian use that may be contributing to the introduction of non-native species.
Manage use levels to meet campsite density and campsite conditions class objectives and
apply appropriate management actions as needed.
Campfires of any kind are prohibited within the Wilderness; this includes wood burning
stoves, charcoal fires, packed in firewood, or fire pans. Camp stoves, such as portable
liquid or gas fueled stoves used for the purpose of cooking, are permitted within the
Wilderness.
Camping will be monitored and if found to be causing impacts to sensitive natural and cultural
resources, camping permits or camping restrictions may be implemented to foster Leave No
Trace use ethics, or direct visitors to appropriate existing and durable sites. Occupying a
campsite is not allowed for more than 14 days. Visitors would be encouraged to locate campsites
away from and out of sight of trails, streams, other campsites, and other points of interest. The
FS would consider a camping prohibition and/or removal/restoration of sites within 300’ (or “in
close proximity”) of trails, paths, springs, water sources, riparian areas, or known cultural
resource sites if monitoring indicates there are resource concerns or impacts to wilderness
character. Campers would also be encouraged to use equipment that is earth tones in color and to
avoid bright reds, oranges, blues and yellows to help not draw the attention of other visitors to
the campsite.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Campfires
Alternative 1 – No Action
The current management direction for campfires as identified within the RRCNCA RMP and
GMP for the SMNRA would be followed. While the RRCNCA RMP does not provide any
management direction on campfires, the 1993 supplemental rules for the RRCNCA outlawed
campfires but allowed camp stoves and this rule is still in place. The SMNRA GMP prohibits
campfires of any kind; however, campstoves are not restricted within Wilderness. The SMNRA
GMP also provides direction to remove fire rings from within wilderness.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action Campfires, including wood burning stoves, charcoal fires, packed in firewood or fire pans, will
not be allowed in either Wilderness area. Camp stoves, such as portable liquid or gas fuel stoves
used for the purpose of cooking will be permitted. All rock fire rings will be removed when
discovered. Collection of dead and down fuel wood for any fire related use will not be allowed
on both BLM and FS managed lands in order to protect resources, including live and dead
bristlecone pines.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
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Hunting and Trapping
Alternative 1 – No Action
The current management direction for hunting and trapping as identified within the RRCNCA
RMP and GMP for the SMNRA would be followed. The use of wheeled vehicles (e.g. game
cart) for the removal of game is prohibited by the Wilderness Act. No guidance is provided in the
RMP or GMP on the use of hunting blinds. The SMNRA GMP allows for hunting and trapping
in the Wilderness areas with no area restrictions.
For those portions of the Wilderness areas administered by the BLM, the following management
directions apply:
The areas north of State Route 160, east of the Spring Mountains escarpment, south of La
Madre and west of the RRCNCA boundary which are below the elevation of 5,000 feet
are closed to hunting and trapping with the exception that bighorn sheep hunting is
allowed in a portion of two sections within the area otherwise closed to hunting (R58E
T20S N½ Section 36, R59E T20S NW¼ Section 31). In all other areas of RRCNCA, the
BLM will manage hunting and trapping in accordance with the State of Nevada.
Trapping is not allowed within one mile of designated hiking or equestrian trails.
Hunting and trapping are allowed during set seasons as specified by State regulations.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Hunting and trapping regulations in the wilderness under the Proposed Action would be the same
as those under the No Action alternative except that regulations on the use of hunting blinds
would be provided. The creation or construction of permanent hunting blinds in Wilderness areas
would not be allowed. However, portable or “pop-up” hunting blinds would be temporarily
allowed for a period of 14 days during the hunting season of use if they are packed or carried in
and out by non-mechanized means and do not require the disturbance or destruction of native
soil, rock, or vegetation. Portable and “pop-up” hunting blinds must be attended or occupied at
least some portion of a 10 day period within the 14 day period of use. If hunting blinds are not
attended or occupied for 10 days, they would be considered unattended property and/or
permanent structures and will be subject to removal by the BLM or FS.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Recreational Riding and Pack Stock Animals
Alternative 1 – No Action
Based on the RRCNCA RMP, the portion of the Wilderness areas south of La Madre Mountain
and east of the Spring Mountains escarpment is closed to recreational horseback riding except on
trails designated for equestrian use. The areas north of La Madre Mountain and west of the
Spring Mountains escarpment would remain open to recreational riding and pack stock animals
on any trail as well as cross country travel. There would be no guidance on the use of stock
animals with catastrophic diseases. The use of weed-free feed is encouraged. The FS would
continue to monitor increases of exotic non-native plant populations in the alpine to identify the
need for any trail closures and restrictions for pack stock use. Both the BLM and the FS require
special use permits for commercial guides and outfitters that use horses or pack stock. The
SMNRA GMP allows only equestrian commercial uses that minimize impacts to resources and
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the wilderness experience. The FS also requires a special use permit for non-commercial
publicized or organized events that use 15 or more horses.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action A detailed description of how the agencies would manage recreational riding and pack stock
animal use in the Wilderness areas can be found in the WMP. In summary, recreational riding
restrictions for the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas would be the same as those under the
No Action Alternative. Cross-country travel would be permitted on the FS portion of the
Wilderness areas.
Species of domestic pack stock animals known to carry catastrophic or chronic diseases would
not be permitted so as to prevent transfer of disease to native wildlife. Except for incidental
browsing, the grazing of recreational riding or pack stock animals will not be permitted. Feeding
will be limited to packed-in and certified weed-free feed; pellets will be encouraged.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of recreational riding and pack
stock animals:
Limit recreational horseback riding to trails specifically designated for equestrian use.
Do not permit recreational stock overnight camping use.
Do not allow marking of trails with materials, such as paint, blazes, clothespins and
flagging.
Require the use of packed-in and certified weed-free feed, or pelleted feed (FS Order
Number 04-00-097) and in accordance with other FS policies and closure orders.
Discontinue equestrian use in the alpine if monitoring determines that equestrian use is
having a negative impact on vegetation.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
Recreational horseback riding would still be limited to trails designated for equestrian use in that
portion of the Wilderness areas south of La Madre Mountain and east of the Spring Mountains
escarpment. In those portions of the Wilderness areas north of La Madre Mountain and west of
the Spring Mountains escarpment, recreational horseback riding and pack stock animals would
be limited to trails designated for equestrian use or washes. Cross country travel would be
prohibited except for members of a hunting party in possession of a valid hunting license and tag
in pursuit of big game. The effects of cross country stock use will be monitored to insure that this
type of use is not causing degradation of off-trail areas. Use of pack stock animals known to
carry catastrophic disease will not be permitted so as to prevent transfer of disease to native
wildlife. Except for incidental browsing, the grazing of recreational riding or pack stock animals
will not be permitted. Feeding will be limited to packed-in and certified weed-free feed; pellets
will be encouraged.
Geocaching
Alternative 1 – No Action Traditional geocaching and letterboxing is currently prohibited in BLM managed Wilderness
according to national policy (BLM Manual 6430) and will be removed when encountered. The
SMNRA GMP does not provide guidance on geocaching within wilderness. Geocached items on
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FS lands would still be treated like unattended personal property and dealt with on a case-by-
case basis.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action Traditional geocaching and letterboxing would not be allowed, however virtual geocaches would
be an accepted activity within wilderness. Traditional geocaches and letterboxes would be
removed when encountered, and visitors wishing to participate in traditional geocaching would
be directed to locations outside of wilderness. If a virtual geocache identifies a sensitive area, the
geocache sponsor will be asked to remove the site.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Target Shooting
Alternative 1 – No Action
Target shooting is currently not allowed within either the RRCNCA or the FS portions of the
Wilderness areas. These policies would remain in effect even without a comprehensive WMP.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action Target shooting would not be allowed in either the BLM or FS portions of both Wilderness
areas.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Collection of Natural Resources
Alternative 1 – No Action Collection of natural resources within RRCNCA, including wildlife (except with a valid NDOW
hunting license and tag), plants, rocks, or fossils would still be prohibited based on the 1993
Supplemental Rules. Collection of designated fruits, nuts, seeds, and similar plant materials may
be allowed through a permit approved by the BLM SNDO District Manager.
The SMNRA GMP provides restrictions on the collection of listed and sensitive species.
Collection of threatened, endangered, and sensitive species requires a permit from the Regional
Forester, except for traditional use by Native Americans. Native Americans may gather or tend
traditional native plants or materials for personal use without obtaining a special use permit.
Butterflies are protected by prohibiting collection without a permit.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action For those portions of the wildernesses managed by the BLM, collection of any natural resources
without prior authorization will be prohibited throughout the Wilderness areas.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for collection of natural resources:
Collection of natural resources within Wilderness is prohibited, exceptions include:
• Restrict mineral collecting to scientific purposes only and require a special use
permit.
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• Scientific purposes. Collection of threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant and
wildlife species for academic, scientific, or research purposes requires a permit from
the Regional Forester and a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (50 CFR
17.22), except for traditional use by Native Americans.
• Native American gathering or tending native plants or materials for personal use,
which may be done without obtaining a use permit.
• As authorized by FS permit. The authorities for permits for collection are outlined in
FSH 2409.18, Ch. 82.1 and 87.05; FSM 2404.28; and FSM 2462; and FSH 2609.25,
Ch. 4.03, and as outlined in other FS policies.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Cave Resources
Alternative 1 – No Action The current management direction for cave resources as identified within the RRCNCA RMP
and SMNRA GMP would be followed. Cave resources are also federally protected under the
Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988 (16 U.S.C. 4301). The SMNRA GMP directs
that cave resources be managed to protect resources, provide for public safety, and provide
recreational opportunities as set forth in the Federal Cave Resources Protection Act. The GMP
also provides guidance to maintain native vegetation around cave openings for a minimum
distance of 100 yards.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action Cave resources would be managed to protect resources and unique species, provide for public
safety, provide for public safety, and provide recreational opportunities as set forth in the Federal
Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988. The BLM and FS would allow recreational caving
without a permit at this time. Guidelines for accessing caves using rock climbing gear would be
the same as those found in the rock climbing section. Tossing, throwing, or rolling rocks or other
objects into caves would be prohibited. Possessing, destroying, defacing, or removing cave
formations (or parts thereof) would also be prohibited. Native vegetation would be maintained
around cave openings for a minimum distance of 100 yards. Disturbance to cultural resources as
a result of caving would be prohibited in accordance with the Archeological Resources
Protection Act of 1979 (16 U.S.C. 470). Caves may be closed (permanently or seasonally) to
access when needed to prevent degradation to wildlife, plants, cultural resources, or recreational
opportunities.
In order to prevent the introduction of white-nose syndrome, a fungus linked to bat mortalities in
the eastern U.S., cavers would be required to follow the National White-Nose Syndrome
Decontamination Protocol (available at whitenosesyndrome.org).
For those portions of the wildernesses on FS land, the FS will adhere to the following Standards
for management of caves:
Allow recreational caving without a permit. No commercial services for caving will be
permitted.
Tossing, throwing, or rolling rocks or other objects into caves are prohibited.
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Allow access to all caves only from the beginning of April through the end of May; and
from the beginning of September through the end of October. These seasonal restrictions
will remain in place until bat roosting/hibernating inventories have been completed and
long-term seasonal restrictions are established.
In order to prevent the introduction of white-nose syndrome, a fungus linked to bat
mortalities in the eastern U.S., cavers are required to follow the National White-Nose
Syndrome Decontamination Protocol (available at whitenosesyndrome.org). If it is found
that people are not in compliance with the required protocol, restrictions on cave access
can be implemented.
All gates on caves and mines will be designed to provide for unrestricted access for bats.
Temporary (test) gates of PVC or other light, impermanent material will be constructed
first to determine bats' reaction to gate design, prior to final design and construction of
permanent gates. Permanent gates will be compatible with Wilderness characteristics.
Prohibit alteration of cave and mine entrances (except for gating to protect cave
resources) or their use as disposal sites for slash, spoils, or other refuse.
Consult with Indian Tribes and an agency archaeologist to implement measures to protect
caves that are of traditional and cultural significance.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
Policies for cave resources would be the same as in the Proposed Action except that a permit
would be required for recreational caving.
Management of Cultural Resources Alternative 1 – No Action Cultural resources would be managed under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).
Guidelines for the management of cultural resources are found in BLM Manual 8110 and FS
Manual 2360. Guidelines for the BLM and FS are further laid out in the State Protocol with the
Nevada State Historic Preservation Office.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action Cultural resources would still be managed under the NHPA. Guidelines for the management of
cultural resources are found in BLM Manual 8110 and FS Manual 2360. Guidelines for the BLM
and FS are further laid out in the State Protocol with the Nevada State Historic Preservation
Office.
Every attempt would be made to protect cultural resources in place. If cultural resources are
discovered in designated trails, visitor-worn hiking paths, dispersed camping areas or other areas
of recreational use the trail may be re-routed or alternate preservation or protection actions may
be taken after consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office or with the BLM by
following the Nevada State Protocol. No ground disturbing actions would occur prior to
completion of a cultural resources inventory and completion of the Section 106 NHPA process.
Within Wilderness, the BLM and FS accommodates traditional or sacred uses identified by
Native American tribes who traditionally used the area.
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The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of cultural resources:
Allow Native American access to access plants and traditional-cultural and religious
sites.
Take measures to protect known traditional-cultural or sacred sites from fire retardant
drops to the extent possible, unless there is a threat to human safety or private property. If
opportunity allows, consult with local Indian Tribes and a FS archaeologist prior to
retardant drops to determine the most appropriate action based on site locations.
Protect to the extent possible known cultural sites from damage due to trail maintenance.
Confine maintenance of trails that cross cultural resource sites to existing trail treads.
Material from cultural resource sites will not be used as fill or construction material
during trail maintenance activities.
Require permits for any ground disturbing archaeological study under the Archaeological
Resources Protection Act. An MRDG analysis will be required to determine the
minimum tool for ground disturbance, and the resulting proposal is subject to NEPA
compliance.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Management of Small-Scale Surface Disturbances Alternative 1 – No Action
Rehabilitation of surface disturbances, if attempted, would occur on a case-by-case basis and
only after each individual project proposal has gone through the NEPA process.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
A detailed description of the actions that the BLM may take to rehabilitate surface disturbances
on the BLM portions of the wildernesses can be found in the WMP. In summary, as staff and
funding are available, approximately 10 miles of former vehicle routes in and adjacent to La
Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, those not designated as a trail
or retained as a visitor-worn hiking path, will be rehabilitated by the BLM (See Maps 2, 3).
Three mine adits will be closed pending bat surveys and a MRDG. If non-conforming methods,
such as gates, are needed to close the adits, a site-specific EA will be required.
The FS will undertake project-specific NEPA analysis in order to decommission user-created or
visitor-worn hiking routes or to take any actions to restore or rehabilitate surface disturbances
caused by heavy machinery used in mining operations, or for reclamation activities involving
mine closures in wilderness.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of small-scale surface
disturbances:
Prohibit all hazardous materials.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
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Management of Structures and Installations Alternative 1 – No Action
Structures and installations within the Wilderness areas would be dealt with on a case-by-case by
and only after each individual project proposal has gone through the NEPA process. The dam at
La Madre Spring would still be removed as analyzed under BLM EA NV-S010-2013-0044.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
A detailed description of how the agencies would manage structures and installations in the
Wilderness areas can be found in the WMP. Structures and installations would be removed if
they are not historically significant, or are not the minimum necessary for the administration of
the area as wilderness. If structures are needed to be built in the future for the protection of
resource values, they will be analyzed through a separate planning process but the agencies will
try to site them in areas that minimize visual impact. Proposed temporary structures, such as
corrals, hitch rails, or toilets must be necessary for the protection of wilderness resources and not
for the convenience of users. Structures, if approved, should be built of native or natural
appearing materials and harmonize with the environment. The FS prohibits the construction of
flood control devices in wilderness.
The following structures and installations within the La Madre Mountain Wilderness would not
be removed by the BLM:
The spring development (iron pipe and cement-lined catchment) at White Rock Spring.
Two concrete dams and one concrete trough in Brownstone Basin.
The miner’s stone cabin above La Madre Spring.
The following would be removed by the BLM within the La Madre Mountain Wilderness
pending further evaluation:
Concrete pads adjacent to the La Madre Spring Trail.
The following would be removed by the BLM within the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
pending further evaluation:
A corral at Rainbow Spring.
Site-Specific Proposed Action
The following will be removed by the BLM in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness:
A wooden bench at White Rock Spring.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Management of Personal Property, Refuse, or Vandalism Alternative 1 – No Action
A comprehensive WMP would not guide how to deal with unattended personal property, refuse,
or vandalism within the Wilderness areas.
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Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Details about how personal property, refuse, and vandalism will be dealt with by the agencies
can be found in the WMP. In summary, all unattended personal property less than 50 years old
will be removed. Vandalism to the surface of rocks in the form of paint or marks will be
removed using the least intrusive method needed to remove the vandalism. If cultural resources
are present at the affected site, a separate, site specific analysis under consultation with a
certified rock art conservator and Native American representative will be performed.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Research Alternative 1 – No Action
Research would still be able to be conducted without a comprehensive WMP in place.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
The Wilderness areas would be available for conducting basic and specific inventory,
monitoring, research, and education. When these can be accomplished outside of wilderness or
the research proposal would not contribute to improved management of the area as wilderness,
the activity would be referred to lands outside of the wilderness. The agencies would require
permits for researchers and educators interested in conducting activities in wilderness.
Researchers would be required to provide a copy of finding to the BLM and the FS. All activities
would be conducted in a manner consistent with section 4(c) of the Wilderness Act.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Environmental Education and Interpretation Alternative 1 – No Action
Currently there is no public education plan or interpretive plan for the Wilderness areas in the
RRCNCA RMP or the GMP for SMNRA.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
The primary purpose of education activities must be wilderness or environmental education and
group size may not exceed 15. If use levels increase so that visitor encounter standards are
exceeded, educational activities will be limited to no more than two per month within the
wilderness.
On and off site general interpretive information regarding natural and cultural resource and
recreation opportunities in wilderness would be located on informational signs outside of
wilderness, in brochures, on agency recreation maps, and on agency websites. Detailed
guidelines for general interpretive information regarding natural and cultural resources and
recreation opportunities in wilderness are found in the WMP.
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Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Management of Group and Commercial Services Alternative 1 – No Action
For those portions of the Wilderness areas administered by the BLM, the management directions
as identified within the RRCNCA RMP and BLM EAs NV-S020–2010–0014 and 0016 would
apply. The total number of commercial permits allowed for the entire NCA include: 5 annual and
8 temporary climbing guide permits, 5 annual hiking guide permits, and 3 equestrian guide
permits (each covers a separate area, one of which includes Rainbow Mountain Wilderness).
Each group is limited to a maximum of 12 people or horses per tour including the guide. No
guidance is given on the number of hunting guide permits per year but they will be limited to one
tour per day.
The BLM may require special recreation permits (SRPs) for commercial use, competitive events,
non-commercial, non-competitive organized groups or events, and recreation use in special areas
(43 CFR Subpart 2932). Individuals organizing events or organized group activities should
contact the BLM to determine if a SRP is required. Signage will notify the public regarding SRP
requirements. Additionally, the BLM can issue up to 4 non-commercial rock climbing group
permits for up to 12 people per group per year within the BLM portion of the wilderness as
determined in separate BLM EAs (NV-S020–2010–0014, NV-S020-2010-0016).
For those portions of the Wilderness areas administered by the FS, the management directions as
identified within the SMNRA GMP would apply. Special use permits would be required for
commercial guides and outfitters but no guidance is provided on the maximum number of annual
permits or limits to the size of the guided tours. Non-commercial publicized or organized events
with 15 or more people or 15 or more horses would require a special use permit.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Detailed guidelines for group and commercial services can be found in the WMP. Guidelines for
commercial guide limits in the BLM portion of the Wilderness areas are the same as those under
the No Action alternative and as outlined and analyzed under BLM EAs NV-S020–2010–0014
and 0016.
The BLM may require SRPs for non-commercial, non-competitive organized groups or events,
and recreation use in special areas (43 CFR Subpart 2932). Individuals organizing events or
organized group activities should contact the BLM to determine if a SRP is required. Signage
will notify the public regarding SRP requirements and that the recommended group size is 15
people or less to help preserve solitude and reduce impacts to soils and vegetation. Additionally,
the BLM can issue up to 4 non-commercial rock climbing group permits for up to 12 people per
group per year within the BLM portion of the wilderness as determined in separate BLM EAs
(NV-S020–2010–0014, NV-S020-2010-0016). Ranger-led interpretive hikes would be kept to 15
or fewer people including the ranger.
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Non-commercial publicized or organized group events on the FS portion of the Wilderness areas
with 15 or more people will be required to obtain a special use permit from the FS. Management
of group and commercial services on the FS portion of the wilderness would be regulated by the
following Standards:
Require use permits for outfitter guides and commercial horseback operators. Use permits
may authorize overnight camping for commercial guide services in the Wilderness.
Wilderness permits are currently not required for overnight use; however, if in the future
Wilderness permits are required for such use, guides will be required to obtain permits.
Include restrictions in outfitter guide and organized trail ride use permits for the
protection of vegetation and to maintain solitude character.
Use permits will be required for pack or saddle stock group use for organized trail rides
in the Wilderness. Groups will be limited to a combination of people and stock not to
exceed 25, with no more than 15 stock animals in any one group. Limitations will be
placed on pack or saddle stock if monitoring (encounters or changes in site conditions)
determines the need for such limitations.
Require the use of weed-free feed or pellets for stock animals (FS Order Number 04-00-
097) and in accordance with other FS policies and closure orders.
Require permits for publicized and/or organized events with 15 or more participants if
any portion of the activity takes place within the Wilderness.
Do not permit competitive events, training events, and contests (FSM 2323.13h).
Do not permit filming for commercial purposes, guidebooks, television, or film, as
instructed by Forest Service national direction.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Wildlife Management Alternative 1 – No Action
Under the No Action Alternative, a comprehensive WMP would not guide wildlife related
management categories. Wildlife water developments in the Wilderness areas would continue to
be considered by each agency in accordance with the CCCPLNRA and in the BLM portions, the
MOU with NDOW. The FS would continue to adhere to management direction in accordance
with the SMNRA GMP and other FS policies relevant to wildlife water developments.
Wildlife relocation activities could still be conducted in conformance with the current or
subsequent BLM–NDOW MOU and guided by the CCCPLNRA, as well as the BLM–APHIS
MOU (2012) and BLM Manual 6340 (Management of Designated Wilderness areas). The
translocation of Mojave Desert tortoises as analyzed under BLM EA NV-S010-2012-0097 could
still occur without a WMP in place.
Wildlife damage management could still be carried out in conformance with the BLM-APHIS
(2012) and FS-APHIS (2004) MOUs.
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Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Detailed wildlife management guidelines can be found in the WMP. A MRDG and site-specific
NEPA analysis would occur for site-specific actions. Wilderness would be managed by the both
agencies in accordance with the Wilderness Act, Federal and State laws, and the CCCPLNRA,
which permits existing and future structure and facilities, including inspections and maintenance,
for wildlife water development projects in wilderness when considered essential to preserve,
enhance, or prevent degradation of wilderness character. Wildlife transplants (i.e. removal,
augmentation, or reintroduction of wildlife species) may be permitted if judged necessary to
perpetuate or recover a threatened or endangered species or to restore populations of indigenous
(including sensitive) species eliminated or reduced by human disturbance. Wildlife damage
management activities occurring in wilderness would be approved by the BLM or FS and
conducted by the USDA APHIS in conformance with the BLM-APHIS (2012) and FS-APHIS
(2004) MOUs.
The FS would be guided by the following Standards for the management of wildlife:
Give first priority to locating habitat improvement projects outside wilderness for the
benefit of wildlife that spend only part of the year in wilderness (FSM 2323.35a). Only
allow water source developments in wilderness to improve desert bighorn sheep habitat.
These developments must protect wilderness character.
Entry into wilderness using motorized or mechanized means for wildlife management
activities, including wildlife relocation or capture, or wildlife research, will be allowed
only if deemed necessary by an MRDG. Approval must be made by the Region 4
Regional Forester (FSM 2326.04b).
Wildlife hunting, collection, movement or removal will be managed in accordance with
state statutes, specifically, "It is unlawful to collect or remove wildlife without written
consent of the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NRS 503.597). Further, Nevada
Administrative Code 503-093 requires the necessary permit or written authorization from
the Department to hunt, take or possess wildlife, which are classified as protected.”
Entry into wilderness using motorized or mechanized means for necropsy or retrieval of
VHF/GPS telemetry collars or other types of tracking devices that have dropped off study
animals or deceased animals, which do not allow time for an MRDG analysis, will be
allowed if approval is made by the Regional Forester (FSM 2326.04b).
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Management of Wild Horses and Burros Alternative 1 – No Action
The BLM and FS wild horse and burro programs’ activity plans guide the management of wild
horses and burros. Herd Management Areas (HMAs) or Wild Horse and Burro Territories
(WHBT) that exist in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness
seek to conform to an Appropriate Management Level (AML) of zero within the Wilderness
areas. However, periodic gathers may still occur in wilderness. On-the-ground management
activities would be accomplished on foot or by the use of pack stock.
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Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Periodic gathers may occur to achieve AML within BLM HMAs or FS WHBT. In particular, the
Brownstone Basin and Rainbow Spring areas will be monitored for horses and burros from the
Red Rock HMA and if detected, a gather may be initiated. Each gather would require a project
specific MRDG and NEPA analysis.
If gathers are needed, on-the-ground activities within wilderness would be accomplished on foot
or by the use of pack stock. If the MRDG and NEPA analysis results in motorized means for
horse gathers, aircraft, including helicopters, may be used to survey, herd, capture, and monitor
wild horses or burros. However, aircraft may not land inside wilderness boundaries except in
cases of emergency or by approval from the BLM SNDO District Manager or the FS Region 4
Regional Forester.
The agencies will control wild horse and burro access into wilderness and favor control measures
outside of wilderness where prudent and feasible. In cases where impacts to springs and riparian
systems result from wild horses or burros, mitigation measures may be employed to prevent
further degradation or to restore wilderness character.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Vegetation, Soil, and Water Management Alternative 1 – No Action
Vegetation management would not be guided by a comprehensive WMP but could still occur, if
needed, on a case-by-case basis.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
A detailed description of how the agencies would manage vegetation in the Wilderness areas can
be found in the WMP. The management goal in the Wilderness areas would be to maintain the
desired condition of the vegetation mosaic through natural disturbances such as fire, flood, and
avalanches. Management tools, such as mechanical treatment or prescribed burning, would be
used to achieve the desired conditions for the vegetation mosaic only if other alternatives are not
available. No special management actions will be taken to try to mitigate or repair the visual
damage from natural events and processes such as rock slides, avalanches, or tree mortality from
insect and disease unless there is a threat to public safety.
The FS would monitor threatened, endangered, and protected species to ensure protection of
these species and their habitats, and develop management actions consistent with wilderness
values, where appropriate, to help ensure their protection.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of vegetation:
Where monitoring indicates visitor use and trampling impacts to sensitive plants are
occurring and may be affecting the vigor or reproductive capacity of the populations,
relocate or modify trails or campsites as needed to prevent a loss of viability or trend to
federal listing of any sensitive plant species.
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On FS land, tree cutting is prohibited in Wilderness (36 CFR 293.6), except for
administrative purposes as stated in this plan and emergencies.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of soil and water:
Apply Forest Service Region 4 Soil and Water Conservation Practices Handbook (FSH
2509.22, Ch. 10, 5/1988).
Management of soil and water in Wilderness is generally the same as for all National
Forest watersheds (FSM 2502). However, in Wilderness natural processes shall
dominate; measures that modify plant cover and treat soil mantles or other activities
designed to supplement natural water yield are inappropriate (FSM 2323.42).
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Noxious Weeds and Non-Native Invasive Species Alternative 1 – No Action
Noxious weeds and invasive species would be treated on a case-by-case basis as per the BLM
Southern Nevada District Office Noxious Weed Plan. The BLM’s noxious weed classification
system (which is described in the BLM Manual 9015 Integrated Pest Management) would be
consulted in setting priorities for weed control. There is currently no existing management plan
with which to treat invasive grasses such as red brome (not a noxious weed) in wilderness. The
BLM could still remove the giant reed infestation around La Madre Spring as analyzed under
BLM EA NV-S010-2013-0044.
The FS would treat noxious weeds and non-native invasive species on a case-by-case basis.
Treatment methods would be employed in accordance with the Noxious Weed Management and
Control Program for the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, including the Austin, Bridgeport,
Carson, and Tonopah Ranger Districts, and the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Detailed guidelines for control of noxious and non-native invasive species in the Wilderness
areas can be found in the WMP. When noxious and invasive weeds are found, emphasis would
be placed on controlling small infestations with the potential to spread and displace native plants.
Treatments for large infestations (defined by the BLM and FS Weeds Coordinators) would be
considered separately.
The BLM would employ potential treatment methods that include hand pulling, herbicides, and
biological control. The FS would continue to monitor wilderness and alpine areas to reduce the
impacts of exotic, non-native plant populations and assess the need for any trail closures and
restrictions for equestrian or other visitor use. The FS would conduct NEPA analysis for site-
specific actions proposed in either wilderness. Noxious and invasive weeds would be treated in
accordance with the Noxious Weed Management and Control Program for the Humboldt-Toiyabe
National Forest, including the Austin, Bridgeport, Carson, and Tonopah Ranger Districts and the
Spring Mountains National Recreation Area.
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The FS will adhere to the following Standard for management of noxious weeds and non-native
invasive species:
Pesticide and herbicide use will require a MRDG analysis and a Pesticide Use Proposal
(FS-2100-2) approved by the Regional Forester. Application techniques should employ
the most primitive methods where possible, in accordance with an approved MRDG
analysis.
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Fire Management Alternative 1 – No Action
Fire management activities would occur without the guidance of a comprehensive WMP but the
BLM and FS would continue to adhere to fire management direction found in their respective
fire management plans.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
Detailed fire management guidelines, including FS Standards, are found in the WMP. Fire
management objectives in these Wilderness areas would be structured in accordance with the
2004 Las Vegas Field Office Fire Management Plan (FMP) and Humboldt-Toiyabe National
Forest FMP. If either FMP is updated over the life of this WMP, the new policies would be
followed. Following fire, the BLM will conduct ESR activities may be undertaken in accordance
with current DOI policy (620 DM 3 Wildland Fire Management Burned Area Emergency
Stabilization and Rehabilitation) and BLM policy (H-1742-1 Burned Areas Emergency
Stabilization and Rehabilitation Handbook). The FS would continue to follow direction on
emergency stabilization and rehabilitation activities which will take place in accordance with the
agency’s current Watershed Protection and Management, Emergency Stabilization – Burned
Area Emergency Response (BAER) policies (FSM 2523).
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Management of Aircraft Alternative 1 – No Action
The FAA would still be the agency responsible for managing air space over the Wilderness
areas. The FAA currently recommends a minimum of 2,000 feet above ground level for aircraft
flying over wilderness.
Alternative 2 – Proposed Action
The BLM and FS will cooperate with the FAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, military authorities, and with local pilots to promote compliance with the 2,000
foot limit, to keep aeronautical charts current, and to reduce low level flights except in
emergencies, any situation necessary for the safety of flight, or for essential military missions.
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The FS will consider the following Guidelines for management of aircraft:
Aircraft may not land inside wilderness boundaries except in cases of emergency.
The places, circumstances, and suitability of the use of aircraft for protection and
administration of wilderness and its resources will be determined by the Line Officer
authorized to approve such use (FSM 2326.1)
The use of aircraft will be scheduled to minimize impacts on wilderness visitors.
The FS will adhere to the following Standards for management of aircraft:
In emergency situations involving an inescapable urgency and temporary need for speed
beyond that available by primitive means, the use of aircraft will be authorized by the
Forest Supervisor of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest (see FSM 2326.04(c) and
2326.1, as revised, for further information).
In non-emergency situations, the use of aircraft, including non-emergency transport and
supply and air drops, will be authorized by the Regional Forester for the Intermountain
Region of the FS, and will require a MRDG analysis to determine if aircraft, including
helicopters, will be the minimum tool necessary (see FSM 2326.04(b) and 2326.1, as
revised, for further information).
Alternative 3 – Alternative Actions
There is no difference from the Proposed Action.
Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences
Introduction The scope of this EA analysis comprises the La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness located in Clark County in the Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion. The
BLM’s NEPA Handbook (H-1790-1) and FS Manual 1950 and FS NEPA Handbook 1909.15,
and its implementing procedures codified at 36 CFR part 220, require that all environmental
documents address specific resources or concerns of the human environment. The list of
elements contained in the BLM handbook has been expanded by BLM Instruction Memoranda
and Executive Orders. The resources/concerns identified for this analysis, along with the
rationale for including or not including them in this analysis, are listed in Table 2. Resources not
adversely affected will not be considered further in this document.
Resources/Concerns Considered for Analysis The following items have been evaluated for the potential for impacts to occur, either directly,
indirectly, or cumulatively, due to implementation of the Proposed Action. Consideration of
some of these items is to ensure compliance with laws, statutes, or Executive Orders that impose
certain requirements upon all Federal actions. Other items are relevant to the management of
public lands in general, and to the BLM SNDO and FS Humboldt-Toiyabe SMNRA in
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particular. Following the table, each analyzed resource/concern is organized into two parts,
Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences.
Table 2: Resources/Concerns Considered for Analysis
Resource/Concern
Issue(s)
Analyzed?
(Y/N)
Rationale for Dismissal from Analysis or Issue(s) Requiring
Detailed Analysis
Air Quality N
There are no mechanical or soil disturbing activities planned in the
Wilderness. Ensure plan is in accordance with Clean Air Act for the
duration of the plan.
Areas of Critical
Environmental Concern N There are no ACEC’s present in the area.
BLM Natural Areas Y
The North Fork Pine Creek Canyon Natural Area (NFPCCNA) is
located within the planning area. Site-specific actions are not
proposed within the NFPCCNA and therefore direct impacts are not
anticipated. The general management guidelines may result in
indirect impacts to the NPCNA (e.g., fire management) and
therefore impacts need to be analyzed in the EA.
Cultural Resources Y Cultural resources are located in the project area and thus there may
be potential impacts due to the Proposed Actions.
Environmental Justice N
The development of management activities in the WMP is not
expected to impose disproportionately high or adverse human health
or environmental effects that would fall disproportionately on low-
income, minority populations, Native American tribes, women, or
affect the civil rights of any United States citizen.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions N
Currently there are no emission limits for suspected Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) emissions, and no technically defensible methodology
for predicting potential climate changes from GHG emissions.
However, there are, and will continue to be, several efforts to
address GHG emissions from federal activities, including BLM and
FS authorized uses.
Farmlands (Prime or
Unique) N There are no prime or unique farmland designations in the area.
Fish and Wildlife Excluding
Federally Listed Species Y
Some of the BLM Proposed Actions have the potential to impact
wildlife species found in the project area. Management activities set
out in the WMP that have the potential to affect fish and wildlife
should be analyzed in the EA.
Floodplains N
Management activities in the WMP would not involve the
occupancy or modification of floodplains within the wildernesses.
Floodplains should be maintained to mimic historic
condition/operation.
Fuels/Fire Management Y The WMP addresses fire management and thus should be analyzed
in the EA
Geology/Mineral
Resources/Energy
Production
N There are no mining claims or mining operations in the La Madre
Mountain and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness.
Hydrologic Conditions N Any action outlined in the WMP that might affect hydrologic
conditions will be analyzed in separate EAs.
Invasive Non-native Plant
Species (includes noxious
weeds)
Y The WMP describes actions to control noxious weeds and thus
should be analyzed in the EA.
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Resource/Concern
Issue(s)
Analyzed?
(Y/N)
Rationale for Dismissal from Analysis or Issue(s) Requiring
Detailed Analysis
Land/Access N There are no private inholdings, thus access is not an issue. There is
minimum disturbance in a Wilderness area, thus there are no issues.
Livestock Grazing N The Proposed Action is not located in any authorized grazing
allotments.
Migratory Birds Y Several of the management actions have the potential to impact
migratory birds.
Native American Religious
Concerns Y
Sites of Native American concern are assumed to be present and
impacts should be analyzed in the EA. Analyzed under Cultural
Resources section.
Night Sky N
No Actions are proposed that would impact levels of light pollution.
Potential light pollution from projects outside the Wilderness areas
would be analyzed under their separate planning processes.
Paleontological Resources N
There are no Proposed Actions in areas with known paleontological
resources. Wilderness designation and the prohibition on collection
of natural resources will have a positive impact.
Rangeland Health Standards N
Negative impacts to rangeland health are not expected. Adverse
impacts to surface hydrology which could also negatively affect
rangeland health will be addressed under the hydrology section.
Recreation Uses Y The WMP addresses multiple recreation activities and thus should
be analyzed in the EA.
Socio-Economics N
This is an implementation plan under the RRCNCA RMP and
SMNRA GMP. Potential socio-economic impacts were analyzed as
part of the RMP and GMP and this WMP is in conformance with
those documents.
Soils N
The Proposed Action includes minimal surface disturbance (i.e.
walking and camping), there should be no impacts local soils.
General protective measures for soils are set out in the WMP.
Special Status Animal
Species (Federally protected,
Nevada State protected,
BLM/FS Sensitive rated)
Y
Multiple sensitive and protected animal species, including the
federally Threatened desert tortoise, are present within the
Wilderness areas and have the potential to be impacted
Special Status Plant Species
(Federally protected, Nevada
State protected, BLM/FS
sensitive rated)
Y
While no federally protected plant species are present, there are
several FS or BLM sensitive plant species present with the potential
to be impacted. Larval host plants for special status butterfly
species are present in the area and have the potential to be impacted.
Vegetative Resources Y Several of the actions in the WMP have the potential to impact
vegetation and thus should be analyzed in the EA
Visual Resources N
The planning area encompasses designated Wilderness and adjacent
non-wilderness within Red Rock Canyon National Conservation
Area, which are managed as VRM Class I and II, respectively. The
actions meet the objectives for both VRM classes. Actions will
preserve the existing character of the landscape and any change
would be very low. On the FS portions of the wildernesses, a visual
quality objective of preservation will be met. The visual quality
objective of preservation allows ecological changes only.
Management activities, except for very low visual-impact recreation
facilities, are prohibited.
Wastes, Hazardous or Solid N No wastes are anticipated to be produced by actions described in the
WMP
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Resource/Concern
Issue(s)
Analyzed?
(Y/N)
Rationale for Dismissal from Analysis or Issue(s) Requiring
Detailed Analysis
Water Quality,
Drinking/Ground N
Management activities in the WMP may affect water quality and
instream flows that provide habitat for native aquatic invertebrate
populations, endemic flora, and for healthy riparian vegetation.
Project-specific NEPA analysis would be conducted for site-specific
activities with the potential to degrade water quality.
Water Resources (Water
Rights) N The WMP does not impact federal water rights.
Wetlands/Riparian Zones N
Riparian/wetland vegetation health may be impacted by
management activities set out in the plan; however, site-specific
activities affecting soils would be analyzed in project-specific
NEPA analysis.
Wild and Scenic Rivers N No wild and scenic rivers are located in the area.
Wild Horse and Burro Y The proposed project is located in or adjacent to portions of the Red
Rock HMA, Wheeler Pass HMA, and Spring Mountains WHBT.
Wilderness Y The plan addresses management actions in the Wilderness areas.
Mandatory Items Analyzed
BLM Natural Areas Affected Environment Located within the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, the North Fork Pine Creek Canyon Natural
Area was designated in 1965 (Public Land Order 3530). It is a 150 acre research natural area
located in the north fork of Pine Creek Canyon. It was designated due to the high number of rare
plants, including many fern species, found in the canyon. There are no designated trails through
the Natural Area but there are several visitor-worn hiking paths leading to popular climbing
areas.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
Impacts to the Natural Area due to actions described in the Proposed Action should be minimal
compared to those currently occurring without a management plan in place. The Proposed Action
will provide guidance on obscuring and rehabilitating visitor-worn hiking paths if they are found
to be causing resource damage.
Impacts of No Action
Impacts currently occurring in the Natural Area will continue to occur. There will be no specific
guidance on closing and rehabilitating visitor-worn hiking paths if they are causing resource
damage.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts to the North Fork Pine Creek Canyon Natural Area under Alternative 3 would be
the same as those under the Proposed Action.
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Cultural Resources Affected Environment
Cultural resources are defined as any physical evidence of former human presence that is older
than 50 years. Cultural resources include prehistoric and historic period sites, features, and
artifacts which may range in complexity from a single stone tool or bottle fragment to a large
prehistoric village or historic-period town site.
Section 106 of the NHPA of 1966 requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of
their undertakings on “historic properties:” those cultural resources listed in or eligible for listing
in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
The La Madre Mountain and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness areas are known to contain
numerous prehistoric and historic cultural resource sites. Prehistoric sites include rock shelters,
roasting pits, petroglyphs, pictographs, campsites, and lithic material. Historic sites include dams
and spring developments built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, homestead sites, mining
cabins and sites, fences, and bottles and cans.
Archaeological or traditional sites that represent the activities of Native Americans are the most
sensitive properties to manage. The locations of these sites have often been lost to the people whose
ancestors made them or used them. Many archaeological sites are sacred to the Native Americans.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
Potential impacts to cultural sites in the Wilderness areas include direct and indirect damage
from pedestrian traffic, vandalism, removal of artifacts, and unauthorized excavations. Site
stewardship efforts and increased patrol by law enforcement officers and other BLM and FS staff
would help reduce impacts to cultural sites. General interpretive information on wilderness
resources, including cultural resources, would also help reduce impacts through increased public
education. Periodic monitoring of visitor use would trigger mitigation efforts if impacts to
cultural resources are detected. Guidance is provided in the Proposed Actions to reroute trails if
they are found to be causing impacts to cultural resources. All areas with site-specific actions
proposed by the BLM will be surveyed for cultural resources before being implemented.
Impacts of No Action
The No Action alternative would not provide any management guidance to direct visitation away
from cultural resource areas or provide other guidance on how to reduce potential impacts to
cultural resources.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts from Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action. The
designation of more trails under this alternative may lead to more visitor use of these trails. If
these additional trails pass through areas containing cultural resources, the additional visitors
may result in impacts to the cultural resources. The BLM requirement for groups with 15 or
more people to obtain a permit could help reduce impacts to cultural resources by directing the
groups to areas not known to contain sensitive cultural resources.
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Fire Management Affected Environment
The FS and BLM’s objective regarding fire management is to manage wildland and prescribed
fire as one of the tools in the treatment of vegetation communities and watersheds to achieve the
desired range of conditions for resource programs. Both areas have had fires since 2000 that
burned approximately 9,835 acres of La Madre Mountain Wilderness and 569 acres of Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness. Map 8 depicts the extent of fires in the Wilderness areas beginning in
2000. There have also been multiple fires in both Wilderness areas that occurred prior to 2000
but the extent of these fires has not been mapped.
The fire management units (FMUs) that overlap these Wilderness areas are displayed in Map 7
and described in Table 3. The fire management type displayed in Table 3 is a designation that
defines a FMU’s primary resource management objective and fire protection values.
Table 3: Fire Management Units within the Wilderness areas
FMU Name FMU Type La Madre
Mountain (acres)
Rainbow
Mountain
(acres)
Red Rock NCA (HE) –
High Elevation
Special Management Area 16,542 19,528
Red Rock NCA (LE) – Low
Elevation
Special Management Area 11,572 697
SMNRA Wilderness Wilderness NRA 19,400 4,800
The Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) is a numerical rating representing the degree of
departure from the historical fire regime and vegetation conditions in terms of fire frequency and
severity. The majority of each Wilderness area is characterized as FRCC 2 with substantial
portions rated as FRCC 3. The following are the associated FRCC definitions (there are no
FRCC 1 rated areas within these wildernesses):
• Fire Regime Condition Class 2 (CC2): Fire regimes on these lands have been moderately
altered from their historical range by either increased or decreased fire frequency. A
moderate risk of losing key ecosystem components has been identified in these lands. To
restore their historical fire regimes, these lands may require some level of restoration as
through prescribed fire, mechanical or chemical treatments, and the subsequent
reintroduction of native plants.
• Fire Regime Condition Class 3 (CC3): These lands have been significantly altered from
their historical range. Because fire regimes have been extensively altered, risk of losing
key ecosystem components from fire is high. Consequently, these lands verge on the
greatest risk of ecological collapse. To restore their historical fire regimes before
prescribed fire can be utilized to manage fuel or obtain other desired benefits these lands
may require multiple mechanical or chemical restoration treatments, or reseeding.
While the pinyon-juniper and other higher elevation ecosystems are fire adapted, the low
elevation desert ecosystems are not fire adapted. Fires in these desert scrub ecosystems may now
be fueled by the presence of non-native annual grasses, primarily red brome, which increases fire
intensity, rate of spread, and fire frequency. Non-native invasive annual grasses tend to return in
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higher densities after fire leading to an unnatural fire regime and less diverse vegetation
community. Non-native annual grasses burn more frequently and at larger scale than the native
vegetation. Fire management will continue to be an important challenge unless native vegetation
communities can be restored to these areas.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
Impacts from fire management activities include visual impact from retardant, but the use of
retardant reduces surface disturbance from line construction. Localized impacts to vegetation
may occur if motorized access is granted for a specific fire. However, MIST guidelines would be
followed in an effort to minimize impacts to wilderness character. Actions deemed necessary by
line officers or the Incident Commanders for public and firefighter safety could cause short-term
impacts to resources such as vegetation, wildlife, and weeds. On the BLM portions of the
wildernesses, suppression tactics used to limit impacts and prevent spread of non-native grasses
may have short-term impacts to wilderness character, but would enhance the natural
characteristics of wilderness in the long-term.
Post-fire ESR seeding or planting treatments, if successful, would benefit wilderness by restoring
natural vegetation communities or establishing a less fire-prone community even if non-native
species are approved. Fire management strategy may be altered in order to protect cultural
resources.
The differences between agency fire management strategies may have long- and short-term
impacts to vegetation, visual and wilderness character.
Impacts of No Action
The No Action would not alter fire management program activities, therefore impacts would be
the same as the Proposed Action.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts due to Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action.
Wildlife Affected Environment
The Wilderness areas support a rich community of nearly 300 wildlife species including species
characteristic of the north-eastern Mojave Desert and the Great Basin. Wildlife species in the
general area include mammals, birds, and reptiles. No fish species exist within the wilderness
boundaries. Biological diversity varies according to topography, plant community, and proximity
to water, soil type, and season. Many of these species have adapted complex life strategies for
survival in the desert environment.
Several common species of reptiles are present in the surrounding habitat types. These species
include the western whip-tail (Aspidoscelis tigris), desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis), side-
blotched lizard (Uta stansburniana), zebra-tail lizard (Callisaurus draconoides), Mojave Desert
tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), western shovel-nosed snake (Chionactis occipitalis) and garter
snake (Thamnophis sp.).
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Common bird species that are present include the rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), black-
throated sparrow (Amphispiza quinquestriata), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), common raven
(Corvus corax), phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and
western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugea).
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Map 8: Fire Management Units and Fire History From 2000-2013
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Common mammal species include the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) and the desert
cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii). There are several rodent species present including cactus mice
(Peromyscus eremicus), Merriam kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) and species associated
with rocky habitats including the wood rat (Neotoma lepida). Other mammal species present in
the areas include kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), ringtails (Bassariscus astutus), bobcat (Lynx rufus
baileyi), mountain lion (Puma concolor), and coyote (Canis latrans).
Hunting and trapping are permitted in wilderness subject to applicable State and Federal laws
and regulations. Non-commercial collection of shed antlers is also allowed. La Madre Mountain
Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness are both located within hunt unit 262. Big game
species that occupy these areas largely consist of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), rocky
mountain elk (Cervus canadensis), and desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni).
Big Game
Mule deer generally browse on forbs, grasses, and shrubs depending on the time of year. For
instance, forbs and grasses are most important in spring and summer while shrubs are most
utilized during winter and the dry summer months. According to NDOW habitat models, the
majority of both Wilderness areas provide potential habitat for mule deer except the eastern end
of the La Madre Mountain Wilderness. Only 175 acres, though, in the northwestern portion of
the La Madre Wilderness is considered crucial summer habitat for mule deer.
Elk browse mainly on grasses and forbs but will also eat shrubs and bark. They can occur
throughout the wooded areas of the Spring Mountains but migrate to higher elevation alpine
areas in the summer. In the Wilderness areas, they are most likely to occur in the wooded
portions west of the Spring Mountain escarpment.
While hunting is allowed for bighorn sheep in the area, they are also a BLM and FS sensitive
species and thus are discussed further under the sensitive species section.
Upland Game
Upland game species primarily consist of Gambel’s Quail (Callipepla gambelii) and Chukar
Partridge (Alectoris chukar).
Gambel’s quail is native to the Mojave Desert and the southern portion of the Great Basin. Their
primary diet consists of leaves, grasses, and seeds. Insects may be utilized during nesting season.
Water is a limiting factor and population abundance fluctuates during drought years, however,
small game wildlife water developments help stabilize population numbers (Brown et al. 1998).
Chukar partridge are from the pheasant family and were originally introduced from Pakistan as
an upland game bird. They are found on rocky hillsides or open and flat desert with sparse grassy
vegetation. They primarily eat seeds but will forage on some insects (Christensen 1996).
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
The biggest challenges to wildlife in the Wilderness areas may be invasive grasses and the
potential for climate change. Although climate change predictions are arguable, the BLM
adheres to DOI Secretarial order No. 3226, Amendment No. 1, which suggests that potential
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climate change issues be addressed in long-term planning documents. The FS also addresses
climate change considerations in long-term planning with guidance outlined in “Climate Change
Considerations in Land Management Plan Revisions, January 20, 2010.” If predicted climate
change should occur, the habitat that wildlife species depend upon could be impacted through
decreased plant species diversity, increased fire frequency, and lack of water resources. At higher
elevations or near springs, densities and competition among wildlife may increase.
While fires themselves could have long-term impacts, the ground-disturbing methods relating to
fire management activities, emergency stabilization and rehabilitation, route restoration,
installation of signs, removal of structures, and trail maintenance could have localized, short-
term impacts on behavior and movement of individuals. Rehabilitation and restoration activities
would have the long-term benefit of improving wildlife habitat and provide a less fragmented
vegetative landscape. Road restoration and installation of vehicle barriers will help reduce
vehicle incursions into the wilderness thus reducing impacts to species habitat and the direct
impacts of killing or maiming individuals that are hit by the vehicles.
The following Best Management Practices would minimize impacts to migratory or resident
birds stemming from ground disturbing activities:
1. To prevent undue harm, habitat-altering projects or portions of projects should be
scheduled outside bird breeding season. In upland desert habitats and ephemeral washes
containing upland species, the season generally occurs between March 1st and August
31st.
2. If a project that may alter any breeding habitat has to occur during the breeding season,
then a qualified biologist must survey the area for nests prior to commencement of
construction activities. This shall include burrowing and ground nesting species in
addition to those nesting in vegetation. If any active nests (containing eggs or young) are
found, or birds are identified as displaying territorial behavior, an appropriately-sized
buffer area, determined by a qualified biologist, must be avoided until the young birds
fledge.
According to the Record of Decision for the Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on BLM
lands in 17 Western States Programmatic EIS (2007), the herbicides that would be used for salt
cedar and giant reed treatments “are not likely to impact” wildlife when applied at typical
application rates.
During wild horse and burro gathers, short-term, localized impacts may occur. However, in the
long-term wildlife would benefit from fewer impacts to springs and less competition for forage
from wild horses and/or burros.
Impacts of No Action
In general, the impacts would be the same as the Proposed Action because fire management,
emergency stabilization and rehabilitation, and wild horse and burro management are guided by
their own resource programs and may still occur in wilderness. Wildlife disturbance due to route
restoration, installation of signs, parking areas, weed management, and trail maintenance may
still occur if these actions are implemented on a case-by-case basis with their own NEPA
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analysis. Unless implemented on a case-by-case basis, the benefits of rehabilitation and
restoration of disturbed areas and the installation of vehicle barriers would not occur.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts from Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action. The
designation of more trails under this alternative may lead to more visitor use of these trails. This
could lead to increased disturbance to species that are secretive and avoid areas where people are
present. The requirement by BLM for non-commercial groups of over 15 people to get a permit
may help reduce these types of impacts by helping control group sizes and thus the number of
people on a trail at one time.
Special Status Animal Species Affected Environment
Federally Listed Species
The only federally listed species known to occur in either Wilderness area is the Mojave Desert
tortoise. The Mojave Desert tortoise was listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as
threatened in 1990. This long-lived species inhabits Mojave Desert scrub vegetation types on
flats and bajadas in the eastern Mojave Desert where they forage primarily on perennial grasses
and forbs. The primary threats include habitat loss, mortality due to vehicles, raven predation,
and disease. Based on habitat models, La Madre Mountain Wilderness contains approximately
73 acres of desert tortoise habitat in the northeast corner of the Wilderness area.
Two springsnails (Pyrgulopsis deaconi, P. turbatrix) and one butterfly (Euphilotes ancilla
cryptica) that have the potential to occur in the Wilderness areas have been petitioned to be listed
under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). All were found to possibly warrant listing under a 90-
day finding by the USFWS and are currently undergoing a status review (USFWS 2011, 2012).
The freshwater springsnails are endemic to springs located on BLM land and in RRCNCA. The
populations have been moderately impacted by recreational activities and one known population
(Rainbow Spring) is now extinct, possibly due to overgrowth of vegetation. Spring Mountains
springsnail (P. deaconi) occurs or used to occur at Willow Springs and Rainbow Spring.
Southeast Nevada springsnail (P. turbatrix) occurs at La Madre Spring and Willow Springs. The
Spring Mountains dark blue butterfly (E. ancilla cryptica) is also endemic to the Spring
Mountains. It uses the sulphur-flower buckwheat (Eriogonum umbellatum var. subaridum) as its
larval host plant. Its populations have been impacted mostly by loss of habitat, specifically loss
or damage to its larval host plant.
BLM Special Status, FS Sensitive, and State Protected Species
In addition to species federally protected under the ESA, BLM and FS designate additional
species of concern as Special Status or Sensitive Species. This includes wildlife that is classified
as protected under Nevada Revised Statute 501.110, species that are not federally or State
protected, and species identified by the BLM or Region 4 Regional Forester as sensitive. It is
BLM policy to provide the same level of protection for sensitive species as a federal candidate
species (BLM Manual 6840.06). The manual states, “BLM shall implement management plans
that conserve candidate species and their habitat and ensure that actions authorized, funded, or
carried out do not contribute to the need for the species to become listed.” The FS offers similar
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direction for the protection of sensitive species by managing habitats to maintain viable
populations of all existing native and desired non-native species (FSM 2670.12) and avoiding
actions that would result in the loss of species viability or create significant trends toward federal
listing (FSM 2670.32).
Table 4 lists the BLM and FS special status and sensitive wildlife species that may occur in the
planning area. However, this may not represent actual species present because extensive surveys
within the wilderness have not been conducted. It is likely that various other BLM and FS
special status and sensitive species may be discovered in the future within the boundaries of
wilderness.
The table also lists whether the species is State protected or listed under the Clark County
Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (MSHCP). The MSHCP was written as a means to
address the conservation needs of the biological resources within Clark County in the face of
rapid urban expansion and in support of an application for a Take Permit pursuant to the
provisions of Section 10(a) of the ESA. These Wilderness areas are in Clark County and the
BLM and FS seek to be consistent with officially approved plans of other federal, state, local,
and tribal governments to the extent those plans are consistent with federal laws and regulations
applicable to public lands.
Table 4: Special Status and Sensitive Wildlife Species That Do or May Occur in the
Planning Area
Common
Name Scientific Name
BLM
Special
Status/
Sensitive
FS
Sensitive
State of
Nevada
status
Clark County
MSHCP
status
Birds Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Y Protected Watch
Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Y Y Endangered Covered
Northern
goshawk Accipiter gentilis
Y Sensitive Watch
Ferruginous
hawk Buteo regalis
Y Protected Watch
Swainson’s
hawk Buteo swainsoni
Y Protected
Flammulated
owl Otus flammeolus
Y Protected Watch
Pinyon jay Gymnorhinus
cyanocephalus
Y Protected
LeConte’s
thrasher Toxostoma lecontei
Y Protected Evaluation
Loggerhead
shrike Lanius ludovicianus
Y Sensitive Evaluation
Mammals
Western
pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus hesperus
Y
Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus Y Protected
Big Brown bat Eptesicus fuscus Y
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Common
Name Scientific Name
BLM
Special
Status/
Sensitive
FS
Sensitive
State of
Nevada
status
Clark County
MSHCP
status
Spotted bat Euderma maculatum Y Threatened Watch
Allen’s big-
eared bat Idionycteris phyllotis
Y Protected Watch
Western red bat Lasiurus blossevilli Y Sensitive
Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Y
California
myotis Myotis californicus
Y
Small-footed
myotis Myotis ciliolabrum
Y Evaluation
Long-eared
myotis Myotis evotis
Y Covered
Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes Y Protected Evaluation
Long-legged
myotis Myotis volans
Y Covered
Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis Y Watch
Townsend’s
big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii
Y Y Sensitive Evaluation
Big free-tailed
bat Nyctinomops macrotis
Y Watch
Brazilian free-
tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis
Y Protected
Desert bighorn
sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni
Y Y
Reptiles
Gila monster Heloderma suspectum Y Protected Evaluation
Chuckwalla Sauromalus ater Y
Desert glossy
snake Arizona elegans eburnata
Y Covered
Mojave Desert
sidewinder Crotalus cerastes cerastes
Y Covered
Mojave Desert
tortoise Gopherus agassazii
Y Y Threatened Covered
Invertebrates
Spring Mtns
acastus
checkerspot
Chlosyne acastus robusta
Y
Covered
Spring Mtns
dark blue
butterfly
Euphilotes ancilla cryptica
Y
Covered
Morand’s
checkerspot
butterfly
Euphydryas anicia
morandi
Y
Covered
Spring Mtns
springsnail Pyrgulopsis deaconi
Y Covered
Southeast NV
springsnail Pyrgulopsis turbatrix
Y Covered
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Birds
Generally the golden eagle can be found in open country, open wooded country, and barren
areas, especially in hilly or mountainous regions. Nesting typically occurs on rock ledges, cliffs
or in large trees. Peregrine falcons are also cliff nesters and prey on other birds. Northern
goshawks and flammulated owls are found in aspen stands and mixed conifer forest. Swainson’s
hawks nest in large trees, especially riparian trees, or on cliff ledges and forage in open
shrublands and grasslands including agricultural fields. Ferruginous hawks occur in open pinyon-
juniper woodlands where they can forage in nearby shrublands.
Pinyon jays occur in open pinyon-juniper woodlands near sagebrush shrublands. LeConte’s
thrashers are found in mixed desert scrub and mesquite habitats. The loggerhead shrike prefers
open country with scattered trees and shrubs for nesting. Perches are an important habitat
component used for hunting. If natural perches are unavailable they will perch on poles, wires or
fence posts.
Bats
There are several sensitive species of bats found within the wildernesses. They can be found in a
wide range of habitats from low desert scrub to high elevation coniferous forests. They use rock
crevices, mines, caves, trees and buildings for day and night roost sites and are very sensitive to
roost disturbance
The majority of the information available about bats in the wildernesses is about bats found
around springs. Springs provide water as well as hunting grounds for many of the insect species
that form the prey base of most local bats. Bats require certain minimum surface-areas of water
to be able to skim their drinking intake while in full flight. Bats are not limited to foraging
around water sources, though, and will forage anywhere there are flying insects.
Desert Bighorn Sheep
The desert bighorn sheep is found mainly along desert mountain ranges in Nevada and California
to west Texas and south into Mexico. Bighorn sheep are gregarious, sometimes forming herds of
over 100 individuals, but small groups of 8-10 are more common. Mature males usually stay
apart from females and young for most of the year in separate bachelor herds. They usually
migrate seasonally, using larger upland areas in the summer and concentrating in sheltered
valleys during the winter. The project traverses both crucial and winter desert bighorn sheep
ranges.
Reptiles
The desert glossy snake is a burrowing, nocturnal snake that occurs in a variety of habitat
throughout the Mojave Desert including light shrubby to barren desert, grasslands and
woodlands. The desert glossy snake generally prefers open areas where the ground is sandy to
loamy.
The Mojave Desert sidewinder is a nocturnal snake hiding in the day in animal burrows or coiled
camouflaged in a shallow self-made pit at the base of a shrub. This species is most common
where there are sand hummocks topped with creosote bushes, mesquite or other desert plants but
may also occur on flats, barren dunes, hardpan and rocky hillsides.
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The Gila monster's range includes extreme southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and adjacent
southeastern California south through southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and much of
Sonora to Sinaloa, Mexico. Its habitat includes Mojave and Sonoran desert scrub, desert
grassland, thorn scrub, and occasionally pine-oak woodland.
The western chuckwalla is found throughout the deserts of the southwestern United States and
northern Mexico. Chuckwallas inhabit rocky outcrops where cover is available between boulders
or in rock crevices, typically on slopes and open flats below 5,000 feet. Typical habitat includes
rocky hillsides and talus slopes, boulder piles, lava bed, or other clusters of rock, usually in
association Mojave Desert Shrub vegetation. This species requires shady, well-drained soils for
nests.
Butterflies
In addition to the Spring Mountains dark blue butterfly which is described under the Federally
Listed Species section, the other two sensitive butterflies are also endemic to the Spring
Mountains and occur mostly at elevations between 6,000 and 10,000 feet. Similar to the Spring
Mountains dark blue butterfly, their populations can be impacted by loss of or damage to their
larval host plants and nectar plants.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
The general impacts to sensitive species would be the same as those analyzed under Wildlife.
Rehabilitation and restoration activities would help improve sensitive species habitat and reduce
habitat fragmentation. Road restoration and installation of vehicle barriers will help reduce
vehicle incursions into the wilderness thus reducing impacts to species habitat and the direct
impacts of killing or maiming individuals that are hit by the vehicles.
Prohibiting camping within one-quarter mile of water sources with the BLM portions of the
wildernesses, and within 300 feet of water sources in the FS portions of the wildernesses, will
help reduce disturbance to sensitive species that depend on these water sources such as bighorn
sheep, bats, and springsnails. Increased visitation and use of trails may impact bighorn sheep
which prefer solitude. Use of mechanized or motorized equipment during wildlife management
activities (e.g. wildlife relocations, collar retrieval) may cause temporary disruption of wildlife
populations but the actions are performed with the intent of improving the long-term status of the
species. The use of white-nose syndrome decontamination protocols for caving activities will
help reduce the chances for the introduction of the disease to the local bat populations.
Mojave Desert Tortoise
No site specific actions are proposed by the BLM in tortoise habitat; therefore, impacts are
expected to be minimal. If any ground disturbing actions do take place within tortoise habitat,
consultation with the FWS may be required. At a minimum, BLM will implement the following
stipulations, and the FS will incorporate the following as design features in project-specific
NEPA analysis:
A speed limit of 25 miles per hour shall be required for all vehicles travelling on the
existing access roads leading to the wilderness boundary.
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Should a tortoise enter the area of activity, all activity shall cease until such time as the
animal has left the area of its own accord.
Workers will be instructed to check underneath all vehicles before moving them as
tortoises often take cover underneath parked vehicles.
Workers will be provided educational information on the Mojave Desert tortoise with
includes the legal protection and consequences for the violation of the Endangered
Species Act.
Springsnails and Butterflies
Springsnails are found in La Madre Springs. If herbicide should enter the springs, the
springsnails and other aquatic life could be killed. These potential impacts will be analyzed as
part of the separate restoration plan for La Madre Spring. BLM is also proposing to reintroduce
springsnails into Rainbow Spring which will be analyzed under a separate planning process. The
installation of vehicle barriers to limit vehicle incursions through Rainbow Spring, as identified
in the Proposed Action, will be an essential component of any reintroduction plans.
Use of herbicides to treat non-native plant species, fuels control, and vegetation management
projects have the potential to impact butterfly larval host plants and nectar plants. Except for spot
treatments of small populations of non-native plants by the BLM, these types of projects would
require analysis under a separate planning process where there potential impacts could be
specifically analyzed. Treatments of small populations of non-native plants would help control
their spread which would help reduce potential future impacts to butterfly habitat. Rehabilitation
and restoration activities may help improve butterfly habitat by increasing the density of their
larval host and nectar plants. Monitoring activities would help identify impacts to butterfly
habitat from visitor activities.
Impacts of No Action
In general, the impacts would be the same as the Proposed Action because fire management,
emergency stabilization and rehabilitation, and wild horse and burro management are guided by
their own resource programs and may still occur in wilderness. Wildlife disturbance due to route
restoration, installation of signs, parking areas, and trail maintenance may still occur if these
actions are implemented on a case-by-case basis with their own NEPA analysis. The benefits to
species habitat from restoration and installation of vehicle barriers would not occur if these
projects are not implemented. There would be no guidance on the use of decontamination
protocols during caving activities.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts from Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action. The
designation of more trails under this alternative may lead to more visitor use of these trails. This
could lead to increased disturbance to species that are secretive and avoid areas where people are
present. The requirement by BLM for non-commercial groups of 15 or more people to get a
permit may help reduce these types of impacts by helping control group sizes and thus the
number of people on a trail at one time. The requirement of a permit for recreational caving
would help reduce impacts to sensitive bat species by controlling group sizes and timing of
activities as well as providing a way for the agencies to disseminate information on white-nose
syndrome decontamination protocols.
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Special Status Plant Species Affected Environment
Nevada BLM Special Status Species include plants that are federally listed, proposed, or
candidate species under the ESA, or plant species declared by the State Forester Firewarden to be
threatened with extinction pursuant to Nevada Revised Statutes (N.R.S.) 527.260-300.
According to N.R.S. 527.270, “…no member of its kind may be removed or destroyed at any
time by any means except under special permit issued by the state forester firewarden.”
The FS Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species List includes plant species that are federally listed,
proposed, or candidate species under the Endangered Species Act, or those plant species
identified by a Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern due to significant
current or predicted downward trends in population numbers, density, or in habitat capability that
reduce a species’ existing distribution.
Table 5 lists the BLM and FS special status plant species that may occur in the planning area.
However, this may not represent actual species present because extensive surveys within the
wilderness have not been conducted. It is likely that various other BLM and FS special status and
sensitive species may be discovered in the future within the boundaries of wilderness. The table
also lists whether the species is State protected or listed under the Clark County MSHCP.
Table 5: Special Status and Sensitive Plant Species That Do or May Occur in the Planning
Area
Common Name Scientific Name
BLM
Special
Status/
Sensitive
FS
Sensitive
State of
Nevada
status
Clark County
MSHCP
status
Rough angelica Angelica scabrida Y Y Covered
King’s rosy
sandwort Arenaria kingii ssp. rosea
Y Covered
Clokey milkvetch Astragalus aequalis Y Covered
Curve-podded
milkvetch Astragalus mohavensis
Y Evaluation
Spring Mountains
milkvetch Astragalus remotus
Y Y Covered
Nevada
willowherb Epilobium nevadensis
Y Y Evaluation
Charleston
Mountian
goldenbush
Ericameria compacta
Y
Inch high fleabane Erigeron uncialis ssp.
conjugans
Covered
Clokey’s
greasebush Glossopetalon clokeyi
Y Covered
Smooth dwarf
greasebush
Glossopetalon pungens
var. glabrum
Y Y Covered
Red Rock Canyon Ionactis caelestis Y Covered
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Common Name Scientific Name
BLM
Special
Status/
Sensitive
FS
Sensitive
State of
Nevada
status
Clark County
MSHCP
status
aster
Jaeger ivesia Ivesia jaegeri Y Y Covered
Charleston
lousewort
Pedicularis semibarbata
ssp. charlestonensis
Covered
Yellow twotone
beardtongue
Penstemon bicolor ssp.
bicolor
Y Evaluation
Charleston
beardtongue
Penstemon leiophyllus ssp.
keckii
Y Covered
Jaeger
beardtongue
Penstemon thompsoniae
ssp. jaegeri
Y Y Covered
Clokey mountain
sage Salvia dorrii ssp. clokeyi
Covered
Charleston
grounddaisy
Townsendia jonesii var.
tumulosa
Y Covered
Charleston violet Viola purpurea var.
charlestonensis
Y Covered
Some of the sensitive plant species are endemic to the Spring Mountains including rough
angelica, Clokey milkvetch, Spring Mountains milkvetch, Clokey’s greasebush, Red Rock
Canyon aster, and Charleston beardtongue. Several other sensitive plant species are endemic to
southern Nevada including Charleston Mountain goldenbush, inch high fleabane, Charleston
lousewort, yellow twotone beardtongue, Jaeger beardtongue, and Clokey mountain sage.
Many of the species are found in rocky limestone slopes, ridges, and outcrops including King’s
rosy sandwort, curve-podded milkvetch, Nevada willowherb, inch high fleabane, Clokey’s
greasebush, smooth dwarf greasebush, Jaeger ivesia, and Charleston grounddaisy. Red Rock
Canyon aster is only found along the sandstone escarpment in the Bridge Mountain area.
Several of the species occur on wooded slopes in the Wilderness areas. These include Charleston
Mountain goldenbush, Charleston lousewort, Charleston violet, Jaeger beardtongue, and Clokey
mountain sage. Charleston beardtongue is found on gravelly slopes at or near timberline. Rough
angelica is found in moist habitats and washes.
Clokey milkvetch occurs on dry mountain slopes while Spring Mountains milkvetch occurs on
gravelly slopes along the base of the Spring Mountains. Yellow twotone beardtongue occurs at
lower elevations in rocky washes and along gravelly roadsides.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
Similar to wildlife, the biggest long-term threats to sensitive plant species are invasive species
and the potential for climate change. Invasive species can out-compete and displace sensitive
species, and also increase the probability of fires, further reducing sensitive species populations.
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Along with illegal vehicle incursions, the ground-disturbing methods relating to fire management
activities, emergency stabilization and rehabilitation, route restoration, installation of signs,
removal of structures, and trail maintenance also have the potential to impact sensitive plant
species. Except for fire management and ESR activities, the other activities will not be
performed or the sensitive plant species will be avoided during site-specific activities proposed
in the WMP by the BLM, if there are sensitive species present in the project area as determined
by a rare plant survey completed prior to beginning work.
The FS would conduct project-specific NEPA analysis to rehabilitate illegal vehicle incursions or
conduct route restoration, removal of structures, and trail maintenance that might have the
potential to impact sensitive plant species. The FS would require an interdisciplinary analysis be
conducted to determine fire suppression rehabilitation needs for all fires larger than 500 acres,
with the exception of emergency rehabilitation measures to prevent loss of soil/water and onsite
productivity for sensitive plant species.
Rehabilitation and restoration activities along with the installation of vehicle barriers may help
improve rare plant habitat by reducing vehicle incursions and helping limit the spread of invasive
species. In addition, seeds or individuals of sensitive species could be used during rehabilitation
and restoration activities to help increase populations of sensitive species.
Impacts of No Action
In general, the impacts would be the same as the Proposed Action due to fire management and
ESR because these activities guided by their own resource programs and may still occur in
wilderness. Impacts due to invasive species would continue and may increase without invasive
species monitoring and management direction described under the Proposed Action. Impacts due
to route restoration, installation of signs, parking areas, and trail maintenance may still occur if
these actions are implemented on a case-by-case basis with their own NEPA analysis. Impacts
resulting from unmanaged and unmitigated dispersed uses, especially in areas where those uses
are expected to increase, will further degrade suitable and occupied sensitive plant species
habitats. The benefits to sensitive species from restoration and installation of vehicle barriers
would not occur if these projects are not implemented.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts from Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action. The
designation of more trails under this alternative may lead to more visitor use of these trails. If
sensitive plant species grow near these trails, there may be increased disturbance to these
populations. The limitation of horseback riding to only designated trails or washes throughout
both Wilderness areas could help reduce impacts to sensitive plant species due to cross country
travel.
Vegetation Affected Environment
The La Madre Mountain Wilderness and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness are located in the
Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion (Mojave Desert). The Southwest Regional Gap Analysis
Project (SWReGAP) was initiated in 1999 and mapped landscape features for a five-state region
123
(AZ, CO, NV, NM, and UT), including ecological systems that are grouped into vegetation
patterns (Lowry et al. 2005). Map 9 displays the vegetation communities and Table 6 displays
the acreage of each within these Wilderness areas based on SWReGAP information. The general
plant species associated with each community are described below (USGS National Gap
Analysis Program, 2005).
Great Basin Pinyon-Juniper Woodland
This community typically occurs on the dry mountain ranges of the Central Basin and Range
ecoregion and the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada, typically at lower elevations ranging
from 5,200─8,500 feet. These woodlands tend to be dominated by a mix of singleleaf pinyon
(Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Shrubs include multiple species
of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), and grasses, such
as squirrel tail (Elymus elymoides).
Great Basin Xeric Mixed Sagebrush Shrubland
This ecological system occurs in the Central Basin and Range ecoregion on dry flats and plains,
alluvial fans, rolling hills, rocky hill slopes, saddles, and ridges at elevations between
3,300─8,500 feet. Sites tend to be dry and exposed to drying winds, generally with shallow,
rocky, non-saline soils. Shrublands are dominated by black sagebrush (Artemisia nova) and may
have co-dominant species such as big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) or rabbitbrush
(Chrysothamnus spp.). Other associated shrubs may include shadscale saltbush (Atriplex
confertifolia) or bud sagebrush (Picrothamnus desertorum).
Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Shrubland
This vegetation type typically occurs in broad basins between mountain ranges, plains, and
foothills in soils which are typically deep, well-drained, and non-saline. These shrublands are
dominated by big sagebrush, however, scattered Utah juniper and saltbush (Atriplex spp.) may be
present in some stands. Rabbitbrush and mountain mahogany may be co-dominating species in
disturbed areas. Several grass species such as Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides) or
wild rye (Leymus cinereus) may be common.
Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe
This vegetation type occurs at montane and subalpine elevations on deep-soiled stony flats,
ridges, and nearly flat ridgetops, and mountain slopes. It includes sagebrush communities
occurring composed primarily of big sagebrush and related species, and antelope bitterbrush
(Purshia tridentata). Most stands have a perennial herbaceous layer >25%, common grasses
include sheep fescue (Festuca ovina) and squirrel tail. In many areas, frequent wildfires maintain
an open herbaceous-rich steppe condition, however, at most sites shrub cover can be >40%.
Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Shrub Steppe
This ecological system occurs at lower elevations on alluvial fans and flats with moderate to
deep soils. This semi-arid shrub steppe is typically dominated by grass species (>25% cover)
with an open shrub layer. Characteristic grasses include Indian ricegrass, big galleta (Pleuraphis
rigida), and needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata). Woody species include four-wing
saltbrush (Atriplex canescens), rabbitbrush, winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), and broom
snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae).
124
Table 6: Vegetation Communities Present within the Wilderness areas
Ecological System La Madre Mountain
Wilderness (acres)
Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness (acres) Great Basin Pinyon-Juniper Woodland 22,005 8,381
Great Basin Xeric Mixed Sagebrush
Shrubland 4 –
Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush
Shrubland 17 9
Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush
Steppe 14 –
Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Shrub
Steppe 133 4
Inter-Mountain Basins Subalpine Limber-
Bristlecone Pine Woodland 179 –
Invasive Annual and Biennial Forbland 27 –
Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub 12,753 10,350
North American Warm Desert Bedrock
Cliff and Outcrop 2,517 5,873
North American Warm Desert Lower
Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland 164 7
Rocky Mountain Alpine-Montane Wet
Meadow 22 –
Rocky Mountain Montane Dry-Mesic
Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland 1,908 1
Rocky Mountain Montane Mesic Mixed
Conifer Forest and Woodland 1,168 1
Sonora-Mojave-Baja Semi-Desert Chaparral 6,272 233
Sonora-Mojave Creosotebush-White
Bursage Desert Scrub 37 40
Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub 5 –
Inter-Mountain Basins Subalpine Limber-Bristlecone Pine Woodland
This ecological system occurs in the Mojave Desert as open woodlands on high-elevation ridges
(between 8,300-12,000 feet) and rocky slopes above subalpine forests and woodlands. Stands
are dominated by limber pine (Pinus flexilis) and/or Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus
longaeva), while singleleaf pinyon may be present in lower-elevation stands. If present, shrub
herbaceous layers are generally sparse and composed of shrubs, grasses, and cushion plants.
Associated species may include common juniper (Juniperus communis), squirrel tail, and
mountain gooseberry (Ribes montigenum).
Invasive Annual and Biennial Forbland
Areas that are dominated by introduced annual and/or biennial forb species such as red brome
(Bromus rubens) and Russian thistle (Salsola spp.).
Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub
This ecological system is generally found in the eastern and central Mojave Desert and on lower
piedmont slopes in the transition zone into the southern Central Basin and Range ecoregion. The
vegetation in this ecological system is diverse. Characteristic species include blackbrush
125
(Coleogyne ramosissima), eastern Mojave buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), Nevada jointfir
(Ephedra nevadensis), Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera), and Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia).
Grass species may include Indian ricegrass, or big galleta.
North American Warm Desert Bedrock Cliff and Outcrop
This vegetation pattern is found from subalpine to foothill elevations and includes barren and
sparsely covered terrain (generally <10% plant cover) consisting of steep cliff faces with scree
and talus slopes, narrow canyons, and smaller rock outcrops. There is a diverse suite of species
including golden bush (Ericameria cuneata), Utah agave (Agave utahensis), rock spirea
(Petrophytum caespitosum), various cactus species, and lichens.
North American Warm Desert Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrub
This ecological stystem occurs in mountain canyons and valleys consisting of mid- to low-
elevation (3,600-5,900 feet) riparian corridors along perennial and seasonally intermittent
streams. The vegetation is a mix of riparian woodlands and shrublands. Dominant trees include
cottonwood (Populus fremontii), ash (Fraxinus spp.), and others. Dominant shrubs types include
willow (Salix spp.), desert almond (Prunus fasciculata), and mule-fat (Baccharis salicifolia).
Vegetation is dependent upon annual or periodic flooding and associated sediment scour and/or
annual rise in the water table for growth and reproduction.
Rocky Mountain Alpine-Montane Wet Meadow These are high-elevation communities (3,200-
11,800 feet) occurring as large meadows in montane or subalpine valleys, found on flat areas to
gentle slopes. It is dominated by herbaceous species found on wetter sites. This system occurs as
a mosaic of several plant associations, often dominated by grasses, including Letterman needle
grass (Achnatherum lettermanii), Jaeger whitlow cress (Draba jaegeri), rock columbine
(Aquilegia scopulorum), sedge (Carex spp.), and sheep fescue. Often alpine dwarf-shrublands,
especially those dominated by willow (Salix spp.), are immediately adjacent to the wet meadows,
strongly associated with snowmelt.
Rocky Mountain Montane Dry-Mesic Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland
This highly variable system of the montane zone is composed of mixed-conifer forests occurring
on all aspects from 3,900-10,800 feet. Rainfall averages less than 30 inches per year with
summer monsoons contributing considerable moisture. White fir (Abies concolor) and ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa) are the dominant species. Limber pine is common. Numerous cold-
deciduous shrub and grass species are common, including mountain mahogany, creeping
barberry (Mahonia repens), and mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus). This system
was a mixed severity fire regime in its “natural condition,” having a high degree of variability in
mortality and return interval.
Rocky Mountain Montane Mesic Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland
This mixed conifer forest system occurs mainly in cool ravines and on north-facing slopes at
elevations from 3,900 to 10,900 feet. Fires occur at variable intervals and are mostly light,
erratic, and infrequent. White fir usually dominates, but ponderosa pine may be present.
Numerous cold-deciduous species can occur, including Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum).
Herbaceous species include brome (Bromus spp.), sedge (Carex spp.), fleabane (Erigeron spp.),
sweetcicely (Osmorhiza depauperata), and Fendler meadow-rue (Thalictrum fendleri).
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Map 9: Vegetation Communities in the Wilderness areas
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Sonora-Mojave-Baja Semi-Desert Chaparral
This ecological system is found in the western Mojave and Sonoran deserts where evergreen
shrublands on sideslopes transition from low-elevation desert landscapes up into woodlands.
Associated species include oak (Quercus spp.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), desert
ceanothus (Ceanothus greggi), and ashy silktassel (Garrya flavescens)
Sonora-Mojave Creosotebush-White Bursage Desert Scrub
This desert scrub system is characteristic of the broad valleys, bajadas, plains, and low hills in
the Mojave and lower Sonoran deserts. Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and white bursage
(Ambrosia dumosa) are typically the dominant species, but many shrubs may co-dominate or
form sparse understories in any given area. Associated species include four-wing saltbrush,
brittlebrush (Encelia farinosa), Nevada jointfir, boxthorn (Lycium andersonii) and beavertail
cactus (Opuntia basilaris). The understory is typically sparse but may be seasonally abundant
with short-lived wildflowers. Herbaceous species such as sandmat (Chamaesyce spp.), fluffgrass
(Dasyochloa pulchella), and desert trumpet (Eriogonum inflatum) are common.
Sonora-Mojave Mixed Salt Desert Scrub
This system is found in the Mojave Desert and includes extensive open-canopied shrublands of
typically saline basins, often around playas. Vegetation is composed of one or more saltbush
species (Atriplex spp.) such as four-wing saltbush or cattle saltbush (Atriplex polycarpa). Species
of allenrolfea (Allenrolfea spp.), pickleweed (Salicornia spp.), seepweed (Suaeda spp.), or other
salt tolerant plants are often present to codominant. Grass species may include alkali sacaton
(Sporobolus airoides) or saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) at varying densities.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
The one new trailhead (Bridge Mountain Trail trailhead) proposed for construction by BLM
would be located outside the wilderness boundary in an area that is already relatively disturbed.
The newly designated trails are all currently existing visitor-worn hiking paths and thus are also
already relatively disturbed. Thus, there would be only nominal further impacts to surrounding
vegetation communities due to these actions proposed by the BLM.
Approximately 10 miles of decommissioned routes would be rehabilitated by BLM. Reclaiming
decommissioned routes would reduce or eliminate further unauthorized incursions and allow for
new plant growth which would enhance the vegetation communities in proximity to these former
routes. In addition to rehabilitation, vehicle barriers outside of wilderness, including those
proposed on routes leading to the Rainbow Spring area, would prevent vehicles from
unauthorized travel inside wilderness, thus limiting impacts to vegetation.
Very small amounts of vegetation may be temporarily impacted from authorized motorized
access that may occur through future emergency stabilization and rehabilitation, wildlife
management, or fire management actions. The Proposed Action does allow for the use of seeding
or planting of native vegetation as part of emergency stabilization and rehabilitation actions after
fires.
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Approved research on native plant communities, vegetation restoration projects, and monitoring
could improve vegetation communities within wilderness. The prohibition of geocaching would
prevent disturbance to vegetation that could occur through object burial and the development of
social trails relating to geocaching.
Impacts of No Action
Without the guidance of a management plan and subsequent monitoring, altered vegetation
communities may persist or further degrade impacting wildlife habitat and increasing fire
frequency and severity. Unmonitored recreational use of the Wilderness areas could result in
impacts to vegetation on foot-worn paths and at campsites. Not installing signs, rehabilitating
decommissioned routes, or installing barriers outside of wilderness could lead to degradation of
vegetation communities through an increase in motorized trespass and poor wilderness ethics
from recreational users.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts from Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action. The
designation of more trails by the BLM under this alternative may lead to more visitor use of
these trails. These additional trails are currently existing visitor-worn hiking paths and thus there
would be only nominal further impacts to surrounding vegetation communities. The limitation of
equestrian use to only designated trails or washes would help reduce impacts to vegetation due to
cross country equestrian travel.
Invasive Non-Native Plant Species (Including Noxious Weeds) Affected Environment
Noxious and non-native invasive weeds are frequent obstacles to managing wilderness character
in the Mojave Desert ecoregion. Non-native invasive species are defined by Executive Order
13112 as “an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or
environmental harm or harm to human health.” Alien refers to a species that did not evolve in the
environment in which it is found. Noxious weeds are any plant designated by a Federal, State, or
County government as injurious to public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, or property
(Sheley, Petroff, and Borman 1999).
Noxious weeds in Nevada are classified by the Nevada Department of Agriculture and the Plant
Protection Act (2000) administered by USDA APHIS. Category A weeds are weeds that are
generally not found or are limited in distribution throughout the State. Such weeds are subject to
active exclusion from the State, active eradication wherever found, and active eradication from
the premises of a dealer of nursery stock. Category B weeds are generally established in scattered
populations in some counties of the State. Such weeds are subject to active exclusion where
possible and active eradication from the premises of a dealer of nursery stock. Category C weeds
are generally established and generally widespread in many counties of the State. Such weeds are
subject to active eradication from the premises of a dealer of nursery stock.
Weed management is challenged by extensive fires that occurred throughout these Wilderness
areas in recent years, in part because of invasive annual grasses. Very wet winters and springs
can produce high densities of red brome. This species tends to return in higher densities after
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fire, which maintains an unnatural fire regime and a less diverse vegetation community. Another
challenge stems from the fact the Wilderness areas are bordered by several major paved roads
including State Routes 157, 159, and 160 along with the Red Rock Scenic Drive and Lovell
Canyon Road. Vehicles using these roads can act as vectors to bring new invasive species close
to the boundary of the Wilderness areas which can then quickly spread into the Wilderness areas
themselves.
Current noxious and invasive weed infestations include, but are not limited to: red brome
(invasive), giant reed (noxious), and salt cedar (noxious). The potential exists for further
infestations of these species, and others, coming from surrounding areas.
Giant Reed (Arundo donax) is classified in Nevada as a Category A Noxious weed and has been
documented in the La Madre Spring area of the La Madre Mountain Wilderness. It is a tall
perennial grass similar in appearance to bamboo. It can reach heights of 8 meters and in the
Mojave Desert is normally found in riparian areas. It does not reproduce through seed but instead
spreads asexually through underground rhizomes. It can grow and spread very rapidly, out-
competing and displacing native vegetation. Control is difficult due to the ability of the
underground root system to resprout after cutting or fire. Thus effective control involves either
the use of herbicides to kill the root system or mechanical removal of the entire root system
(Dudley 2000).
Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) is classified in Nevada as a Category C noxious weed. There are
several documented small infestations at Rainbow Spring and Pine Creek Canyon in the
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. Tamarisk is fire adapted, each plant can produce up to 500,000
wind-blown seeds, the leaves and flowers contain few nutrients for wildlife, and it tends to grow
in riparian areas or where water is near the surface. Native aquatic systems are disrupted because
of long tap roots that are capable of intercepting deep water tables and increased salinity of the
surrounding soil after leaves drop. In turn, native species such as willow and mesquite are
displaced leaving poor habitat and forage for wildlife. After burning or cutting, tamarisk can
easily resprout making it difficult to eliminate (Muzika and Swearingen 2006).
Red brome (Bromus rubens) is an invasive, annual grass present in large areas at various
densities throughout both Wilderness areas and can be found in blackbrush, creosote bush, and
creosote bush-saltbush-blackbrush vegetation communities. Red brome flourishes in areas with
weak competition from native plants and can grow on all types of topography. It is considered
poor forage for cattle and wildlife due to its very short growing season. Red brome dominated
landscapes generally have increased fire frequency and intensity compared to areas with native
vegetation because red brome leaves behind abundant and persistent fine fuels that promote hot,
fast fires. Whereas dead native annual species may only persist on the landscape up to one year,
dead red brome stems and blades can last up to two years. Fires generated from red brome are
usually not hot enough to burn large shrubs such as creosote bush, but can burn small shrubs
such as white bursage (Simonin 2001).
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Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
In general, the management actions outlined in this plan apply best management practices and
standard operating procedures that are focused on preventing the spread of weeds by vectors
such as vehicles or equipment. The ability to detect noxious and invasive weeds would be
enhanced over the No Action alternative through a greater emphasis on regular wilderness
monitoring. Weed treatment procedures within these areas would be generally defined and
compatible with limiting or eliminating noxious and invasive weeds.
High-use parking areas and designated trails could be infested by weeds through vehicle or
human transport. The continued presence and anticipated increase of recreational activities,
including hiking, camping, and horse packing, may contribute to the spread of noxious and
invasive species as a result of trampling of native species and the possibility of spreading
noxious and invasive seeds into wilderness. Pack stock animals used for recreational horseback
riding and routine livestock maintenance would be fed with packed-in, certified, weed-free feed,
decreasing their contribution to weed infestation problems and the impact of incidental
recreational horse browsing on vegetation.
Authorized motorized access could occur through fire management, ESR, or wildlife
management. Such access may introduce or cause disturbances that encourage noxious and
invasive weed establishment within wilderness. Emergency stabilization and rehabilitation
activities would be designed to help limit the spread or introduction of invasive species after
fires. If these post-fire activities should fail, then noxious and invasive weeds may increase in
burned areas. However, if efforts are successful, then post-fire weed establishment or expansion
would be minimized or stopped. This may enhance the ability of the BLM and FS to control,
contain, or eliminate certain invasive grasses within these areas and prevent an annual grass fire
cycle which could further harm the native vegetation in the area.
Rehabilitation of small-scale disturbances would include methods such as decompaction,
scarifying, and pitting soil that may stimulate the growth of noxious and invasive weeds. Future
approved vegetation restoration projects may cause small, local disturbances that could increase
local noxious and invasive weed populations. Best management practices are described in the
Proposed Action to help limit the spread of invasive species during restoration activities. The
application of biological soil crusts as part of restoration activities may also help limit the spread
of invasive species.
Impacts of No Action Weed introduction from individuals hiking and from vehicles along cherry stem routes and
wilderness boundary roads may occur. Compared to the Proposed Action, weed treatment would
be sporadic and would not occur in a timely manner. Additionally, when weeds are found, site-
specific NEPA analysis would need to be performed and would not be guided by the treatment
options and priorities outlined in the Proposed Action, further slowing down the ability to treat
weeds in a timely manner. Treatment of the giant reed infestation around La Madre Spring could
still be done as analyzed under BLM EA NV-S010-2013-0044.
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Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts from Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the Proposed Action. The
designation of more trails under this alternative may lead to more visitor use of these trails. The
increased visitation could increase the chances for the introduction and spread of invasive
species into these areas. The limitation of equestrian use to designated trails and washes under
this alternative would help reduce the possibility for the introduction of invasive species during
cross country equestrian travel.
Recreation Affected Environment These Wilderness areas are generally within a half hour drive from Las Vegas, Nevada. Year
round visitation to the Wilderness areas is possible, although visitation may be limited during
winter when snow is possible, and summer when temperatures surpass 100°F. Although the
amount of annual visitation is unknown, it is presumed to be high in the eastern canyons of the
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness and the south-eastern portions of the La Madre Mountain
Wilderness that are accessible from the Red Rock Canyon Scenic Drive. Visitation to the other
portions of the Wilderness areas is presumed to be low.
Recreational activities include hiking, climbing, canyoneering, enjoying scenery, photography,
nature study, and hunting. Scarcity of water may limit some activities, such as horseback riding
and backpacking, as finding springs can be challenging. The Wilderness areas range in elevation
from 3,570 feet to the 9,422 foot ridgeline south of Griffith Peak, within La Madre Mountain
Wilderness. The rugged peaks, cliffs, and remote canyons offer destinations for hikers and
climbers. There are numerous popular hiking destinations within both Wilderness areas, many of
which are listed on websites and outdoors publications. These destinations include both currently
designated trails and undesignated visitor-worn hiking paths. There are currently five and two
designated trails in the La Madre Mountain and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness areas
respectively. There are also numerous popular rock climbing areas within both Wilderness areas,
many of which are accessed by undesignated visitor-worn hiking paths.
Hunting occurs for desert bighorn sheep, mule deer, elk, and upland game birds including chukar
partridge and Gamble’s quail. Cave resources are known to exist, however, they are relatively
inaccessible, and their level of use is unknown. Target shooting is currently prohibited within the
RRCNCA and the FS portions of the Wilderness areas.
The BLM currently does not currently require a permit for non-commercial organized groups or
events to visit the Wilderness areas, but reserves the authority to require permits for non-
commercial organized groups or events, and recreation use of special areas under 43 CFR
Subpart 2932. The FS requires a permit for publicized and/or organized events with 15 or more
participants if any portion of the activity takes place within wilderness. Camping is currently not
allowed by the BLM east of the Spring Mountain escarpment and south of the 6,500 foot
elevation contour of La Madre Mountain. For the BLM portion of the wildernesses, the only
camping restrictions in other areas of the Wilderness areas are the 14-day stay limit and no
camping with one-quarter mile of water sources. The FS places restrictions on campsite density.
The FS also places 14-day stay limits on overnight camping and prohibits camping within 300
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feet of water sources or riparian areas. Campfires are currently not allowed within either the
RRCNCA or the SMNRA. Commercial operation of guided hikes, climbs, and equestrian use do
require a permit within the wildernesses and guidelines for the number of permits and size limits
have been established by each agency for the land managed under its respective authority.
The majority of these Wilderness areas provide the opportunity to experience a sense of
remoteness and isolation. There are numerous draws, ravines, rocky outcrops, ridges, and
canyons that create secluded locales. These locales, the wilderness’ large area, and low visitation
throughout most of the Wilderness areas combine to provide outstanding opportunities for
solitude. However, sparse vegetation and periodic sights and sounds of vehicles in adjacent lands
and aircraft flying overhead may decrease experiences of solitude. Opportunities for solitude are
present but not outstanding in the portions of the Wilderness areas close to the Red Rock Scenic
Drive due heavy visitor use.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action The Proposed Action includes designation by the BLM of four additional trails, three in the La
Madre Mountain Wilderness and one in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, totaling
approximately 5.9 miles. The BLM would also create one new trailhead and install informational
signs. No new trails are proposed for the FS portion of the wildernesses. The Proposed Action
would provide hiking opportunities and protection of resources by concentrating impacts in those
areas over No Action. Recreational use may create temporary localized impacts to wildlife
through displacement of individual animals; however, the recreational experience may also be
improved through increased opportunities to observe wildlife.
Off-trail travel would not be impacted. The experience of visitors seeking a more primitive and
unconfined form of recreation would be enhanced, and opportunities for solitude would remain
extensive. Signs may increase protection of the wilderness resource and enhance visitors’
experiences by providing recreationists with information and education. A monitoring system
would be established to prevent or respond to degradation of trails, campsites, solitude,
additional foot-worn hiking paths, and recreational impacts to other resources.
Non-commercial organized groups or event and recreation use of special areas (i.e., Wilderness),
regardless of group size, will be subject to permitting by the BLM under this alternative (43 CFR
Subpart 2932). While this policy won’t prohibit these group activities, it would put an additional
requirement on those visitors wishing to participate in group activities. The requirement for
permits for non-commercial organized group activities would provide the BLM a way to help
control the intensity and location of these activities to help limit impacts to natural and cultural
resources.
Recreational activities may be impacted by temporary closures of areas as a result of fire
suppression activities, ESR, and herbicide use in non-native invasive and noxious weed
treatments.
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Impacts of No Action No new trails would be designated. The lack of the additional designated trails may increase
opportunities for recreationists seeking a primitive and unconfined type of recreation and
increased opportunities for solitude. However, the absence of designated trails may result in
numerous foot-worn hiking paths, which may increase disturbance to vegetation and soils.
The lack of signs may attract fewer recreationists to the wilderness, thereby potentially
enhancing the wilderness resource; though, lack of information and education may also reduce
visitors’ experience and protection of the wilderness resource. The consequences of visitor
impacts may detract from the wilderness setting if there is no monitoring system and strategy in
place to deal with those impacts.
Impacts of other resources to recreation, including fire suppression activities, emergency
stabilization and rehabilitation, and herbicide treatments of non-native invasive and noxious
weed treatments would be the same as the Proposed Action.
Impacts of Alternative 3
In addition to the trails and trailheads that would be designated by the BLM under the Proposed
Action, under Alternative 3, BLM would designate three additional trails totaling approximately
24.6 miles. The BLM would also construct three new trailheads under this alternative.
In addition to permit requirements for non-commercial organized groups and events under the
Proposed and No Action alternatives, recreational caving would require a permit under this
alternative. While this policy won’t prohibit this activity, it would put an additional requirement
on those visitors wishing to participate in caving. The requirement for permits for these activities
would provide the agencies a way to help control the intensity and location of these activities to
help limit impacts to natural and cultural resources. Cross country equestrian use would also be
prohibited under this alternative, which would be an additional restriction to recreation compared
to the Proposed Action.
Wild Horse and Burro Affected Environment
Wild horses and burros are protected by the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971
(Public Law 92-195). Three wild horse or burro areas overlap or are adjacent to the two
Wilderness areas. The three areas are the BLM managed Red Rock HMA and Wheeler Pass
HMA and the FS managed Spring Mountains WHBT. Although the Wilderness areas include
herd areas, wild horse and burro use is managed for zero animals in the wilderness portions of
the herd areas. Periodic gathers may occur to achieve this management level when wild horses or
burros are found to have expanded into the Wilderness areas from nearby locations.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action In general, no long-term impacts from periodic wild horse or burro gathers would occur. Horses
or burros that may accumulate in the Wilderness areas in between gathers may be impacted due
to recreational use of the Wilderness areas.
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Impacts of No Action Under the No Action alternative wild horse and burro management would still occur and thus the
potential impacts would be the same.
Impacts of Alternative 3
The impacts to wild horses and burros from the actions in Alternative 3 would be the same as
those under the Proposed Action.
Wilderness Affected Environment
Wilderness is an area designated by Congress and defined by the Wilderness Act of 1964 as a
place that (1) generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature with the
imprint of man’s work substantially unnoticeable; (2) has outstanding opportunities for solitude
or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation; (3) has at least five thousand acres of land or is
of sufficient size as to make practicable is preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; and
(4) may also contain ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or
historical value. The WMP addresses management of La Madre Mountain Wilderness and
Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. Wilderness characteristics are described as: untrammeled,
natural, undeveloped, having outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined
recreation, and unique/supplemental value.
Untrammeled
Trammeling activities that have occurred in the Wilderness areas include the control of wildfires
removal of vegetation along trails and at the base of climbing routes, and the reintroduction of
native species. Trammels in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness also include recent restoration
activities at Willow Spring along with three concreted dams and a spring development which
existed prior to wilderness designation and impound water. Historic trammels in the areas
include grazing and the fence at Rainbow Spring. Grazing of livestock no longer occurs and the
fence at Rainbow Spring no longer functions in excluding wildlife from the spring.
Natural
The natural character of the Wilderness areas is mostly preserved, however some changes in
vegetation have occurred, most notably the introduction of non-native invasive plants and
alterations in native vegetation species distribution and composition due to fires, old vehicle
routes, and vehicle incursions.
Undeveloped
The two Wilderness areas are mostly undeveloped. There are currently 13 miles and 0.35 miles
of designated trails in the La Madre Mountain and Rainbow Mountain Wilderness areas
respectively. There is a fence and an old mine adit in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. La
Madre Mountain Wilderness has the aforementioned dams and spring development, a concrete
trough and an interpretive sign in Brownstone Basin, a wooden bench at White Rock Spring, two
mine adits and an associated rock structure above La Madre Spring, and three concrete building
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pads near La Madre Spring. Several of the peaks have summit registers and there are numerous
geocache locations within both Wilderness areas.
Currently, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is authorized to conduct Search and
Rescue training for its pilots and crew, utilizing a helicopter and subject to specific restrictions.
Use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, and/or mechanical transport have been used in the
Wilderness areas in response to emergencies involving the health and safety of individuals (e.g.,
rock climbing accidents). Additionally, helicopter tours and commercial airlines use the airspace
above the Wilderness areas; while these types of aircraft may be seen and heard from within the
Wilderness areas, the FAA manages airspace.
Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation
Though formal research of visitor use has not been conducted within the wildernesses, informal
monitoring reveals that visitor use in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness is higher in the eastern
portions of the major canyons nearer the Scenic Drive and in La Madre Mountain Wilderness it
is higher in the portions of the wilderness nearest the Red Rock Canyon Scenic Drive, Calico
Basin, and less so in Brownstone Basin. Casual horseback riding is limited due to the extremely
steep and rocky terrain and limited water availability. There is currently one commercial guided
horse ride operation occurring within the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness; the current permit
allows for two tours per day with a maximum of 12 horses per guided tour. No guided horse
rides are currently operating in the La Madre Mountain Wilderness. There are no current permits
for commercial guided hikes in the Wilderness areas but the Red Rock Canyon Interpretive
Association does occasionally lead hikes that go into the Wilderness areas.
The quality of technical rock climbing available in the wilderness is considered to be
outstanding. The Wilderness areas are world renowned climbing destinations, with climbing
opportunities to meet a wide range of skill levels. The area is particularly known for its
numerous classic multi-pitch moderate routes. Commercial climbing is allowed and provides
visitors the opportunity to enlist professional climbing instruction/guiding. The number of
commercial (outfitter and guide) rock climbing permits, authorizing full time year-round use for
the wildernesses is limited to no more than five at any one time while “guest permits” allow
limited visitation within a calendar year. Furthermore only one group with a maximum of 12
individuals is allowed per area in the RRCNCA.
The only agency provided facilities include portions of two designated trails totaling 0.36 miles
in Rainbow Mountain Wilderness and five designated trails totaling approximately 13.4 miles in
La Madre Mountain Wilderness. Current data shows there are numerous miles of unauthorized
user-created trails due in part to climber access trails for specific climbing routes and numerous
books and websites identifying hiking opportunities and destinations within both Wilderness
areas. Other user-created recreation facilities include dispersed campsites.
Opportunities for solitude are outstanding throughout the majority of both Wilderness areas. This
is due in part to the topographic variability of steep escarpments bisected in numerous places by
major canyons, as well as the diversity of vegetation which enhances the visual screening. Due to
the proximity of Las Vegas and McCarran International Airport, there can be substantial noise
and light pollution in some portions of the Wilderness areas. Visitor use levels are higher during
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the cooler months of the year, generally September through May. The Wilderness areas also
provide opportunities for a variety of primitive and unconfined types of recreation including
hiking, hunting, exploration, photography, rock climbing, canyoneering, viewing scenery and
wildlife. Horseback riding, both casual and commercial guided horse ride operations, is limited
due to the extremely steep and rocky terrain.
While there is currently no final WMP, the BLM, through its RRCNCA RMP identifies the
following restrictions on recreation: all camping is limited to a 14 day maximum stay; camping
on the escarpment is by authorized permit only; within the wilderness, camping between the
escarpment crest and eastward to the canyon floor (4,400 ft. contour) requires a camping permit;
no camping is allowed within 1/4 mile of springs and riparian areas; camping at the base of the
escarpment is not allowed; campfires are not allowed, only camp stoves; collection of natural
resources is not allowed; and target shooting is not allowed..
The following restrictions on climbing activities are also in place through the current RRCNCA
RMP: alteration of the rock surfaces by gluing chipping or chiseling is not allowed; no climbing
allowed within 50 feet of rock art; areas may be closed to climbing due to the presence of nesting
raptors; no permanent fixed ropes or cables for climbing or belaying purposes are allowed;
placement of new bolts is not allowed; and replacement of existing climbing bolts and hangers is
only allowed after concurrence with the CLC and using hand drill only.
The Humboldt-Toiyabe GMP currently has the following restrictions on recreation: camping is
prohibited within 300 feet of water sources and riparian areas; campfires and target shooting are
prohibited; non-commercial publicized and organized events with 15 or more people require a
permit; rock climbing is not allowed with 50 feet of rock art or 100 feet of peregrine falcon nests;
alteration of the rock surfaces by gluing chipping or chiseling is not allowed; permanent fixed
ropes or cables for climbing or belaying purposes are prohibited; and collection of listed and
sensitive species requires a permit.
Unique/Supplemental Value
Several special features supplement the wilderness values of the areas. The sandstone
escarpment and red and buff colored formations in the White Rock Hills and Brownstone Basin
are of geological, ecological, and scenic interest. The cross-bedding of ancient sand dunes and
the Keystone Thrust of older limestone over the younger sandstone is dramatically evident and is
of geologic, paleontological, and scientific interest. This particular site is internationally regarded
as the single finest example of a thrust fault. Weathering of the sandstone layers has created
natural bridges, arches, and sloughs through which seasonal runoff cascades as waterfalls.
Canyons below the escarpments create micro-climates that sustain botanical resources
dramatically different from those of the surrounding Mojave Desert such as endemic plant
species and relic stands of ponderosa pine, which occur at unusually low elevations. Natural
water impoundments in the sandstone provide reliable water sources that sustain a variety of
wildlife. A sizeable population of solitude-dependent bighorn sheep find crucial habitat within
the areas, while both Wilderness areas support a small herd of elk. The presence of kit fox,
bobcat, mountain lion, and a variety of raptors also offers excellent opportunities for scientific
observation and nature study.
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A wide range of cultural resources are of special value in the reconstruction of regional history.
Prehistoric sites in the Wilderness areas include rock art, lithic scatters, rock shelters, campsites,
milling stations, and agave roasting pits. Brownstone Basin has been listed on the National
Register of Historic Places because of the concentration and diversity of cultural site types
including the occurrence of rare polychrome pictographs.
Environmental Consequences
Impacts of Proposed Action
Untrammeled
Trammeling due to fire control activities, the dams in Brownstone Basin, and the White Rock
Spring development would continue under the Proposed Action. Control of invasive species and
rehabilitation activities of small surface disturbances, decommissioned routes, and after fires
would all be actions causing short term trammeling. The re-introduction or translocation of
native species would also be short term trammels. These actions would all have the benefit of
improving the long-term naturalness of the areas though.
Natural
As mentioned above, the control of invasive species and rehabilitation of disturbed areas would
help improve the natural character of the Wilderness areas. Increased visitor use of newly
designated trails may lead to additional impacts to surrounding vegetation and the increased
chance for the introduction of invasive species.
Undeveloped
A fence would be removed and the old mine adit would be closed by the BLM in the Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness. In the La Madre Mountain Wilderness, the interpretive signs at La Madre
Spring and Brownstone Basin, wooden bench at White Rock Spring, and three concrete building
pads near La Madre Spring would all be removed under the Proposed Action. In addition, the
two mine adits above La Madre Spring would be closed. These actions would help improve the
undeveloped character of the areas.
The designation of 3.6 and 2.3 miles of new trails in the La Madre Mountain and Rainbow
Mountain Wilderness areas respectively would be a negative impact to the undeveloped
character of the Wilderness areas. The creation of trailheads outside of wilderness, though,
would help prevent vehicle incursions and thereby improve the undeveloped character.
The dams and trough in Brownstone Basin, the White Rock Spring development, and the rock
structure above La Madre Spring would not be removed under the Proposed Action and would
continue to impact the undeveloped character of the Wilderness area. The use of helicopters
during Search and Rescue training would also continue under the Proposed Action, under the
authority of each agency’s delegating official
Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude and Primitive, Unconfined Recreation
The designation of additional trails by BLM as proposed in the plan may impact opportunities
for solitude due to increased use of the trails. The new trails may also impact a visitor’s sense of
primitive recreation and minimally decreases the sense for self-reliance and discovery.
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Opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation would still be available throughout the
Wilderness areas even with the designation of the new trails due to the ruggedness of the areas.
Many of the limits to recreation under the Proposed Action are already existing agency policies
and/or laws and thus the impacts to unconfined recreation would be the same as those under the
No Action alternative. The prohibition of traditional geocaching, where items are placed in the
wilderness, would also impact the unconfined recreation character but would help limit impacts
to the natural and undeveloped character from this activity. Virtual geocaching would still be
allowed in the areas.
Unique/Supplemental Value
Impacts to the supplemental values of the areas would be reduced under the Proposed Action by
providing guidance to reroute trails if they are impacting cultural or natural resources. Structures
that are historically significant would be left in place for visitors to experience and enjoy.
Guidance on education, wildlife management, and research along with the prohibition of the
collection of natural and cultural resources would help limit impacts to supplemental values of
the areas.
Impacts of No Action Untrammeled
Impacts to the untrammeled character under the No Action Alternative would be similar to those
under the Proposed Action. Trammeling due to fire control activities and restoration of small site
disturbances could still occur due to existing policies. The management of wildlife, including re-
introduction or translocation of native species could still occur without a WMP in place.
Natural
Control of invasive species and rehabilitation of disturbance could still occur on a case-by-case
basis under the No Action Alternative but would not be guided by an overarching WMP.
Undeveloped
The existing structures and mine adits in the Wilderness areas would still exist under the No
Action Alternative unless they are removed after individual site specific NEPA analysis. Search
and Rescue activities would still occur under the No Action Alternative. No new trails would be
designated under the No Action Alternative but visitors would continue to use existing visitor-
worn hiking paths.
Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude and Primitive, Unconfined Recreation
No new trails would be designated under the No Action Alternative and thus would not impact
opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation beyond already existing impacts. The limits to
recreation based on current BLM and FS policies would remain in effect. Thus there would be no
impact to the unconfined recreation character in these portions of the Wilderness areas but it
could lead to confusion for visitors due to different policies in different portions of the
Wilderness areas.
Unique/Supplemental Value
The protection of the supplemental values of the Wilderness areas would not be guided by a
WMP. There would be no guidance on the rerouting of trails, education, wildlife management,
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and research that may help reduce impacts to supplemental values. The collection of natural
resources would still be allowed on the FS portion of the Wilderness areas.
Impacts of Alternative 3 Untrammeled
Impacts to the untrammeled character of the Wilderness areas under Alternative 3 would be the
same as those under the Proposed Action.
Natural
Impacts to the natural character of the Wilderness areas under Alternative 3 would be similar to
those under the Proposed Action. The additional trails designated by BLM under this alternative
may lead to more areas potentially receiving impacts to vegetation and invasive species
introduction due to increased visitor use. The prohibition of cross country equestrian use would
help reduce impacts to vegetation and introduction of invasive species in these areas.
Undeveloped
Impacts to the undeveloped character due to removal of some of the existing structures under
Alternative 3 would be the same as those under the Proposed Action. The designation of 24.6
miles of additional trails in the Rainbow Mountain Wilderness compared the Proposed Action
would be an additional negative impact to the undeveloped character of the area.
Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude and Primitive, Unconfined Recreation
Under Alternative 3, there would be more new trails designated by BLM in addition to those
designated under the Proposed Action. This would result in additional impacts to the
opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation compared to the Proposed Action. In addition,
the requirement of a permit for caving and the prohibition on cross-county equestrian travel
would impact the unconfined recreation character of the areas.
Unique/Supplemental Value
The impacts to supplemental values under Alternative 3 would be similar to those under the
Proposed Action.
Cumulative Impacts
The purpose of the cumulative impacts analysis for the Proposed Action is to evaluate the
combined, incremental effects of human activity within the scope of the project. The Council on
Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations define scope and state that connected actions,
cumulative actions, and similar actions should be included in the impact analysis (40 CFR
1508.25). The planning area is within a limited geographic range consisting of La Madre
Mountain Wilderness, Rainbow Mountain Wilderness, and lands immediately adjacent to the
wilderness through which access occurs. The CEQ formally defines cumulative impacts as
follows:
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...the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action
when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of
what agency (federal or non-federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative
impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place
over a period of time (40 CFR 1508.7).
In addition, according to the 1997 CEQ Handbook Guidelines for Assessing and Documenting
Cumulative Impacts, the analysis can be focused on those issues and resource values identified
during scoping that are of major importance. The relevant issues identified during scoping for the
Proposed Action relate to the following: BLM Natural Areas, cultural resources, fire
management, fish and wildlife, non-native invasive weeds, recreation uses, special status animal
and plant species, vegetation, and impacts to wilderness character.
Past Actions
Prehistoric rock art and habitation sites indicate a human presence here before settlers arrived in
the local area. Europeans first entered the area in the early to mid-1800’s traveling along the Old
Spanish Trail which passes by the eastern and southern portions of the Wilderness areas.
Homesteads were established at the edge of the wildernesses including at what is now Spring
Mountain Ranch State Park in 1876 and at the mouth of Pine Creek Canyon in 1922 just outside
of Rainbow Mountain Wilderness. Historic mining occurred in the area as evidenced by the mine
adits above La Madre Spring. The Civilian Conservation Corps built several dams and spring
impoundments in the early 1940’s including the dams in Brownstone Basin and the White Rock
Spring development.
In 1967, the BLM designated 62,000 acres in the area as a High Density Recreation Area called
the Red Rock Canyon Recreation Lands, including the majority of what are now the BLM
portions of the Wilderness areas. In 1990, this area plus additional areas were designated as a
National Conservation Area under the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Act. The
FS portions of the Wilderness areas are part of the SMNRA which was designated in August,
1993. Both the RRCNCA and SMNRA have management plans already in place which provide
management directions which have an impact on the wildernesses and how they are managed.
These include but are not limited to designation of trails, designation of open vehicle routes, and
rules on camping, target shooting, rock climbing, group activities, and collection of natural
resources. These management directions and how they impact the wildernesses are described in
the WMP and EA already.
Throughout the area surrounding the Wilderness areas numerous rights-of-ways have been
authorized and allowed establishment of water facilities, material sites, transmission lines,
substations, monitoring wells, electrical monitoring sites, water pipelines, communication sites,
NDOT roads, fences and material sites, access roads, RS2477 roads, kiosk signs, microwave
towers, telephone lines, Recreation and Public Purposes leases, meteorological sites, powerlines,
and radio repeater sites. It is assumed that the right-of-ways for these actions will persist.
Present Actions
The analysis area encompasses many land uses occurring on public and private land neighboring
the Wilderness areas. Recreation use includes rock climbing, hiking, equestrian use, and OHV
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use of backcountry roads. There are several communities that border the Wilderness areas such
as Mountain Springs, Trout Canyon, and Calico Basin. There are also several active commercial
operations that border the Wilderness areas including Torino Ranch in Lovell Canyon and
Bonnie Springs-Old Nevada. Spring Mountain Ranch State Park also borders Rainbow Mountain
Wilderness. Visitors to these areas can easily access the Wilderness areas and thus management
decisions by these businesses and state park can impact the Wilderness area. Search and Rescue
training and actual search and rescue operations are conducted in the Wilderness areas each year
and are expected to continue.
Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions
The BLM has completed a restoration plan for Rainbow Spring and La Madre Spring. The
restoration at Rainbow Spring would include the reintroduction of springsnails. The restoration
at La Madre Spring would include the removal of giant cane and the removal of the dam. The
BLM is currently analyzing the installation of permanent fixed anchors in wilderness for rock
climbing in a separate planning process. The BLM also has plans to develop a climbing plan for
all of the NCA. BLM is currently conducting a transportation study of the Scenic Drive which
could lead to future alterations of the drive including expanded parking capabilities in the future.
The FS and BLM are currently developing a WMP for the Mt. Charleston Wilderness which
borders the La Madre Mountain Wilderness. Other reasonably forseeable future actions by the
BLM or FS include: translocation of desert tortoises throughout the species range, suppression of
wildland fires, and proactive fuels reduction projects.
Analysis of Potential Cumulative Impacts
BLM Natural Areas
Except for continued casual recreation use, none of the present or future actions take place in the
North Fork Pine Creek Natural Area and No Actions are proposed for this area in the WMP.
Thus no cumulative impacts to the Natural Areas are predicted.
Cultural Resources
Any site specific action proposed in the WMP or done through a separate planning process must
analyze any potential impacts to cultural resources due to the project. None of the actions
proposed in the WMP are predicted to negatively impact cultural resources. Measures are
proposed in the WMP to help reduce potential impacts to cultural resources such as requiring
cultural clearances before implementing projects and siting trails to help direct visitors away
from cultural resources. There is always the chance that visitors to the wildernesses will
accidentally or intentionally damage or remove cultural resources. Projects, both by the agencies
and by private entities, that result in an increase in visitation to the wilderness may lead to an
increase in this accidental or intentional impact.
Fire Management
During the construction phase of any future actions, the potential for human-caused fires would
increase; however, the BLM and FS objectives regarding fire management is to manage wildland
and prescribed fires as a tool in treating vegetation communities and watersheds. The primary
goal of the fire management units in the area of analysis is to use an appropriate management
response to each incident using concepts such as risk management. Additional outreach efforts
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and education of user groups regarding fire prevention may occur, which could lead to less
human-caused fires.
Fuels projects will seek to reduce non-native fuel loads to minimize wildland fire risk and protect
resources such as important cultural resources, neighboring communities, or desert tortoise
habitat. Post-fire projects would seek to maintain native plant species and wildlife habitat
reducing the spread of fire-prone plant species including invasive grasses.
Fish and Wildlife
Implementation of the Proposed Action is part of a long-term plan to protect, preserve, and
improve the wilderness character of the area. Specifically, treatment of non-native invasive weed
species, restoration, fire management, and ESR actions are designed to improve the natural
character of the wilderness, contributing to other efforts to restore, enhance, or create habitat
which are utilized by diverse wildlife species throughout their life cycles. Wildlife management
activities, designated trails, trailheads, vehicle barriers, and environmental education and
interpretation would indirectly contribute to other efforts to minimize habitat loss and
disturbance to individual animals. The Proposed Action and other habitat restoration and species
reintroduction projects within the analysis area would result in cumulatively beneficial impacts
to wildlife, maintaining and improving habitat in which these species can flourish and resulting
in greater habitat complexity, diversity, and productivity. These projects would result in an
overall increase in the availability, and ultimately the quality of habitats.
Special Status Animal and Plant Species
Special status species may be affected by future actions but the impacts would be offset by
improvements in population protection and management under the Proposed Action. Individual
wildlife may be affected negatively by the displacement or disruption of normal behavior
patterns due to construction, project operations and maintenance, and site rehabilitation
stemming from future actions. In addition, some of these projects and actions could increase
vehicle traffic, human and wildlife conflicts, and competition among any displaced individuals
for habitat.
Some actions may decrease forage quality, quantity, and composition. The Proposed Action
would involve restoration of former vehicle routes by the BLM which would improve habitat.
Overall, the Proposed Action would disturb a very small area separate from other future project
areas. Following the reasonable and prudent measures and associated terms and conditions for
the desert tortoise would minimize or negate affects to individual tortoises from any future
actions. Overall, the cumulative impact to special status species within analysis area would be
minimal.
Invasive Non-Native Plant Species
Weeds have the potential to increase in distribution and abundance from any future actions
during construction phases. Increases in flammable or combustible species such as red brome or
tamarisk may increase the risk of fires. Best management practices and vegetation treatments
seek to reduce the spread of fire-prone plant species including invasive grasses. The Proposed
Action would disturb a very small area compared to other proposed projects. A robust weed
management program would decrease the potential for weed populations to exist within the
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planning area. In addition, best management practices and standard operating procedures would
be followed that focus on preventing the spread of weeds by vectors such as vehicles or
equipment; thereby contributing negligible effects to the overall cumulative impact of the
potential spread of noxious and non-native invasive weeds.
Recreation Uses
Recreation use in the general area is varied and includes rock climbing, hiking, equestrian use,
hunting, target shooting, and OHV use of backcountry roads. Within wilderness boundaries,
however, motorized recreation and target shooting are prohibited. Pedestrian access is not
limited. Equestrian use is not limited except around the RRCNCA Scenic Drive where it is
limited to trails designated for equestrian use. The RRCNCA Visitor Center offers various
interpretive and educational events throughout the year. Implementing the Proposed Action
would construct vehicle barriers and install signs near high use access areas. The Proposed
Action would also designate four trails and clarify standards for other activities in order to
enhance the visitor experience while maintaining opportunities for solitude and primitive forms
of recreation in other areas. Depending upon a visitor’s point of view, the Proposed Action
could either enhance or detract from the overall recreation experience. Overall, the Proposed
Action enhances or maintains recreational opportunities in wilderness, therefore, it would not
incrementally add to the cumulative effects on recreation.
Wilderness Character
Implementation of the Proposed Action is part of a long-term plan to protect, preserve, and
improve the wilderness character of the area. By law, no buffer zones are created to protect
wilderness from the influence of activities on lands outside of wilderness boundaries.
Wilderness character may be diminished by future actions occurring on lands surrounding the
Wilderness areas, but the Proposed Action has no administrative authority to prevent these
impacts. Non-native invasive weed treatments and restoration activities may increase the number
of trammels; however, the goals are to restore natural vegetation communities and processes that
support wilderness character. Education and interpretation efforts and sign planning are designed
to reduce instances of trammeling activities by the general public. Restoration and rehabilitation
of disturbances, management, and establishment of vehicle barriers, trailheads, and designated
hiking trails would direct visitors in ways that would prevent degradation to natural resources.
Trail designations may impact the undeveloped character of wilderness, but would enhance
opportunities for solitude in other portions of the wilderness; therefore, the long-term cumulative
effects to overall wilderness character would not occur or would be negligible.
Conclusion The overall direction of wilderness management is to preserve wilderness characteristics. In
combination with past and present actions, and those that are reasonably foreseeable in the
future, the Proposed Action does not add substantially to cumulative impacts.
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Mitigation and Monitoring
Monitoring of wilderness is a component of the BLM and FS Wilderness Programs. Monitoring
tracks the outcome of proposed activities on all wilderness characteristics, not just the one
specific character that the activity was primarily intended to address. The WMP contains a
detailed monitoring section.
Mitigation measures to help reduce potential impacts to migratory bird and desert tortoise were
identified in the EA. The measures include the following:
Within desert tortoise habitat, a speed limit of 25 miles per hour shall be required for all
vehicles travelling on the existing access roads leading to the wilderness boundary.
Should a tortoise enter the area of activity, all activity shall cease until such time as the
animal has left the area of its own accord.
Workers will be instructed to check underneath all vehicles before moving them as
tortoises often take cover underneath parked vehicles.
Workers will be provided educational information on the Mojave Desert tortoise with
includes the legal protection and consequences for the violation of the Endangered
Species Act.
To prevent undue harm to migratory birds, habitat-altering projects or portions of projects
should be scheduled outside bird breeding season. In upland desert habitats and
ephemeral washes containing upland species, the season generally occurs between March
1st and August 31st.
If a project that may alter any breeding habitat for migratory birds has to occur during the
breeding season, then a qualified biologist must survey the area for nests prior to
commencement of construction activities. This shall include burrowing and ground
nesting species in addition to those nesting in vegetation. If any active nests (containing
eggs or young) are found, or birds are identified as displaying territorial behavior, an
appropriately-sized buffer area, determined by a qualified biologist, must be avoided until
the young birds fledge.
Individuals, Organizations, or Agencies Consulted
A public notification will be posted on the BLM SNDO and FS SMNRA websites when this EA
is completed, the Decision Record /Finding of No Significant Impact is signed and a 30-day
appeal period initiated.
Internal scoping was done via meetings and written communications with BLM and FS resource
specialists. Public scoping was conducted in the form of workshops, meetings, written letters,
email, and by BLM and FS staff. Initial public scoping workshops were held at Mountain
Springs, Blue Diamond, and Las Vegas on May 18, 23, and 30, 2006 respectively, and additional
public comment was received through the mail or e-mail during a following 30-day input period.
A public comment period for the WMP Preliminary Proposed Action was initiated May 2007.
145
Another public comment period for the final Draft WMP and EA was initiated in July 2013. The
notification list for the 2013 comment period included Native American tribes, state and local
governmental agencies, climbing and other recreation based organization, wilderness and
environmental organizations, and members of the general public including those that commented
during the 2006 and 2007 scoping and comment periods.
146
List of Preparers Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Mathew Hamilton, BLM Project Manager
Jane Schumacher, FS NEPA Planner
Sendi Kalcic, BLM Wilderness Specialist
Randy Kyes, BLM Wilderness Planner (Great Basin Institute)
James Sippel, former BLM Wilderness Specialist (2007)
Diane Bedell, former FS Wilderness Planner (2007)
BLM and FS Employees who formed the Interdisciplinary Team preparing and reviewing
this Plan
Susan Farkas, BLM Planning and Environmental Coordinator
Boris Poff, BLM Hydrologist
Nicholas Walendziak, BLM RRCNCA Outdoor Recreation Planner/Climbing Lead
Mark Boatwright, BLM RRCNCA Archeologist
Lucas Rhea, BLM Fuels Technician
Amelia Savage, BLM Wildlife Biologist
Fred Edwards, BLM Botanist
Krystal Johnson, BLM Wild Horse and Burro Specialist
Billy Williams, former BLM Natural Resource Specialist/Weeds (Great Basin Institute)
Jed Botsford, former BLM Outdoor Recreation Planner (2007)
Marc Maynard, former BLM Wildlife Biologist (2007)
Tim Rash, former BLM Fire Ecologist (2007)
Michael Johnson, former BLM Planning and Environmental Coordinator (2007)
Jennifer Brickey, FS Botanist
Mike Rowan, FS Recreation and Wilderness Program Manager
Kim O’Connor, FS Botanist
Jenny Ramirez, FS Wildlife Biologist
Lori Headrick, FS Project Manager
Jim Hurja, FS Soils Scientist
Judy Suing, FS Tribal Liaison
Demetrius Purdie-Williams, FS GIS Analyst
Fred Frampton, FS Archaeologist
Kelly Turner, FS Archeologist
Jim Winfrey, FS Planning Staff Officer
Connie Moen, former FS Outdoor Recreation Planner (2007)
Annice Ellis, former FS Landscape Architect (2007)
Mark Blankensop, former FS Fire Ecologist (2007)
Bruce Lund, former FS Botanist (2007)
Karen Harville, former FS Wildlife Biologist (2007)
BLM and FS Employees who provided Periodic Contributions or Expertise Mark Spencer, BLM RRCNCA Field Manager
Lorri Dee Dukes, BLM Geologist
147
Katharine August, BLM RRCNCA Outdoor Recreation Planner
James Kirk, BLM RRCNCA Outdoor Recreation Planner
Katherine Kleinick, BLM Natural Resource Specialist (Great Basin Institute)
Dave Mermejo, BLM Wilderness Coordinator, Nevada State Office
Lisa Christianson, BLM Air Quality Specialist
Markian Rekshynskyj, former BLM RRCNCA Manager (2007)
Christina Lund, former BLM Botanist (2007)
Dave Fanning, former BLM Geologist (2007)
Kevin Oliver, former BLM Fire Management Officer (2007)
Ryan Peacock, FS Fire Management Officer
Rachel Mazur, FS Wildlife Biologist
Dexter Dong, FS Fire Ecologist
Tom Frolli, FS Wild Horse and Burro Program Coordinator
Suzanne Shelp, FS Trails Program Manager
Dewey Warner, former FS Fire Management Officer (2007)
148
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACEC Area of Critical Environmental Concern
AML Appropriate Management Level
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
BLM Bureau of Land Management
CCCPLNRA Clark County Conservation of Public Land and Natural Resources Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
DOI Department of the Interior
EA Environmental Assessment
ESR Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FMP Fire Management Plan
FMU Fire Management Unit
FS Forest Service
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GMP General Management Plan
GPS Global Positioning System
HMA Herd Management Area
LNT Leave No Trace
LVCLC Las Vegas Climbers’ Liaison Council
MIST Minimum Impact Suppression Tactics
MRDG Minimum Requirements Decision Guide
NDOW Nevada Department of Wildlife
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NFLRMP National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan
NHPA National Historic Preservation Act
OHV Off Highway Vehicle
RMP Resource Management Plan
RRCNCA Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area
SMNRA Spring Mountains National Recreation Area
SNDO Southern Nevada District Office
USC United States Code
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USGS United States Geological Survey
USFS United States Forest Service
VHF Very High Frequency
WFDSS Wildland Fire Decision Support System
WHBT Wild Horse and Burro Territory
WMP Wilderness Management Plan
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Glossary
Annual. Completing the life cycle in one growing season or single year.
Archeological Resource. Any material remains of past human life or activities of archaeological
interest that are more than 50 years old.
Archeological Site. The locations of past human activity, occupation or use, identifiable through
inventory, historical documentation or oral history
Bajada. Spanish word for descent or slope (canyons and washes). In the southwest United States
it is used to describe a conjunction of alluvial fans from several drainages where they make a
larger fan.
BLM Natural Area. Areas designated in the Federal Register by the BLM for the protection of
natural resources for future research and enjoyment. These areas were designated before FLPMA
was enacted in 1976 which brought BLM under the Wilderness Preservation System. This term
is not meant to include areas identified through current planning processes as having wilderness
characteristics which in some BLM offices are referred to as “Natural Areas”.
Catastrophic Event. An event causing notable ecosystem or societal damage.
Cherry Stem. A dead-end road or feature that forms a portion of a wilderness boundary and that
remains outside the Wilderness.
Decommissioned Route. Vehicle tracks closed to travel in previous travel management plan
public process, no longer used by vehicles, awaiting restoration/rehabilitation/revegetation.
Designated Route. Designated Routes are those open to motorized travel. Public lands are
classified as either open, limited, or closed to off-road vehicles. Designations are based on the
protection of the resources of the public lands, the promotion of the safety of all the users of the
public lands, and the minimization of conflicts among various uses of the public lands through a
public process creating a Travel Management Plan.
Endemic. A species native to only the specific location under consideration.
Fire Regime. The characteristics of fire in a given ecosystem, such as the frequency,
predictability, intensity, and seasonality of fire.
Former Vehicle Route. A road used by motorized vehicles prior to wilderness designation that
was closed to motorized or mechanical use by the designation of the area as wilderness.
Indigenous. A plant or animal native to the location being considered.
Invasive. Describes a species, which takes over a new habitat where it was not previously found,
often to the detriment of species that were there before.
151
Minimum Tool Requirement. The concept of minimum requirement comes from Section 4 (c)
of the Wilderness Act of 1964. “Except as specifically provided for in this Act, and subject to
existing private rights, there shall be no commercial enterprise and no permanent road within any
Wilderness area designated by this Act and except as necessary to meet minimum requirements
for the administration of the area for the purpose of this Act…”
Noxious Weed. Any plant designated by a federal, state, or county government as injurious to
public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, or property.
Perennial. Active throughout the year, or living for many years.
Primeval. At or from the ancient original stages in the development of something.
Solitude. A quality of quiet remoteness or seclusion in places from which human activity is
generally absent.
Untrammeled. Not limited or restricted, unrestrained by man. Not hobbled.
Weed. A plant that is out of place in a particular environment or habitat.
152
References
BLM. 1993. Final Supplementary Rules for Certain Public Lands Managed by the Bureau of
Land Management Within the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Las Vegas
District, Nevada. Federal Register. Vol. 58, No. 97, May 21, 1993. Pp. 29625-26633.
BLM. 2005. Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Resource Management Plan.
Brown, D. E., J. C. Hagelin, M. Taylor, and J. Galloway. 1998. Gambel's Quail (Callipepla
gambelii). In: The Birds of North America, No. 321 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The
Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Christensen, G.C. 1996. Chukar (Alectoris chukar). In: The Birds of North America, No. 258 (A.
Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Dudley, T. L. 2000. Noxious wildland weeds of California: Arundo donax. In: Invasive plants of
California's Wildlands (C. Bossard, J. Randall, & M. Hoshovsky, eds.). University of
California Press.
Lowry, J. H., Jr., R. D. Ramsey, K. Boykin, D. Bradford, P. Comer, S. Falzarano, W. Kepner, J.
Kirby, L. Langs, J. Prior-Magee, G. Manis, L. O’Brien, T. Sajwaj, K. A. Thomas, W.
Rieth, S. Schrader, D. Schrupp, K. Schulz, B. Thompson, C. Velasquez, C. Wallace, E.
Waller and B. Wolk. 2005. Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project: Final Report on
Land Cover Mapping Methods, RS/GIS Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
Muzika, Rose-Marie and Jil M. Swearingen. 2006. Salt Cedar. Plant Conservation Alliance
website: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/tama1.htm
Nevada Natural Heritage Program. 2001. Nevada Rare Plant Atlas. Nevada Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources, Carson City, NV. Accessed at:
http://heritage.nv.gov/atlas/atlastxt.pdf.
Sheley, R., J. Petroff, and M. Borman. 1999. Introduction to Biology and Management of
Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Corvallis, OR.
Simonin, Kevin A. 2001. Bromus rubens, Bromus madritensis. Simonin, Kevin A. 2001. Bromus
rubens, Bromus madritensis. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Accessed at:
http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. PLANTS Database. Accessed at:
http://plants.usda.gov/index.html.
USFS. 1996. General Management Plan for the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area –
An Amendment to the Land and Resource Management Plan, Toiyabe National Forest.
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USFWS, 2011. 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List 42 Great Basin and Mojave Desert
Springsnails as Threatened or Endangered With Critical Habitat. Federal Register. Vol
76, No. 177. September 13, 2011. Pp. 56608-56630.
USFWS, 2012. 90-Day Finding on Petitions To List the Two Spring Mountains Dark Blue
Butterflies and Morand’s Checkerspot Butterfly as Endangered or Threatened. Federal
Register. Vol 77, No. 152. August 7, 2012. Pp. 47003-47011.
USGS National Gap Analysis Program. 2005. Southwest Regional GAP Analysis Project–Land
Cover Descriptions. RS/Laboratory, College of Natural Resources, Utah State University.
Accessed at:
http://earth.gis.usu.edu/swgap/legenddataquery.php.
Wildlife Action Plan Team. 2006. Nevada Wildlife Action Plan. Nevada Department of Wildlife,
Reno, NV.
154
Appendix C. Public Comment and BLM/FS Response
Number Comment Response
Edits
ED1
One private citizen commented that the fence
around Rainbow Spring is an exclosure, not a
corral as indicated in the draft.
Revisions have been made to the text.
ED2
One private citizen commented that FS Road
540, which is located within a cherrystem, is
shown as continuing onto BLM land even though
the road has been barricaded at the BLM/FS
boundary.
Revisions have been made to the maps
and text to show that FS Road 540 ends at
the BLM/FS boundary.
ED3
One private citizen suggested replacing the
words “strict policy” with “conservation oriented
policy”.
Thank you for your comment.
ED4
One private citizen commented that in the Collar
Retrieval section under Wildlife Management the
wording is awkward with the word ‘helicopter’
repeated unnecessarily.
Revisions have been made to the text.
Management and Designation of Trails
TR1
One private citizen supported designation of the
Limestone, Rattlesnake, and Bridge Mountain
hiking trails.
Thank you for your comment.
TR2
Two private citizens expressed opposition to the
limited number of equestrian trails in the
Wilderness areas. Three private citizens stated
that horses have low-impacts on the environment
and trails and therefore should be allowed on
more trails. One private citizen commented that
BLM should designate more equestrian trails.
Thank you for your comments. The
RRCNCA RMP limits equestrian use in
certain areas. Where equestrian use is
allowed to occur, the BLM has developed
a range of alternative for equestrian use,
that includes designated trails, cross-
country, and in washes.
TR3 One private citizen commented that managers be
more proactive in managing “use-trails”. Thank you for your comment.
Management of Vehicle Access Points and Designation of Trailheads
VA1
One private citizen expressed concern with
illegal use by off road vehicles on the west side
of the escarpment. They stated that there is not
enough signage and requested more law
enforcement presence in the area.
The Proposed Action addresses measures
that the BLM and FS may implement to
discourage illegal use by off road
vehicles. Additional management
measures will be implemented as
necessary based upon monitoring.
VA2
Two private citizens expressed support for the
installation of a gate on the administrative route
leading from Mountain Springs to Rainbow
Spring. It was also requested to limit access from
Lovell Canyon to Rainbow Spring.
The Proposed Action addresses the
placement of a barrier, southwest of
Rainbow Spring, along the open public
road that leads to Rainbow Spring from
Lovell Canyon Road.
VA3
One private citizen requested more detail on the
proposed location of the administrative gate and
suggested the gate should be placed near the state
highway department facility, on FS land, to
restrict vehicle use in the meadow area and to
The administrative route on which the
gate is proposed is on BLM managed
land. The suggested location is located on
FS managed land and would require
additional site-specific NEPA analysis by
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Number Comment Response
restrict motor vehicles from bypassing the gate. the FS, separate from this planning
process.
VA4
One private citizen commented that the ‘trail’
leading up to “Copper Mountain” (the Mountain
Springs tower site), has split and is leading to
high-use access into and through the wilderness.
Thank you for your comment. The
Proposed Action and No Action allow for
wilderness boundary signage and
monitoring, and restoration of surface
disturbances (BLM land only), if
necessary.
Sign Plan
SP1
One private citizen, two national and one local
climbing organization requested that small signs
be installed in wilderness to direct rock climbers
to certain climbing destinations and limit growth
of user-worn trails.
Thank you for your comments. The WMP
contains management prescriptions to
limit user-worn trails, which were
determined to be the minimum needed to
reduce impacts. BLM policy (Manual
6340) does not allow for installation of
signs within wilderness in these cases.
General Recreation Management
RM1
One private citizen supported the prohibition on
target shooting; however, asked how it was going
to be enforced. Another private citizen
commented that the no target shooting rule
should be clarified to include that shooting from
outside the boundary into wilderness is also
prohibited.
Revisions to the text were made to clarify
that target shooting into the Wilderness
areas from outside the boundary is also
prohibited. BLM and FS law enforcement
are responsible for enforcing rules and
regulations.
RM2
One state government official commented that
critical time periods for bat reproduction and
hibernation in caves are from May through
August and November through February,
respectively. They requested that public and non-
emergency access be limited to periods between
March through April and September through
October.
Thank you for your comment. The FS
agrees to make the suggested changes to
the closure time period for caves. The
BLM will continue to manage access as
necessary to protect resources.
RM3
Two national and one local climbing
organization commented on the inspection of
climbing bolts. They believed the local climbing
community and the Las Vegas Climbers Liaison
Council should be responsible for this.
The BLM will continue to coordinate with
the climbing community for requests
regarding bolt replacement. The BLM is
the authorizing authority for bolt
replacement through a Letter of
Agreement and is responsible for
monitoring permitted actions.
RM4
Two national and one local climbing
organization requested the inclusion of the so-
called “Straight Shooter Trail” and user-worn
trails leading to climbing areas in the Mescalito
area (e.g. Cat in the Hat), as designated trails.
Climbing specific trails, such as those
requested that are utilized primarily for
accessing climbing destinations will be
considered under a future Climbing and
Transportation management planning
process for RRCNCA.
RM5
One private citizen commented on the
proliferation of fixed climbing anchors within
wilderness and suggested more active
management and enforcement.
The BLM is currently engaged in a
separate planning process that would
amend the 2005 RRCNCA RMP to
address the management of permanent
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Number Comment Response
fixed anchors in both Wilderness areas
within the NCA.
RM6
One private citizen commented that camping
rules with regard to distance from springs should
be consistent between BLM and FS lands.
While the BLM and FS strive to maintain
consistency across administrative
boundaries, differing agency policies and
regulations prevent some management
rules from being consistent across these
boundaries.
RM7
One private citizen asked if the FS rule
prohibiting camping within 300 feet of cultural
sites applies only to identified sites. Since sites
are generally not publicly identified, they believe
the rule to be unenforceable.
FS rule applies to cultural sites that are
well-known and/or easily identifiable as a
cultural site by wilderness users.
RM8
One private citizen commented that wording
regarding camping is inconsistent between the
WMP and EA with regard to distances between
campsites and trails/springs/etc.
Thank you for your comment. Correction
were made where necessary; however,
while the BLM and FS strive to maintain
consistency across administrative
boundaries, differing agency policies and
regulations prevent some management
rules from being consistent across these
boundaries.
RM9
One private citizen commented that due to
sensitive cultural, biological, and water
resources, horses and horseback riding should be
limited to designated trails only to protect
wilderness character and wildlife.
Thank you for your comment. It will be
taken into consideration when the BLM
and FS make their decision regarding this
Proposed Action.
Management of Small-scale Disturbances
SD1
One private citizen commented that given the
many miles of decommissioned roads within the
two Wilderness areas that a “one time use” of
motorized equipment to decompact these former
road surfaces to aid in restoration should be
considered.
Thank you for your comment. The
Proposed Action seeks to implement the
minimum tool necessary to manage small-
scale disturbances. If use of prohibited
equipment (e.g. motorized vehicles) is
deemed necessary in the future to
accomplish restoration goals, impacts will
be analyzed under site-specific NEPA and
MRDG.
Management of Structures and Installations
SI1
One private citizen asked if the FS prohibition on
flood structures within Wilderness included
wattles and straw bales for post-fire rehab.
FS policy provides for the placement of
structures or improvements where it is
necessary to reduce risk to life and
property. Emergency post-fire measures to
stabilize denuded slopes and preclude
erosion include mulch drops over parts of
the Mt. Charleston Wilderness, but none
are proposed for the La Madre
Wilderness.
Management of Group and Commercial Services
CS1 One professional climbing guide commented that
the draft document stated that renewable guiding
Revisions have been made to the text to
maintain consistency with BLM EA NV-
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Number Comment Response
permits were valid for one year which is
inconsistent with the five-year renewable permit
his company currently holds.
S020–2010–0014 and -0016 which
regulate commercial guiding services in
RRCNCA.
CS2
One professional climbing guide requested that
the draft be revised to allow up to two guided
groups at an area (e.g. crag) at any given time.
Revisions have been made to the text to
maintain consistency with BLM EA NV-
S020–2010–0014 and -0016 which
regulate commercial guiding services in
RRCNCA.
CS3
Two national and one local climbing
organization gave their support for continuing to
allow professional, credentialed guiding services.
Thank you for your comment.
CS4
One private citizen recommended officially
limiting group sizes to 15 persons instead of
having 15 as a recommended group size.
Thank you for your comment. They will
be taken into consideration when the
BLM and FS make their decision
regarding this Proposed Action.
CS5
One private citizen commented that they
appreciate the need to keep equestrian group
sizes to 15 or less, but requested that hikers be
held to the same standards.
Thank you for your comment. FS
standards require casual group sizes to
remain below a size of 15 without
requiring a permit, regardless of user type.
The BLM currently does not regulate
casual, non-commercial group size for
hiker or equestrian groups. However, non-
commercial groups over 15 users and any
commercial groups, regardless of size, are
required to obtain permits and adhere to
group and stock size limits.
Wildlife Management
WM1
One state government official noted that the
Allen’s big-eared bat is a State of Nevada
protected species.
Revisions have been made to the text.
WM2
One state government official supported the
inclusion of the BLM-NDOW MOU and
requesting an opportunity for coordination and
consultation with BLM and the FS regarding
wildlife management across jurisdictional
boundaries and consistency with the BLM-
NDOW MOU
The BLM and/or FS will contact NDOW
to arrange a meeting at a later date.
WM3
One private citizen stated that climbing activities
within 300 feet of peregrine falcon nests during
the early part of the nesting season is too close
and suggested a 1/4-mile buffer.
Thank you for your comment. The 300
feet climbing prohibition is a FS standard.
Vegetation Management
VM1
One private citizen commented that since
campfires are prohibited in both Wilderness
areas, a reference to closing camping areas if
natural woody debris is missing due to campfires
should be deleted from the document.
Revisions were made to the text to clarify
that tree damage or lack of woody debris
due to any cause could cause temporary or
permanent closures to areas for camping.
Monitoring
MO1 One private citizen suggested that monitoring of Thank you for your comment. The
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Number Comment Response
high use areas such as trails, springs, and
viewpoints should be performed annually, with
lesser used areas monitored every decade; instead
of the stated 10% of each Wilderness area
annually.
measuring frequency is a FS monitoring
requirement. The FS will consider
priorities during implementation.
Outside the Scope
OS1
One private citizen commented that the use of
power drills should be allowed to replace old
climbing bolts.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. The use of motorized equipment
is prohibited under Section 4(c) of the
Wilderness Act and is prohibited by
National BLM policy.
OS2
One private citizen commented that they prefer
to have no commercial tour flights disturbing the
peace and quiet in these Wilderness areas.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. The BLM and FS do not have
the regulatory authority to manage
airspace. The FAA is responsible for
airspace management.
OS3
One private citizen, two national and one local
climbing organization commented that they
supported the RMP bolting amendment. The two
national and one local climbing organization also
stated their support for allowing a minimal
number of fixed anchors for climbing in
wilderness.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. The BLM is currently engaged in
a separate planning process that would
amend the 2005 RRCNCA RMP to
address the use and management of
permanent fixed anchors in both
Wilderness areas within the NCA.
OS4
One commercial guide commented that some of
the eight temporary guiding permits, allowed for
educational purposes, should be reserved for
university use only and that universities should
not have to compete with professional guide
services to obtain these temporary permits.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. Limits and types of commercial
guiding permits within RRCNCA were
established by a separate planning
process.
OS5
One private citizen requested that information
regarding hunting seasons be made more visible
to wilderness users on the west side of the
escarpment.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. Hunting seasons are determined
by the Nevada Department of Wildlife on
a year to year basis.
OS6 One private citizen expressed concern regarding
the removal of the dam at La Madre Spring.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. The decision to remove the dam
at La Madre Spring as part of a spring
restoration project was analyzed under a
separate EA process.
OS7
Three private citizens expressed that they
disagreed with the old road to La Madre Spring
(La Madre Trail) being closed to use by horses.
They requested an amendment to the RRCNCA
RMP to allow horses on the La Madre Trail.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. Requests for amendments to the
RMP must be formally submitted in
writing to the Red Rock/Sloan Field
Office Field Manager and/or the Southern
Nevada District Manager.
OS8
One state government official commented that
alternative treatments for noxious/non-native
weeds must never include use of domestic sheep,
goats, or llamas to avoid transmission risks to
wildlife.
Thank you for your comment. Subsequent
site-specific proposalsfor weed treatments
would undergo additional NEPA and
MRDG analysis, during which time
alternative treatments would be addressed.
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Number Comment Response
OS9
One state government official commented on the
recent Carpenter 1 fire and requested
coordination with FS and the BLM with regard
to restoration goals and priorities regarding
wildlife habitat restoration.
The BLM and FS will continue to
coordinate with subject-matter experts as
appropriate regarding post-fire restoration.
OS10
One private citizen requested that BLM provide
additional staging areas specific to equine use
with adequate room for trailers and to allow for
separation between horse users and other user
groups.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. Existing staging areas on BLM
managed lands at RRCNCA were
designated by the 2005 RMP.
OS11
Two private citizens commented on
inconsistencies between the RRCNCA RMP and
the Red Rock Canyon Trails map sold at the
visitor center. They commented that it shows that
portions of the White Rock Loop are not open to
horse use and that the entire Cottonwood Trail
system is closed to horses, when the RMP states
that both are open to horse use.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. The BLM is not responsible for
maps created and/or sold by third-party
vendors and cannot guarantee the
accuracy of the information depicted. The
2005 RRCNCA RMP is the primary
document that should be referenced with
regard to trail access and use. The White
Rock Loop was designated for hiking and
equestrian use by the 2005 RMP.
OS12
One private citizen stated that they did not
support an AML of zero horses/burros in the
Wilderness areas and stated that this decision
denies horses access to forage, water, and shade
in the summer months. They also requested
clarification regarding a suitability assessment
with regard to wild horse and burro management.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. AMLs are determined by the
BLM and FS wild horse and burro
programs. The BLM and FS management
objectives for the Spring Mountains Wild
Horse & Burro Complex is to manage for
zero wild horses and/or burros in
wilderness to protect vegetation, riparian
areas, and wilderness character.
OS13
One private citizen expressed concerns as to why
wildlife water guzzlers may be permitted but are
not allowed for wild horses and burros; and why
motorized vehicles may be permitted for wildlife
management but not for wild horse and burro
management.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. Wildlife water developments are
considered to be developments and
installations and are prohibited by Section
4(c) of the Wilderness Act. However,
Section 208(d) of the enabling legislation
(CCCPLNRA 2002) directs the agencies
to consider permitting wildlife water
developments when necessary to maintain
wilderness characteristics by promoting
healthy, viable and more naturally
distributed wildlife populations. Because
wild horses and burros are non-native
species, wildlife water developments are
not permitted under this exception in the
enabling legislation. Motorized vehicles
may be used in the course of wild horse &
burro management when necessary to
meet the minimum requirement necessary
to administer the Wilderness areas, and
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Number Comment Response
subject to site-specific NEPA and MRDG
analysis.
OS14
One private citizen stated that other Wilderness
areas in Nevada provide for management of wild
horses and burros. They mentioned the Black
Rock RMP as a decision supportive of horse
management.
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis. Wild horses and burros are
managed by the BLM and FS wild horse
and burro programs.
OS15
One private citizen commented on the significant
amount of shooting and trash outside of
wilderness and for more strict regulation of target
shooting in Lovell Canyon
Comment is not within the scope of this
analysis.
OS16
One private citizen commented that it would be
prudent if the local FS “person in charge” could
authorize the use of mechanized transport in
emergency situations instead of the Forest
Supervisor, located in Sparks, as indicated in the
draft.
For the FS, the following policies are
cited in the Rainbow Mtn. and La Madre
Mtn. WMP, which states that in
emergency situations involving
inescapable urgency and need for speed
beyond that available by primitive means,
the use of aircraft will be authorized by
the Forest Supervisor of the Humboldt-
Toiyabe National Forest” and in non-
emergency situations authorization must
be sought from the Regional Forester of
the Intermountain Region of the Forest
Service. These higher levels of authority
are necessary because the Wilderness Act
of 1964 prohibits motorized equipment
and mechanical transport, among other
prohibitions, in Wilderness.
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162
Appendix D. Errata
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