La estrategia performántica o reconfigurando imaginarios Rosado Bravo

8/22/2019 La estrategia performántica o reconfigurando imaginarios Rosado Bravo

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http://www.crim.unam.mx/cultura/ponencias/PONPERFORMANCE/Taylor.html

http://www.crim.unam.mx/cultura/ponencias/PONPERFORMANCE/Taylor.html




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prãjtdjcs crtëstdjcs‛ (\rgjdcbf! 8<<2? 9$

Gscs pcachrcs bg Hgctrdz \rgjdcbf jrdstcadzce gspagebfrfsckgetg ge cqugaaf qug qudgrf

bgstcjcr bga trchcof bg Crigadc Hrcvf% Gstc crtdstc cprfvgj`c ga crtg bga pgrnfrkcejg jfkf

ageiucog rcbdjcadzcbfr qug gngjtÿc ga bgskfetcog sdkuatãegf bg pcrcbdikcs sfhrg bdvgrscs

jrggejdcs ge tfref ca sdstgkc sgxf&iäegrf y cargbgbfr bg acs efjdfegs purdstcs sfhrg af qug gs f

ef crtëstdjf! gstf sgiuebf c pcrtdr bg gstrctgidcs suridbcs bgetrf bga kdskf ‑kuebf bga crtg‛%

Xfscbf Hrcvf bgsbg ac gxpgrdgejdc suhogtdvc

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debdquä… Grc ac prdkgrc vgz qug acs vgëc bg jgrjc! qug acs gsjuj`chc! ags kdrchc afs fofs y acs

Hcrjgafec! \cdbús! 8<<9! p% 80% Jfe gstcs dbgcs ac cutfrc gstã cbvdrtdgebf sfhrg ue gstcbf bg pgrkcegetgcagrtc nrgetg c af qug rgjfefjgkfs jfkf cjtfs suhvgrsdvfs%33

Ac tgfrëc quggr gs uec prfpugstc bg genfqug sfhrg ga iäegrf! qug cndrkc qug ac frdgetcjdúe sgxuca y acsdbgetdbcbgs bg iäegrf bg acs pgrsfecs pugbge sgr kÿatdpags% Zgiÿe gstc tgfrëc ga iäegrf gs ga rgsuatcbf bguec jfestrujjdúe sfjdfjuaturca y! pfr af tcetf! ef gxdstge sgxucadbcbgs gsgejdcags f iäegrfs hdfaúidjckgetgbgtgrkdecbfs ge ac ecturcagzc ùkcec! sdef qug! sg trctc bg prãjtdjcs sfjdcakgetg vcrdchags% Gstc pfsturcgpdstäkdjc sgócac qug ac bgtgrkdecjdúe bga iäegrf ge kcsjuadef y ngkgedef rgspfebg c ac egjgsdbcb bgpfbgr y jfetrfa bg acs sfjdgbcbgs kfbgrecs%




9

sgetëc pgrsfecs% Gstuvg ue rctf bgsjfejgrtcbc kdgetrcs nfrkchc pcrtg bga cogtrgf qug dkpadjc ac

jffrbdecjdúe bg ue gvgetf%

Getrchce y scaëce bga hcóf bga Bgpcrtckgetf bg Gbujcjdúe bga Kusgf bg Hgaacs Crtgs bg

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Crigadc sg kfvëc jfe prgfjupcjdúe bg ue acbf c ftrf detgetcebf jfetrfacr tfbfs afs bgtcaags?

ac pdeturc! ga paãstdjf! ac ndocjdúe bg ac tgac ge ga vdbrdf! acs sdaacs bg afs csdstgetgs! ac kÿsdjc! afs

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Crigadc gstchc dkpgjchag! kuy adigrckgetg kcqudaacbc y jfe ga jchgaaf rgjfidbf! uec jckdsc

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Ga gspcjdf gstchc rgpagtf% Gspgrchce vgr% Gstuvdgrfe caaë jfe caiuef bg afs jcrtgags

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ndaúsfnf! nftúircnc%

38Ga tärkdef trcesngkdedstc af tfkckfs prgstcbf bga \rfygjtf Rrcesiäegrf bg Sudtf+ Gjucbfr% Gaaxs utdadzce

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0

Ga pÿhadjf csë kcrjcbf! gtdqugtcbf y rgiuacbf! kdrú detgrgscbf (yf tckhdäe$ c cqugaacs

j`djcs qug! jfe jugrpfs gsjuaturcags! dedjdcrfe su cjjdúe sgbujtfrc y agetc bg qudtcrsg sus adigrfs

trcogs bg trcespcrgejdcs y agetgougacs ge ue bdsjrgtf strdp tgcsg nrgetg c tfbfs%

Sugbcrfe bgseubxs y su pdga! sus jcregs gxpugstcs cetg efsftrfs% Rfbfs pcrgjëce caif

jfenusfs nrgetg c acs nfrkcs ‑dejf`grgetgs‛ bg sus jugrpfs% Caiuefs `fkhrgs pcr gjëce ef schgr

búebg kdrcr! pcrgjëce ctrcëbfs y c ac vgz egrvdfsfs%

Nug getfejgs jucebf Crigadc jfkgezú c pdetcracs jfe sutdagzc y rgspgtf! jfe ac gspfeoc

gkpcpcbc ge ga rfscbf… hrcvf% Hrcvf gs ga cpgaadbf bg ac crtdstc rgsgkcetdzcbf jfkf uec kcrjc!

ue jfpyrdi`t ! `cjdäebfag ougif c ac cjjdúe bg Tvgs Magde ge afs cófs ><s% \grf kãs cÿe pfr ga

sdagejdf qug cetgs sunrdú ac crtdstc ge ue detgetf bg pgrnfrkcejg! sgkgocetg ca qug c`frc fjurrëc!

jgesurcbf ge ac Wedvgrsdbcb Jgetrca bg ^gegzugac! ge ac qug augif sg puhadjú bg kfbf

uebgrirfueb ue kcedndgstf ndrkcbf pfr Crigadc Hrcvc% \grf sfhrg tfbf hrcvf pfrqug! prgvdf c tfbf

af bdj`f! kuj`cs vgjgs! kuj`cs j`djcs! jfkf acs qug gstãhckfs kdrcebf! sg trcicrfe su bdurec

devdsdhdadbcb y su rdgsif efjturef c ac ngrfz vdfagejdc bg acs jcaags jcrcqugócs! qug sdgkprg gs

kuj`f kãs ngrfz jfe gaaxs%

Acs j`djcs tfkcrfe acs gspfeocs y jfetdeucrfe jfe ac cjjdúe bg pdetcrsg ac uec c ac ftrc

pcrc augif! c vgjgs jfe ac bdrgjjdúe bg Crigadc! bgocr dkprgsc gsc dkcige desgpcrchag bg sus

ctrcjtdvfs jugrpfs y rfstrfs ngkgedefs! jfe ue pgeg qug prgtgebdgrfe fjuatcr pfr vgriñgezc! pgrf

qug degaujtchagkgetg qugbú bgsbg getfejgs ndocbf ge ga hacejf adgezf! devcbdgebf afs pfbgrgs bg

jucaqudgr ftrc pdeturc kusgchag%

Bfs cófs kãs tcrbg! ftrxs trces! ge uec cjjdúe pÿhadjc ge Gspcóc! sg cprfpdchce bg acs

tgacs jfe ac dkprfetc bg cqugaafs jugrpfs jfkf jcrtgags pcrc ga rgjackf% Ga adgezf sdiug caaë y `cjg

pcapdtcr afs rgjugrbfs! caif sdiug pgebdgetg%




4

Gsc nug ac prdkgrc vgz bg Xfscbf Hrcvf% Ac cjjdúe sg bgscrrfaaú ge ga Kusgf bg Hgaacs

Crtgs bg Jcrcjcs%

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(Dkcige :$ Rgac jfe afs jugrpfs trces dkprgsfs trcs ac cjjdúe Xfscbf Hrcvf!Jcrcjcs! Kusgf bg Hgaacs Crtgs! 8<<2%

Xfscbf Hrcvf ge ac Hdgeca bg ac @chcec

Ac sgiuebc gxpgrdgejdc bg Xfscbf Hrcvf nug ge 8<<4 ge ac 3<ª Hdgeca bg Ac @chcec% Gstc

cjjdúe ef ac prgsgejdckfs! pgrf pfbgkfs detgetcr uec cprfxdkcjdúe c gstg gvgetf jfefjdgebf




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qug ac crtdstc sdiudú ga kdskf gsqugkc c pcrtdr bg afs rgactfs! afs vdbgfs! acs nftfircnëcs y afs

fhogtfs cpfrtcbfs pfr ac prfpdc Crigadc Hrcvf%

/ /

Tf cÿe gstchc ge ^gegzugac! ef `chëc pcrtdbf c Sudtf! jucebf Crigadc kg jfkgetú! jfe

cagirëc! qug `chëc afircbf qug ga jurcbfr 3: bg ac Hdgeca ac pusdgrc ge jfetcjtf jfe bfs j`djcs

trces detgrgscbcs ge ac prfpugstc bg cjjdúe crtëstdjc qug gaac gstchc pacetgcebf%

Bg kcegrc qug! ge gstc sgiuebc fpfrtuedbcb Xfscbf Hrcvf nug tfkcbf pfr bfs trces

juhcecs qug prfpusdgrfe dejfrpfrcr tckhfrgs hctã! bcezc! y ga usf bg hfcs bg paukcs jfe afs

jfafrgs bg sus scetfs rgigetgs (Fsùe y Tgkcyã$! sgiÿe afs júbdifs bg ac rgadidúe yfruhc% Gaacs

ag dkprdkdgrfe csë ue jcrãjtgr bg rdtucadbcb tgctrca bg tfef cagirg (jcrecvcagsjf bdrëc Egaay Xdj`crb

qudge së prgsgejdú ac cjjdúe! bgsbg sus rgngrgetgs juaturcags y su bgsaukhrckdgetf$% Gstc vgz ga

crtg+cjjdúe jfetrcstú jfe ac jfqugtc y sfagkeg jgrgkfedc bg ac gxpgrdgejdc jcrcqugóc%

Gstc vcrdcjdúe bg kÿsdjc! ctugebfs y cjtdtub! `dzf vdsdhags afs ncjtfrgs juaturcags qug ge ac

prdkgrc fjcsdúe ̀ chëce pcscbf bgscpgrjdhdbfs ca ef tgegr rgngrgejdcs pcrc ga jfetrcstg%

Ftrc rupturc nug pfsdhag ge kgbdf bga rdtkf ge ga qug sg bgspagiú gstc cjjdúe% T gs qug

cbgkãs bg acs dkprgsdfegs bg afs jugrpfs sfhrg ac tgac cpcdscbc y hacejc! ac cetgrdfr puajrdtub bga

trcog bg Crigadc! gkuacebf caif bga `dgrãtdjf Magde! nug trcesirgbdbc pfr acs j`djcs jucebf ac

sfrprgebdgrfe jfe ue bfhag chrczf% Ac kãjuac bg acs trces bgseubcs y pdetcbcs bg rfscbf hrcvf!

jfe su dkprfetc bdsjfetdeuc! qugbú sfhrg ac devgstdburc bg ac crtdstc%

Ga jugrpf bg ac crtdstc sg vdf gstc vgz kuj`f kãs jfkprfkgtdbf! su trcvgstdkdgetf tfkú

ftrf sdiedndjcbf% Ac kcej`c bga jugrpf jfe ga ncaf dkprgsf! gkpaczcebf ga auicr bfebg cetgs sg

bchc pfr `gj`f ecturca ue sgxf ngkgedef pcrgjëc! y cÿe c`frc ge ac nftf! pcrgjg prgiuetcrag caif

3:3<ª Hdgeca bg ac @chcec! Jurcbfr devdtcbf Cebräs B% Chrgu! Iäegrf (trces$ Iäegrf y afs (bgs$ Igegrcbfs!

8<<4%




33

c ac crtdstc! pcrgjg rgtcrefs c tfbfs%32 Caif sfhrg ac cpcrdgejdc cnafrc! ca prfpfegr ftrc gstätdjc bga

sgxf cirdgtcebf acs sfadbdndjcbcs jrggejdcs sfhrg ac jctgifrëc bg iäegrf%

(Dkcige 2$ Bfs trces `chcegrcs bgoce su dkprfetc sfhrg ac j`cqugtc bg ac crtdstc%

(Dkãigegs 7 y >$ Ac crtdstc kcrjcbc pfr afs jugrpfs trces (cevgrsf y rgvgrsf$

(Dkcige 9$ Nftfrgidstrf bg Xfscbf Hrcvf ge Ac @chcec! 8<<4

32^gr dkãigegs 7! > y 9%




38

\fr ftrf acbf! pcrc gstc sgiuebc fjcsdúe! Hrcvf dbgú ga tdrcog bg bfs fhogtfs jfkf uec

gspgjdg bg sfuvgedrs bg ac cjjdúe?

We pgqugóf nrcsjf bg pdeturc rfscbc! qug jugetc jfe uec gtdqugtc qug af dbgetdndjc jfe

uec ùgaac bdidtca y ac desjrdpjdúe nrfetca XFZCBF HXC^F! CXXGJ@F37 T GENWXGJDBF (csë!

tfbf ge kcyÿsjuacs$% Ge ac pcrtg pfstgrdfr bga gevcsg acs destrujjdfegs bg usf rgzce?

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(Dkãigegs 0 y 4$ ^dstcs bga nrcsjf bg pdeturc jfafr Xfscbf Hrcvf

Ga ftrf fhogtf nug ue gkpcqug bg jcrtúe! jfetgegbfr bg ue prgsgrvctdvf! dbgetdndjcbf jfe ac

kdskc ùgaac y ac kdskc dkprgsdúe ge kcyÿsjuacs qug ga kgejdfecbf gevcsg bg pdeturc% \fr

bgtrãs! ue tgxtf qug debdjc qug gsg fhogtf sdrvg pcrc ac prgvgejdúe bga ^D@&ZDBC y ftrcs DRZ!

37

Ge ^gegzugac gstc pcachrc nugrtg (crrgj`f$ sdiedndjc gstcr rcbdjcakgetg kfagstf% Ge ga Bdjjdfecrdf bgvgegzfacedskfs bdrdidbf pfr Kcrëc Ofsgndec Rgogrc acs pcachrcs crrgj`crsg! crrgj`grc y crrgj`f ndiurce jfkfac cjjdúe bg genurgjgrsg f debdiecrsg vg`gkgetgkgetg% Ga Bdjjdfecrdf bga `chac cjtuca bg ^gegzugac ! bgXfjëf Euógz y Nrcejdsjf Ocvdgr \ärgz! cirgic ftrcs cjgpjdfegs c ac pcachrc crrgj`f kuy suigrgetgs ge gacsuetf cquë trctcbf? ‑nugrtgkgetg kcaùkfrcbf‛= ‑cpadjcbf c uec pgrsfec vcadgetg y jfe jfrcog‛= ‑cpadjcbf c uec jfsc kuy bdnëjda bg `cjgr‛= ‑cpadjcbf c caif kuy hugef f nugrc bg af efrkca‛% Gstcs cjgpjdfegs

pftgejdce ‚ge ga júbdif vgrhca vgegzfacef ‚ ga sgetdbf rgngrgejdca y kgtcnúrdjf bga tëtuaf bga pgrnfrkcejgqug gstubdckfs cquë%




3:

cbgkãs bg prgvgedr ac bdsjrdkdecjdúe y tfbcs acs bgkãs ‑gengrkgbcbgs‛ pcrc acs qug ac pdeturc

rfsc gstã `gj`c c tfbc prughc%

Bgsgekcsjcrckdgetf! pgrnfrkcejg pcrc eugvcs pfaëtdjcs pgrnfrkctdvcs

Zd ac pgrnfrkctdvdbcb! jfkf `c cpuetcbf Hutagr! gs ‑uec dbgetdbcb destdtudbc pfr uec

rgpgtdjdúe gstdadzcbc bg cjtfs‛ (Hutagr! s&n? 3$! ge ga jfetgxtf bg Xfscbf Hrcvf! ac cjjdúe bg crtg

rdtucadzc uec prfpugstc catgrec bg jfkprgesdúe bga jugrpf qug sg ag gsjcpc c ac kctrdz bg iäegrf

y `cjg jfrrgspfeschags c afs prgsgetgs%

Gs bgjdr! ef gs jcsuca qug ac crtdstc Crigadc Hrcvf `cyc gagidbf ca crtg bga pgrnfrkcejg

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bg acs j`djcs trces pcrc! bgsbg ac gxpgrdgejdc sgesdhag! jfafjcr ge ac bdsjusdúe pÿhadjc bdeãkdjcs!

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Ac prfpugstc bg Crigadc Hrcvf sgócac ac kcagchdadbcb bg cqugaaf ‚af rgca ‚ qug cpcrgjg

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jfebdjdúe! sg pugbg kfbdndjcr% Dbgc qug sg kctgrdcadzc ge ac jrëtdjc c acs jfejgpjdfegs sfhrg

sgxucadbcb y iäegrf! jfafjcebf c ac vdstc afs ougifs bg ac cpcrdgejdc! bgsgekcsjcrcebf ac

kgtcnësdjc bga iäegrf c trcväs bg ac prgsgejdc buajg! bgadjcbc y bgseubc bg bfs trces jfe sus

jugrpfs dedetgadidhags pcrc ga rgstf! pfr bgvgedr jugrpfs ngkgedefs jfe ncaf%




32

Rcetf Oubdt` Hutagr jfkf Hgctrdz \rgjdcbf sgócace ac kcegrc ge qug ga iäegrf sg `cjg

gspcjdf ge ga kgbdf sfjdca c trcväs bg ac cjtucjdúe bga kdskf! bghctdgebf ga kfbf ge qug

nuejdfec ac cpcrdgejdc nësdjc y su `gigkfeëc ge ac juaturc fjjdbgetca?

Ge acs pgrjgpjdfegs ge acs qug uec rgcadbcb cpcrgetg sg vdejuac c uecdrrgcadbcb! jrggkfs schgr juãa gs ac rgcadbcb! y tfkckfs ac sgiuebc cpcrdgejdcbga iäegrf jfkf ue kgrf crtdndjdf! ougif! ncasgbcb g dausdúe% (Hutagr! 8<<9? 89$

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Ge Xfscbf Hrcvf ac crtdstc sg vg ge ac egjgsdbcb bg dkpuascr ga rgjfefjdkdgetf bg ac

‑rgcadbcb‛ bg acs trces! gs bgjdr su jfebdjdúe bg sgr jfesdbgrcbfs tce rgcags y bdiefs bg

rgjfefjdkdgetf jfkf cqugaafs cÿe gevugatfs pfr ac kãsjcrc sfhrg ac kãsjcrc%

Gstã jacrf qug Hrcvf ef detgetc sgpcrcr c axs trces bga rgstf! sdef `cjgraxs rgjfefjdhags y

rgspgtcbxs bgetrf bg acs bdeãkdjcs ge acs qug tfbfs pcrtdjdpce% T gs qug sdgebf kuogr y

`gtgrfsgxuca sg rgjfefjg rgspfeschdadzcbc g destcbc c prfpfegr eugvcs pgrspgjtdvcs ge tfref c

acs pfaëtdjcs bga jugrpf% Sudzã sg jfkprgebc kgofr gstc pfsturc c trcväs bg af gxprgscbf pfr

Jcrkge @greãebgz?

Bgspuäs bg ac rupturc bga suogtf pcrgjg egjgscrdf rgpgescr c ac kuogr jfkfdbgetdbcb sfjdca y sgxuca c pcrtdr bg ue yf bgsjgetrcadzcbf% \fr ftrc pcrtg! sd gapsdjfceãadsds gstchagjg qug ac ngkdedbcb euejc sg cajcezc bg kcegrcjfkpagtc! ac kuogr gstã getfejgs gspgjdcakgetg kcridecbc y! pfr gaaf! tdgebg c




37

uhdjcrsg ge pfsdjdfegs aëkdtg! yc sgc bg sukdsdúe f bg gxtrgkc rghgabëc! sfhrgtfbf jucebf bghg genrgetcrsg c acs tgesdfegs qug ag dkpfege afs bdsjursfs`gigkúedjfs% ]…[ Af qug rgcakgetg jcrcjtgrdzc c af ngkgedef gs su auicr bgkcrige cjtdvf ge ga frbge sdkhúadjf% (@greãebgz! 8<<9? 37$

Ge ga trchcof bg Hrcvf afs cspgjtfs sfhrg ac cpcrdgejdc y ga bgsgekcsjcrckdgetf sg

bghctge c trcväs bg bfs bgseubfs tgódbfs bg rfscbf hrcvf! qug jfenuebge c qudgegs gstãe

kdrcebf y ef pugbge bgocr bg `cjgraf pfr cqugaaf qug \rgjdcbf `c aackcbf uec ‑bdsfjdcjdúe getrg

ga sgxf cectúkdjf! acs prãjtdjcs sgxucags y acs prãjtdjcs juaturcags bg ac ngkdedbcb‛%

Igfrigs Bdbd+@uhgrkce `c `gj`f uec rgnagxdúe cetrfpfaúidjc sfhrg ac bgseubgz jrdstdcec c

trcväs bg ac djfefafiëc qucttrfjgetdstc ge ac qug pacetgc uec sgrdg bg prgjdsdfegs sfhrg bdstdetfs

tdpfs bg bgseubgz (eubdtcs ecturcads= tgkpfrcads= vdtucads= eubdtcs jrdkdecads= bgseubgz rdtuca=

bgseubgz juapchag= bgseubgz vdjtdkcrdc$% C trcväs bg su tgxtf Bdbd+@uhgrkce kg despdrc c

detgrprgtcr afs bgseubfs bga cjjdúe+crtg Xfscbf Hrcvf jfkf bgseubfs qug! cpadjcebf acs

gstätdjcs gstchagjdbcs bg af ngkgedef! sfe kãs ckgeczcetgs qug ue jugrpf rgjfefjdbf jfkf

jugrpf bg kuogr pfr ac sfac prgsgejdc bg su sgxf! bghdbf c qug gs uec gspgjdg bg dengrdfrdzcjdúe

bga jugrpf kcsjuadef y gxprgsdúe bg afs kfestrufs kgbdgvcags `gj`fs bg ac dejf`grgejdc bg acs

nfrkcs y bg afs kdgbfs bg afs jrgygetgs%

Gstfs bgseubfs debgjgetgs `ce sdbf bgseubfs scjrdndjdcags! ‑bgseubgz c jcreg chdgrtc‛!

tfrturcbc y `grdbc! pfr sgr cetgs eubdtcs jrdkdecads? jugrpfs aagefs bg sgesucadbcb! pgrf jugrpfs

sdedgstrfs ge tcetf qug debgndedbfs! ge afs qug ac kfrca jrdstdcec vg egjgscrdc ac ùkdaacjdúe qug

purdndjc%3>

Xfscbf Hrcvf nueig cquë jfkf ue tdpf bg rdtuca ge ga qug afs vcafrgs sg devdgrtge! ef pcrc

vdjtdkdzcr! pugs ge ac cjjdúe gstfs jugrpfs sfe jcsd bdvdefs! sdef bdrëc! pcrc prfvfjcr ue idrf

3> Jnr% Bdbd ‚@uhgrkce! ^geus Xcocbc! Hugefs Cdrgs! Icaadkcrb! 8<<7! >3+ 90%




3>

pgrjgptuca ge nuejdúe bg eugvcs pfaëtdjcs bga iäegrf! bg eugvcs nfrkcs bg jfevdvgejdc ge acs qug

afs jugrpfs y acs rgacjdfegs gstäe adhgrcbfs bg acs chsurbcs rgprgsdfegs c acs qug `ce sdbf

sfkgtdbfs `cstc c`frc% Eugvckgetg uec rgnagxdúe bg Hgctrdz \rgjdcbf pugbg cjfkpcócr gstc

dbgc?

Ef súaf `fkhrg y kuogr! kcsjuadef y ngkgedef! sdef tckhdäe `fkfsgxuca y`gtgrfsgxuca cpcrgjge `fy jfkf hdecrdskfs u fpfsdjdfegs desundjdgetgs pcrcjcrcjtgrdzcr ac prfbujjdúe jfetgkpfrãegc bg jugrpfs quggr% Kãs caaã bg acrgsdiedndjcjdúe f bg ac rgsdstgejdc c ac efrkcadzcjdúe! acs pfaëtdjcs pgrnfrkctdvcsvce c jfevgrtdrsg ge ue jckpf bg gxpgrdkgetcjdúe! ge ga auicr bg prfbujjdúebg eugvcs suhogtdvdbcbgs y pfr af tcetf! ge uec vgrbcbgrc catgrectdvc c acsnfrkcs trcbdjdfecags bg `cjgr pfaëtdjc% (\rgjdcbf! 8<<2? 3:$




39

Gstrctgidcs scjcbcs bga ‑kuebf bga crtg‛

Ge acs bfs vgrsdfegs bg ac cjjdúe Xfscbf Hrcvf `cy c ac vdstc vcrdfs cspgjtfs qug sg

vdejuace jfe gstrctgidcs prfpdcs bga ‑kuebf bga crtg‛%39 C jfetdeucjdúe afs puetucadzcrä ge crcs bg

ue ceãadsds kãs bgtcaacbf bg afs jfkpfegetgs qug `ce pgrkdtdbf qug gstc cjjdúe sgc gngjtdvc ge

jucetf c sus fhogtdvfs bgsgstchdadzcbfrgs bg acs efjdfegs hdecrdstcs y efrkcadzcbfrcs ge rgacjdúe

jfe afs iäegrfs y acs jfkfbdbcbgs bga ‑kuebf bga crtg‛?

Ga ageiucog bga pgrnfrkcejg

Ga pgrnfrkcejg gs ue ageiucog qug! jfkf yc `g pacetgcbf jfe kãs bgtcaag ge gstg tgxtf!jfetdgebg jfe afs vcafrgs kfbgrefs tcetf bga iäegrf jfkf bga ‑kuebf bga crtg‛ bgsbg su

jfebdjdúe bg jfetrc`gigkúedjf! pÿhadjf! jfrpfrca! igegrcbfr bg pcrtdjdpcjdúe y! ge caiuefs jcsfs!

bg jfrrgspfeschdadbcb%

Ac jdtc jfkf suhvgrsdúe

Ac jdtc gs uec bg acs kfbcadbcbgs bga cprfpdcjdfedskf cpcrgjdbf ge afs fj`getc bga sdiaf

PP ge ga crtg jfetgkpfrãegf% Zg trctc bg ue kgjcedskf bg ceãadsds aagvcbf cbgacetg bgsbg acs

39 Gs egjgscrdf qug cjacrg quä sg getdgebg pfr ‑ga kuebf bga crtg‛? @fy ef gs pfsdhag jrggr qug ga crtg gs

prfpdgbcb chsfautc bga crtdstc% Zgiÿe Acs Xgiacs bga Crtg bg \dgrrg Hfurbdgu! ga crtg gs ue jckpf! bgetrf bgajuca nuejdfec uedndjcbckgetg uec gspgjdg bg ougif ge ga qug `cy uecs rgiacs c sgiudr! ge ga qug `cybgtgrkdecbfs cigetgs bg prfbujjdúe sdkhúadjc! qug schrëce egifjdcr bdvgrscs rgacjdfegs pcrc fhtgegr gacjjgsf c ac agidtdkcjdúe pfr pcrtg bg irupfs kuy gspgjëndjfs bg pfbgr juaturca! pfaëtdjf y gjfeúkdjf!prfpugstc qug jfetdeÿc tgedgebf vdigejdc! c kd getgebgr% \grf cbgkãs! gstã ac aackcbc Rgfrëc Destdtujdfecabga Crtg! jfendiurcbc pfr Igfrig Bdjmdg! c trcväs bg ac juca sg cndrkc qug ga crtg bgpgebgrëc

nuebckgetcakgetg bg acs cutfrdzcjdfegs destdtujdfecags% Ca rgspgjtf! jfejugrbf kãs jfe ac prfpugstcpfstgrdfr bg Crtùr Bcetf! qudge bghctg ac pfsturc bg Bdjmdg sde bgsjcrtcrac! kãs hdge pftgejdãebfac% Gstfgs! Bcetf ag cirgic c cqugaac tgfrëc uec sgrdg bg jfkpfegetgs qug crtdjuace ue jfrpus detgref bg ac fhrc!bdj`f bg ftrc kcegrc! ue jugrpf `gj`f bg acs cndadcjdfegs cbfptcbcs pfr ga crtdstc! acs bdrgjjdfegs bg subdsjusdúe! acs rczfegs qug jfkpfege ac fhrc y ac ‑pfsdjdúe ]bga crtdstc[ jfe rgspgjtf ca p cscbf gdegvdtchagkgetg jfe rgspgjtf c afs jfetgkpfrãegfs‛ (Bcetf! 8<<:? 79$! sukcbcs c acs crtdjuacjdfegs

destdtujdfecags qug tdgege ga pfbgr pcrc `cjgr deirgscr caiuecs prfpugstcs (gxjauygebf ftrcs tcetcs$ ge gaaackcbf pfr Bcetf ‑kuebf bga crtg‛%




30

prãjtdjcs crtëstdjcs nrgetg c acs prfbujjdfegs jrgctdvcs! yc desgrtcs ge ac `dstfrdc bga crtg! ge

nuejdúe bga bgsgekcsjcrckdgetf jrëtdjf bg afs prfjgsfs bg kgbdcjdúe y bg ac destdtujdfecadzcjdúe

kfbgrec%30

Ga cprfpdcjdfedskf sg prfpfeg rgvdscr! jfe pfsturc pfaëtdjc! acs gstrctgidcs cpadjcbcs pfr

crtdstcs qug igegrcakgetg nugrfe rgprgsgetcetgs bg acs vceiucrbdcs! cpcrgetgkgetg

trcesirgsfrgs bg nfrkcs gstchagjdbcs pgrf qug! bgetrf bg sus bdsjursfs `grfdjfs! tckhdäe

rgnfrzcrfe f rgprfbuogrfe kfbgafs efrkcadzcbfs%

Crigadc Hrcvf! sg cprfpdú bg ac cjjdúe Cetrfpfkgtrëcs bg ac äpfjc czua (kcrzf bg 34><$ bga

crtdstc Tvgs Magde! qudge utdadzú c trgs kfbgafs bgseubcs jfkf pdejgags ùkcefs gkhcburecbfs

jfe su jrgcjdúe? ga jfafr Czua Magde (DMH! Detgrectdfeca Magde Haug$%34

Jfe gstc cjjdúe Magde rgprfbuof tfbc ac gstrujturc pctrdcrjca pugs! pcrc ga crtdstc! afs

jugrpfs bg cqugaacs kuogrgs grce kcscs jfrpúrgcs! destrukgetfs pcrc dkprdkdr su jfafr! ef

suogtfs% T su jfafr! DMH! grc ga sëkhfaf cetëpfbc bga jugrpf y ac jcreg= grc ac rgprgsgetcjdúe bg ac

purgzc gspdrdtuca! ac deircvdbgz! ga vcjëf! ac bgskctgrdcadzcjdúe%

Hrcvf jrgc ac cjjdúe Xfscbf Hrcvf jdtcebf jrëtdjckgetg acs Cetrfpfkgtrëcs bg Magde y! jfe

caif bg ùkfr jëedjf! utdadzc ga jfafr rfscbf y rgvcafrdzc su sdiedndjcbf% Ga rfscbf! juaturcakgetg

cboubdjcbf c af ngkgedef jfkf bähda! jcstf y bgadjcbf!8< ge gstg crtg+cjjdúe sg rgsdiedndjc pcrc

trcesnfrkcrsg ge uec gspgjdg bg sëkhfaf bg auj`c jfetrc ac vdfagejdc= af ndrkc Hrcvf! pgrf

30 Jnr% Ouce Kcrtëe \rcbc! Ac cprfpdcjdúe pfskfbgrec% Crtg! prãjtdjc cprfpdcjdfedstc y tgfrëc bg ac

pfskfbgredbcb! Kcbrdb! Gbdt% Nuebckgetfs! 8<<3%34

Jrgcr y pctgetcr su czua (DMH$ dbgetdndjc ca crtdstc Tvgs Magde jfe ac egjgsdbcb bg sgr dejfrpfrcbf ge gargactf y ga kgrjcbf bga crtg kuy jfetrcbdjtfrdfs jfe su bgsgf bg chsfautc dekctgrdcadbcb%8<

Xfscbf Hrcvf suridú ge ga cvcejg bg ac devgstdicjdúe pcrc ac vdbgfjrgcjdúe bfjukgetca \cscrgacs

Adhgrtcbfrcs y ge ue tgxtf ac crtdstc gsjrdhdú? ‑ acs pcscrgacs bg ac Cvgedbc Adhgrtcbfr gejcrece gsg sgetdbfrfsc‛ (Hrcvf! 8<<7? :$% Bg cquë surig ga jfafr rfscbf hrcvf% Crigadc Hrcvf `c `gj`f bg gsg jfafr uec ùgaacadicbc c ac drfeëc sfhrg ac sgbujjdúe y ac jcstdbcb qug sg supfege cprfpdcbcs pcrc acs kuogrgs% \fr ftrf acbf!sg kugstrc cbvgrsf ca czua bg ac kcsjuadedbcb y ncafjgetrdskf bga igstf crtëstdjf bg Tvgs Magde y su ‑Czua

Magde‛%




34

rgjugrbc ga cbogtdvf jcadndjctdvf ‑hrcvf‛! jfkf ga gstcbf qug igegrú ac egjgsdbcb bg ac cjjdúe (ue

cutäetdjf fxëkfrfe juaturca$%

\fr ftrf acbf! acs trces qug dkprdkge sus jugrpfs! cuequg ge ga gspcjdf sfjdca sfe

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Magde jfesdbgrú c sus jfachfrcbfrcs$! qug ef sfaf `ce gagidbf pcrtdjdpcr bg ac prfpugstc bg ac

crtdstc g dkpagkgetcr su gstätdjc! sdef qug sg schge pcrtg bg uec cjjdúe qug gs crtëstdjc pgrf!

tckhdäe! bgjacrcbckgetg pfaëtdjc c ncvfr bg sus bgrgj`fs nuebckgetcags%

Ac detgrvgejdúe bg ue gspcjdf

Ge ga crtg jfetgkpfrãegf sg ag aackc detgrvgejdfegs c cqugaacs cjjdfegs crtëstdjcs qug

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Cue jucebf ac prdkgrc vgrsdúe sg rgcadzcrc ge uec bg acs destdtujdfegs kfbgrecs bg

agidtdkcjdúe bga crtg kãs trcbdjdfecags! jfkf af gs ue kusgf! rgjdetf pfr gxjgagejdc bg afs vcafrgs

destdtudbfs! tfbcvëc `fy! csfjdcbfs jfe ac `cutg juaturg y ga ‑huge iustf‛! tcetf ac tftcadbcb bga

gvgetf C: Crtg Cjjdúe Cjtdvdskfs! jfkf ga pgrnfrkcejg Xfscbf Hrcvf! sg gngjtucrfe ge ue pcsdaaf

bg ac pacetc hcoc bga gbdndjdf= ue gspcjdf bg trãesdtf ge ga qug tfbc ac cjtdvdbcb detgrrukpëc ga nauof

`chdtuca bg sus usucrdfs y trchcocbfrgs! deodrdgebf csë ge ac crqudtgjturc y ge ac jfejgpjdúe bg afs

usfs bga gspcjdf kusgf%

\grf sfhrg tfbf! gsc cjjdúe ‑jfetckdeú‛ ga gspcjdf y pusf ge jfenadjtf ga dbgca kfrca bg ac

destdtujdúe kusgëstdjc kãs cetdiuc bg ^gegzugac! vdejuacbc tckhdäe c ac rgjtdtub y ac gxcatcjdúe bga

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8<

gspërdtu! ca cvgeturcrsg c gxpfegr ‚bgetrf bg sus gspcjdfs ‚ jugrpfs bgseubfs qug! cbgkãs! grce

trcesiäegrf ge uec gspgjdg bg tcaagr bg crtdstc%

Ac dbgetdndjcjdúe

\fr kgbdf bg jcrtgags! ac crtdstc gngjtuú ac dbgetdndjcjdúe bg vcrdfs bg afs csdstgetgs! c afs

qug gtdqugtú pfr sus rfags prfngsdfecags% Afs rfags grce afs bg qudgegs sfe caiuecs bg acs

cutfrdbcbgs qug tdgege dejdbgejdc ge afs gspcjdfs y bdsjursfs destdtujdfecags (jurcbfr! crtdstc!

devgstdicbfr! cetrfpúafif! kusgúircnf! gtj%$! cqugaafs qug! sdiudgebf ac tgfrëc destdtujdfeca bga crtg!

bcrëce sgetdbf ca ‑kuebf bga crtg‛%

Ge Xfscbf Hrcvf gsfs pcrtdjdpcetgs gtdqugtcbfs sg vdgrfe jfkprfkgtdbfs c kfvgrsg!

bgetrf bg gsg! su kuebf bg ac cutfrdbcb y ac cbkdedstrcjdúe bgetrf bg acs bdeãkdjcs bga crtg! pgrf

pcrc jfrrgspfeschdadzcrsg ge ga rgjfefjdkdgetf bg uec vcrdgbcb sgxuca fjuatcbc pfr ac

`gtgrfrrgcadbcb%88

Ga trcvgstdkdgetf

Cbqudrdr ac dbgetdbcb kcsjuadec! gs ue crtdauidf ca qug kuogrgs bg ac adtgrcturc y ga crtg `ce

rgjurrdbf! jfe nrgjugejdc! pcrc afircr jfenrfetcr ga pfbgr pctrdcrjca% Catgrcr ac dbgetdbcb ngkgedec!

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`fkhrgs `gtgrfsgxucags y fhadicjdúe bg ac sfjdgbcb% Rgrgsc bg Acurgtds jugstdfec cquga ngkdedskf qug efscag bg afs aëkdtgs bg ac `gtgrfrrgcadbcb y ca jfetrcrdf! ca jfetdeucr ge afs gsqugkcs bg fpfsdjdúe hdecrdc acrgprfbujg% Ac `gtgrfrrgcadbcb bgtgrkdec qug sfaf sg gxdstg ge rgacjdúe jfe ga `fkhrg `gtgrfsgxuca% Jnr %Efrkc Kfirfvdgof! ‑Agshdcedskf jfkf prãjtdjc pfaëtdjc‛ ge We ckfr qug sg ctrgvdú c bgjdr su efkhrg% Ac

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devgstdicjdúe cetrfpfaúidjc! Käxdjf B%N%! \aczc y ^cabäs & Jgetrf bg devgstdicjdfegs detgrbdsjdpadecrdcs gejdgejdcs y ùkcedbcbgs WECK & Ceigac Cancrcj`g Afrgezf! 8<<:! p% 3>:%




83

ge ga jcsf bg caiuecs jrgcbfrcs! jfebujg ga fhogtdvf bg prfvfjcr uec rupturc jfetrc ac

suhyuicjdúe y ac vdfagejdc%8:

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deirgscr ge ac sdtucjdúe bg kuebf bg ftrf! pcrc ga jcsf bga trcvgstdkdgetf bg uec kuogr! bg sus

prdvdagidfs y pfbgrgs%

Crigadc Hrcvf sg trcvdstg ge Xfscbf Hrcvf y gxpgrdkgetc ge su prfpdf jugrpf ac kãsjcrc bg

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bgsbg acs pfsturcs bg afs prfjgsfs jfetgkpfrãegfs bga crtg%

Ztrdp tgcsg82

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jfe acs tãjtdjcs bg ac sgbujjdúe ngkgedec! cpcrgjg ge ga gspcjdf kusgëstdjf% Ac cjjdúe bg acs

trces bgsvdstdäebfsg ge pÿhadjf nug pgescbc pfr ac crtdstc! gstchagjdgebf ue jfetrcstg jfe ac

bgseubgz gxpugstc bgsbg ac getrcbc ge ga pgrnfrkcejg bg Tvgs Magde%

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qug gs ga kusgf% \fr ftrf acbf! `cy qug tfkcr ge jugetc qug sg trctchc bg ue pÿhadjf kuy

gspgjëndjf (dejausf rftuacbf$! ge ga qug sg prfbuof jfenusdúe! bgsjfejdgrtf! egrvdfsdskf! ca bgocr

bgsjuhdgrtf ga ncaf bg ckhcs j`djcs cetg afs csdstgetgs pugstf qug sus jfejgpjdfegs

8: Jnr % Drdec Hcoded! ‑Rrcvgstdrsg pcrc sgr pgrsfec% Caiuefs jcsfs bg kuogrgs bdsnrczcbcs ge ac ecrrctdvc

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ge ga ukhrca? Ac dedjdcjdúe ngkgedec ge acs gsjrdtfrcs `dspãedjcs! Gbdt% Xgecjdkdgetf! 8<<>! pp% 803+ 842%82

Hgctrdz \rgjdcbf `cjg rgngrgejdc c ac utd adzcjdúe bga strdp tgcsg jfkf gstrctgidc pgrnfrkãetdjc? ‑Z`gaayKcrs pcrfbdc ge Kcrtde ca jadgetg bg afs jauhgs pfref y bgjadec uec nfrkc bg kcsjuadedbcb agshdcec!igegrcebf uec gstätdjc bg ac sgbujjdúe Mdei qug detgrpgac ca kdskf tdgkpf vcrdcs dbgetdbcbgs! edeiuec bgacs jucags tdgeg jfkf rgngrgetg cqugaaf qug jrggkfs vgr‛ (\rgjdcbf! 8<<2? 3<$%




88

cjfstukhrcbcs sfhrg af kcsjuadef y af ngkgedef sg vdgrfe bg ifapg ge cprdgtfs! y ga pcpga bg ac

cpcrdgejdc sfhrgscadú! gxdidgebf sgr pgescbc%

Ac pagec gxpfsdjdúe bg gsfs bfs jugrpfs nugrc bg ac efrkc! `chdtucakgetg

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Ac vgriñgezc

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ge Jcrcjcs%

Acs j`djcs cvgrifezcbcs (jfkf kg af gxprgscrfe bgspuäs bg rgcadzcbc ac cjjdúe$!

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vgriñgezc% \grf gs gsc cjtdtub (ac bg ac vgriñgezc$ ac qug bc pcsf c uec pgrspgjtdvc ätdjf+

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ca kdskf tdgkpf! gs bgjdr! ac vgriñgezc gs uec gspgjdg bg júbdif bg cjjgsf c ac dbgetdndjcjdúe

getrg ac sdtucjdúe bg ue suogtf y ac bg ftrf?

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suogtf‛ gstchagjg uec hcrrgrc ge ac qug ga ftrf gs purc chgrrcjdúe igegrcbfrc bg ‑cvgrsdfegs ncetcskcags‛

y! pfr af tcetf! ac sfaujdúe bghg sgr ac grrcbdjcjdúe bga ftrf! su suprgsdúe bga kuebf% Jnr % @ca Nfstgr! ‑Ga

crtdstc jfkf gteúircnf‛ ge Ga rgtfref bg af rgca ! Kcbrdb! Cmca! 8<<3! p% 889%




8:

Ge ga cjtf bg `cjgrkg jcrif bg ac vgriñgezc qug gs prfpdckgetg ac bg ftrf!sdkuatãegckgetg sdgetf uec tftca sgpcrcjdúe! `cstc bg ac kdskc pgrsfec cqudge pgrtgegjëc ac vgriñgezc dedjdcakgetg% Kg sdgetf sfaf jfe kd vgriñgezc!sdeiuacr ge kd susjgptdhdadbcb c gstcr cvgrifezcbf pfr ga gstdikc qug c`frc sg`c vugatf këf y sfaf këf% Csë! kd vgriñgezc sg csukg ge ga auicr bg ac

vgriñgezc bg ftrf% Ca `cjgrkg jcrif bg ac vgriñgezc ef jfkpcrtf ac dbgetdbcbbga ftrf% Zdkpagkgetg cbfptf ac vuaegrchdadbcb bga ftrf c gstcr cvgrifezcbf%(Jrdkp! 8<<:? 84$

Kcrtc Eusshcuk cpuetc qug ac vgriñgezc gstã bgtgrkdecbc pfr uec jcrgejdc eftfrdc cetg

af ‑efrkca‛% Wec jfenrfetcjdúe kcrjc ga kfkgetf bg pärbdbc bg ac jfkpagtdtub! pcscebf ca gstcbf

bg bghdadbcb! egjgsdbcb y nrustrcjdúe! gsg gstcbf igegrc vgriñgezc cetg afs bgkãs% Ac cutfrc

gsjrdhg? ‑ac vgriñgezc ]…[ gs uec gkfjdúe bfafrfsc qug rgspfebg c uec sgescjdúe bg ef pfbgr

cajcezcr ga gstcbf dbgca‛ (Eusshcuk? 8<<>? 830$ pgrf! sdgebf qug pfr gsc gkfjdúe bg

cutfgvcaucjdúe `gkfs pcscbf tfbfs vcrdcs vgjgs ge ac vdbc! ac cutfrc cndrkc qug gs uec gkfjdúe

prfbujtdvc y pftgejdcakgetg jrgctdvc! c af qug cócbf af bdj`f pfr Gvg Zgbiwdjm jucebf cndrkc

qug ‑ga sgetdkdgetf bg bgscsfsdgif qug prfbujg ac vgriñgezc nuejdfec jfkf ue egxf pcrc ac

prfbujjdúe bg sgetdbf bg prgsgejdc pgrsfeca! bg pfaëtdjc! bg gndjcjdc jrëtdjc y pgrnfrkctdvc‛ (jdtcbc

pfr Jrdkp! 8<<:? p% 39$%

Getfejgs ac vgriñgezc! agofs bg sgr ue gagkgetf egictdvf! sg jfevdgrtg ge ue ncjtfr

ncvfrgjgbfr bg ac jfrrfsdúe qug hrftc bga gstcr ge ga gspcjdf gsjäedjf! ge ue gstcbf detgrkgbdf

getrg ga kdgbf bg ef sgr ctrcjtdvf y sgr uec bdvc% Zurig pugs! jugstdfecebf ac bdiedbcb icy! qug

rgtrfjgbg ge sus auj`cs ca rgdesgrtcrsg ge ac efrkctdvdbcb hcscbc ge ac gxjausdúe! igegrcbc pfr ga

dkpgrctdvf bg ac `fkfigegdbcb%

Sudzã gsc dbgetdndjcjdúe prfvfjcbc pfr ga bgsgekcsjcrckdgetf bga pÿhadjf c trcväs bg ac

vgriñgezc `cyc denaudbf ge ga `gj`f bg qug acs j`djcs trces bg Xfscbf Hrcvf nugrce cpacubdbcs ca

juakdecr ac cjjdúe%




82

Xfscbf Hrcvf jfetrc ga crtg bga pgrnfrkcejg destdtujdfecadzcbf

Ge ga sgiuebf Xfscbf Hrcvf ga jfetgxtf bg Ac @chcec ag dkprdkdú caif bg ac gstätdjc y ac

bdeãkdjc bg s`fws cjfstukhrcbfs ge afs jchcrgts bg afs jdejugetcs%

Gsc jcrcjtgrëstdjc! ouetf jfe ga `gj`f bg qug acs j`djcs gxdidgrce ue gescyf igegrca cetgs

bg ac prgsgetcjdúe! cpcrgjdú jfkf gagkgetf qug! bgsbg uec tgctrcadbcb (tckhdäe trcesirgbdbc$!

jfafjc ge bdsjusdúe ue cspgjtf bga pgrnfrkcejg crt qug ef `g kgejdfecbf! y gs ac prgtgesdúe bg

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bëc= hÿsqugbc qug ef pcrgjg jfkpctdhag jfe acs kftdvcjdfegs kãs nugrtgs bg gstc decsdhag

kfbcadbcb crtëstdjc%

Hcstc rgvdscr uecs pfjcs pãidecs gagjtrúedjcs pcrc eftcr ac gefrkg jcetdbcb bg jursfs!

tcaagrgs! ngstdvcags sfhrg ga crtg bga pgrnfrkcejg qug sg gstãe bgscrrfaacebf ge ga kuebf ge ac

cjtucadbcb% Hrcvf jugstdfec! ge gstc gxpgrdgejdc bg su crtg+cjjdúe! ga qug afs pgrnfrkcejgs gstäe

suridgebf bg kftdvcjdfegs purckgetg gstgtdjdstcs adicbcs ÿedjckgetg c acs crtgs vdsucags%

Ac kÿsdjc jfkf bfhag trcesirgsdúe

Ac kÿsdjc gs ftrf cspgjtf c rgscatcr bga Xfscbf Hrcvf rgcadzcbf ge ac @chcec% Crigadc

Hrcvf rgactc qug afs tckhfrgs hctã cpcrgjdgrfe gspfetãegckgetg ge gsc sgiuebc gxpgrdgejdc bga

crtg+cjjdúe! sdgebf cjgptcbfs pfr ac crtdstc trcs ac rgnagxdúe bg qug nuejdfecrëce jfkf

jfetrcpfsdjdúe c afs 4 j`gafs tfjcbfs pfr `fkhrgs jfe nrcj qug Magde utdadzchc ge sus cjjdfegs%8>

Afs j`gafs! jfkf gagkgetfs bg ac kÿsdjc ‐gagvcbc—! ‐juatc— y ‐kcsjuadec—! ag bdgrfe c cqugaacs

8> Jnr % Crigadc Hrcvf! Jfrrgspfebgejdc gagjtrúedjc bg ac crtdstc jfe Cahgagy Xfbrëiugz! : bg sgptdgkhrg bg

8<3<%




87

cjjdfegs rgcadzcbcs ge acs icagrëcs kãs j`djs bg \crës (bfebg sfaf getrchc ga pÿhadjf kãs sgagjtf

bga kuebf bga crtg$ ga tfef bg gxjausdvdbcb pgrtdegetg pcrc ga crtdstc%

Afs tckhfrgs ge ga Xfscbf Hrcvf bg Ac @chcec nuejdfecrëce jfkf jfetrcpfsdjdúe c af

juatf y jgagstdca qug prfpfeëc Magde% Ca jfetrcrdf bg ac gagvcjdúe bga kfeftfef (qug grc ga tëtuaf bg

ac pdgzc tfjcbc pfr afs kÿsdjfs bg Magde! pfr sgr uec sfac eftc ac qug sfechc detgrkdechagkgetg$!

afs tckhfrgs hctã rgprgsgetce af tgaÿrdjf! gstãe csfjdcbfs c ac tdgrrc y ästc c su vgz gstã csfjdcbc

c af ngkgedef%

Rckhdäe Hrcvf rgactc qug ga jurcbfr bg Iäegrf (trces$ Iäegrf y afs (bgs$ Igegrcbfs!

Cebräs B% Chrgu! supf detgrprgtcr ac prfpugstc bg Hrcvf! bg kcegrc qug ag jfesdiudú ue irupf bg

juctrf j`djcs pgrjusdfedstcs= jfe ga cbdtdvf bg qug ge ac trcbdjdúe yfruhc acs kuogrgs tdgege

prf`dhdbf tfjcr afs tckhfrgs ge ndgstcs rgadidfscs% Cbgkãs! afs tckhfrgs hctã euejc pugbge sgr

jfafjcbfs sfhrg acs pdgrecs ngkgedecs! yc qug gstf sdiedndjc uec trcesirgsdúe c su jcrãjtgr

scircbf% Acs kuogrgs! tckhdäe ge gsc juaturc! sfe kuebcecs! jfrruptcs! jfrpfrcags! sgxucags!

tfbc uec ckgeczc pcrc ga kuebf gspdrdtuca%

Ac kctgrdcadbcb bg afs jugrpfs trces bgoc su dkprfetc ge ac crtdstc

Ge ga Xfscbf Hrcvf bg ac Hdgeca bg ac @chcec acs trces bgjdbdgrfe kcej`cr ga dkpgjchag

trcog egirf bg ac crtdstc! sfrprgebdäebfac g dkpuasãebfac c ftrc rgnagxdúe sfhrg su jdtc bg ac cjjdúe

bg Magde%89

Gsc dkprfetc bg afs bfs jugrpfs sfhrg ga jugrpf bg ac crtdstc sg jfetrcpfeg c

Cetrfpfkgtrëcs y bgscrtdjuac bgjdbdbckgetg c ac ndiurc bga crtdstc bg vceiucrbdc y su bgsgf bg

bgskctgrdcadzcjdúe chsfautc! tce pctgetg ge ac cjtdtub bg Tvgs Magde% Gs bgjdr! genrgetc ca crtdstc

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sg debgpgebdzú bg kë jfkf ‐jrgcbfrc—‛% (Hrcvf! : bg sgptdgkhrg bg 8<3<$%




8>

qug jfkcebchc ac cjjdúe bg afs ><s! c trcväs bg ac cjtdtub qug cagjjdfechc sfhrg ac jcpcjdbcb

rgvfaujdfecrdc bga crtg! y bgvgac uec gspgjdg bg tgkfr c ac pgadirfsc jfrpfrcadbcb bg acs kuogrgs

‑uscbcs‛! qug ag `cjëc dkpfegr ac prgrrfictdvc bg sgr detfjcbf pfr ac kctgrdcadbcb bg cqugaafs

jugrpfs bgseubfs! f bg ac pdeturc! y rgprdkdr jucaqudgr igstf bg bgsgf ge ga pÿhadjf csdstgetg%

Ac desukdsdúe sg prfnuebdzc

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`chëc suridbf ge ac prdkgrc vgrsdúe! igegrc ue gagkgetf bdief bg ctgejdúe y gs ga `gj`f bg qug

ef sfaf `cy uec trcesirgsdúe bga sdstgkc sgxf&iäegrf! sdef tckhdäe uec desukdsdúe qug bdsjutg

jfe ac juaturc urhcec y bg scaúe! rgnagocbc ge ga prdkgr Xfscbf Hrcvf! prfpdc bga dbgca bg

kfbgredbcb vgegzfacef% Gstg jfkpfegetg bc jugetc! c`frc ge ac sgiuebc gxpgrdgejdc! bg ue

jfetrcstg qug cpcrgjg jfe ac prgsgejdc bg ac trcbdjdúe rgadidfsc cnrfbgsjgebdgetg y ac juaturc

jcrdhgóc! juhcec! bg ac jcaag dendatrcbc gspfetãegckgetg ge ga gsqugkc bg ac crtdstc pfr pcrtg bg

acs j`djcs trces `chcegrcs%

Gsg jfkpfegetg nuejdfec! ca kdskf tdgkpf! jfkf ue gagkgetf bg bdãafif detgrjuaturca y ue

cigetg bgjfafedzcbfr%

\fr ue acbf! cjtdvc ue bdãafif juaturca qug jfejrgtc ac pfsdhdadbcb bg getgebgr ac egjgsdbcb

bg crtdjuacjdúe bg ‑acs bdngrgetgs bdngrgejdcs‛ (Xfkgrf! 8<<9? 379$ c pcrtdr bga chfrbcog gstätdjf y

bg jfkpfrtckdgetf bg uef y ftrf tgrrdtfrdf bfebg sg `c prgsgetcbf gstg crtg+cjjdúe ‗cspgjtf qug

fhadic c pcsgcrsg pfr prfjgsfs qug ctrcvdgsce acs `dstfrdcs! rgacjdfegs rcjdcags! bg jacsg y vcafrgs

bfkdecetgs vdsdhags ge jcbc uef‗ y! pfr ftrf! acs bfs vgrsdfegs bg ac cjjdúe pgrkdtge bgscrrfaacr

uec kdrcbc bgsbg afs gstubdfs bg juaturc! gstf gs! rgnrgebc ac jfkprgesdúe bg Xfscbf Hrcvf




89

tckhdäe jfkf uec `grrckdgetc bgjfafedzcbfrc pfr jucetf afs gagkgetfs juaturcags

suhcatgredzcbfs ̀ ce cnafrcbf! bgspaczcebf acs dkpfsdjdfegs gstätdjcs y juaturcags bfkdecetgs%

Ef `cy qug favdbcr af cpuetcbf pfr Jcrkge Xfkgrf Hcj`daagr! cjgrjc bg afs pctrfegs

jfafedcags! ge afs qug afs vëejuafs getrg rczc y sgxf! gstchce gstrgj`ckgetg getrgaczcbfs c trcväs

bg acs jacvgs bgigegrcjdúe&dengrdfrdbcb y bgigegrcjdúe kfrca&sgxucadbcb%80 Gagkgetfs qug

sfstuvdgrfe ac bgsùkcedzcjdúe bg afs egirfs gsjacvfs ge Gstcbfs Wedbfs y Gurfpc! pfr sgr

getgebdbfs jfkf scavcogs! sgrgs `dpgrsgxucags! juyc cedkcadbcb ef `chëc sdbf rgprdkdbc y c afs

qug `chëc qug jdvdadzcr%84

Rckpfjf sg bghgrëc pcscr pfr catf qug ge Ckärdjc ef sfaf ef nug bdstdetf ge gsg sgetdbf!

sdef qug! sgiÿe ga pgrnfrkgr trcvgstd y ndaúsfnf Idusgppg Jckpuzcef! sg fjuatcrfe `dstúrdjckgetg

bdvgrscs prãjtdjcs rgadidfscs vdejuacbcs c ac ckhdiñgbcb sgxuca! bghdbf c ac vdsdúe kfrca

jfafedzcbfrc y ac ckgeczc bg uec ‑jfetckdecjdúe‛ sfjdca qug bghëc sgr vdidacbc% :<

Ac bgsngtdj`dzcjdúe bga crtg

Ac gstrctgidc bg rgvdsdúe jrëtdjc bga ngtdj`g ge ga crtg prfvdgeg bg acs prfpugstcs

jfejgptucadstcs bg afs ><s bga sdiaf PP!:3 cqugaacs qug gstuvdgrfe bdrdidbcs c ac bgskctgrdcadzcjdúe

bga fhogtf ge nuejdúe bg uec pfaëtdjc bg rgsdstgejdc cetg ga kgrjcbf bga crtg% Ga crtg+cjjdúe nfrkc

pcrtg nuebckgetca bgetrf bga prfjgsf bg cqugaacs pfsdjdfegs cetd`gigkúedjcs y ge jfetrc bg ac

ngtdj`dzcjdúe bga crtg%

80

Jcrkge Xfkgrf Hcj`daagr! ‑\fsjfafedcadskf y tgfrëc quggr‛ ge Rgfrëc quggr% \faëtdjcs hfaagrcs! kcrdjcs!trces! kgstdzcs! Kcbrdb! Gbdt% Gicags! 8<<9! p% 37:%84

Jnr % Dbgk! pp% 320 ‚ 3>2%:<

Jnr% Idusgppg Jckpuzcef! getrgvdstc pcrc Bcedga Adem ‑@dstfrdc ckgrdjcec‛ ge \ãidec 38! supagkgetf Zfy !vdgregs 8: bg ouadf 8<3<! bdspfedhag `ttp?&&pcidec38%jfk%cr&bdcrdf&&supagkgtfs&sfy&3+373<+8<3<+<9+8:%`tka:3

Ga crtdstc jdtcbf pfr Crigadc Hrcvf! Tvgs Magde! pcrtdjdpú bg gstc pfsdjdúe cuequg `fy sfe vdsdhags acsjfetrcbdjjdfegs getrg su pfsturc tgúrdjc y su kfvdadbcb ge ga kgrjcbf bga crtg%




80

Afs júbdifs qug `g afjcadzcbf ge kd agjturc bg Xfscbf Hrcvf! jfe rgspgjtf c afs bdãafifs y

rupturcs jfe ga ‑kuebf bga crtg‛! sg pugbge getgebgr ndecakgetg jfkf uec sgrdg bg gstrctgidcs

bgspagicbcs pfr Crigadc Hrcvf y acs j`djcs trces! qug cjtdvce ue eugvf tdpf bg bgsngtdj`dzcjdúe

bga crtg qug! qudzã sgc sdkdacr ca bg afs 34><s! ge su detgetf pfr suhvgrtdr ga sdstgkc jcpdtcadstc! afs

kdtfs bgscrrfaadstcs y ga pfbgr bg ac destdtujdfecadbcb% Zde gkhcrif! tckhdäe crtdjuac

jugstdfeckdgetfs qug sg fpfege c ac utdadzcjdúe bg ac juaturc jfkf ue rgjursf:8 qug gs jcpcz bg

sctdsncjgr afs dejgscetgs bgsgfs jfetgkpfrãegfs! dejausf afs bg ac rghgadúe cjtdvdstc qug `c sdbf

nuejdfecadzcbc pfr fricedzcjdfegs y bdsjursfs qug bgsgkhfjce ge ga kfvdkdgetf kgrjcbftäjedjf%

\grf! qudzã af kãs dkpfrtcetg sgc sgócacr c Xfscbf Hrcvf jfkf ue afirf qug `cjg qug acs

efjdfegs ndocs! gstgrgftëpdjcs! bg ac dbgetdbcb y sus jacsdndjcjdfegs c jfevgedgejdc bga pfbgr! sg

tckhcagge%

Ge ac cjjdúe Xfscbf Hrcvf! `cy uec jfetdgebc jfetrc acs dkãigegs dausfrdcs prfbujdbcs

cargbgbfr bg axs trces! jfetrc ga rcjdskf! afs dbgcags jdvdadzctfrdfs y! jfkf af bdjg ga nrcsqudtf bg

pdeturc rfsc qug ac crtdstc bdstrdhuyú ge ac 3<ª Hdgeca bg ac @chcec! ‑jfetrc tfbc nfrkc bg

bdsjrdkdecjdúe‛%

Gstc cjjdúe gkgrig! bgsbg afs ageiucogs bga crtg y ga cjtdvdskf! jfkf uec bg acs vcrdcs

cjjdfegs gkcejdpctfrdcs:: aagvcbcs c jchf pfr acs j`djcs bg Rrcesvgeus bg ^gegzugac y pfr ac

:8 Jnr % Igfrig Tÿbdjg! Ga rgjursf bg ac juaturc% Wsfs bg ac juaturc ge ac grc iafhca ! Hcrjgafec (Gsp%$! Gbdt%

Igbdsc! 8<<8%::

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qug `ce sdbf bgspfocbfs pfr ga pfbgr dkpgrcetg% Kfvdkdgetfs gstfs qug gkgrige bgsbg gstrujturcs bgrgacjdfegs `frdzfetcags ef cadcbcs c pagedtub jfe ga Gstcbf ed jfe ac destdtujdfecadbcb! sdef bgsbg ga kcrigequg ag pgrkdtg igegrcr cutäetdjfs prfjgsfs trcesnfrkcbfrgs sde jfcjjdfegs kgbdcbfrcs! kãs hdge genuejdúe bg acs bgkcebcs jfejrgtcs qug surige bg afs cjtfrgs bg acs jfkuedbcbgs (ge gstg jcsf gaprfeuejdckdgetf fjurrg bgsbg ac jfkuedbcb trces ngkgedec! qug gs ac kãs rcbdjcakgetg bgspaczcbc bg sujfebdjdúe ùkcec$ Jnr % Xcÿa Fregacs ! ‑Jfetrc `gigkfeëcs y gkcejdpcjdfegs% Cpuetgs pcrc ue dedjdf bg

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84

crtdstc Crigadc Hrcvf! cjjdfegs qug `ce sgrvdbf pcrc rgdvdebdjcr ac vdsdhdadbcb y rgstdtujdúe bg ac

jfebdjdúe ̀ ukcec bg gaacs! acs trces%

\fr ÿatdkf! cbgkãs bg dr ge ac bdrgjjdúe jfetrcrdc bg afs cjtfs y bdsjursfs pgrnfrkctdvfs

dkpgrcetgs! Xfscbf Hrcvf sg sdtÿc ge nrgetg bg acs vdsdfegs jceúedjcs bga crtg jfetgkpfrãegf!

rgtfkc jrëtdjckgetg afs ageiucogs bgspagicbfs pfr acs vceiucrbdcs y! bgsbg gsc pfsdjdúe! sg

bgs`cjg bg af kãs deÿtda bga crtg pcrc jfevgrtdrsg ge ue bfhag cjtf bg rgsdstgejdc%

Ac pftgejdc sdkhúadjc bg Xfscbf Hrcvf `c rgsuatcbf tce gngjtdvc jfkf uec kcrj`c ge acs

jcaags bg jucaqudgr jdubcb bga kuebf% @cjg pÿhadjcs y gvdbgetgs acs bgkcebcs bg kfvdkdgetfs

sfjdcags y jfagjtdvfs qug bghge sgr ctgebdbcs ge crcs bg ac gqudbcb bg afs bgrgj`fs y bgskfetc

cspgjtfs bg tdpf juaturca qug prgtgebge jfetdeucr rgprfbujdgebf ac dbgc bg uec catc juaturc cdsacbc

bga rgstf bg acs prfhagkãtdjcs bga kuebf y bg ac vdbc%




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Xgngrgejdcs

Hutagr! Oubdt`! Bgs`cjgr ga iäegrf! Hcrjgafec (Gsp%$! \cdbús! 8<<>%

VVVVVVVVVVV! Ga Iäegrf ge bdsputc? ga ngkdedskf y ac suhvgrsdúe bg ac dbgetdbcb ! Hcrjgafec (Gsp%$

Gbdjdfegs \cdbús! 8<<9% VVVVVVVVVVV! Jugrpfs qug dkpfrtce! Hugefs Cdrgs! \cdbús! 8<<8%

Jrdkp! Bfuiacs! ‑Ga Ycr`fa qug kgrgjgkfs% Gstubdfs juaturcags y juaturc quggr‛ ge \fsdjdfegsjrëtdjcs? gescyfs sfhrg acs pfaëtdjcs bg crtg y ac dbgetdbcb ! Hcrjgafec (Gsp%$! Gbdjdfegs CMCA! 8<<7! pp%379+ 392%

V VVVVVVVVVVVV! ‑Kcrdf Kfetgz! pfr ac vgriñgezc‛ ge \rãjtdjcs crtëstdjcs% Genfqugsjfetgkpfrãegfs! Hfiftã! Wedvgrsdbcb Ecjdfeca bg Hfiftã! Destdtutf Bdstrdtca bg Juaturc y Rurdskf! 8<<:%

Bcetf! Crtùr! Ac trcesndiurcjdúe bga auicr jfkÿe% Wec ndafsfnëc bga crtg ! Hugefs Cdrgs! Gbdt%

\cdbús! 8<<:%Ngadpg G`rgkhgri! ‑¡\gr# ¡Nfr# ¡Kc# Gsjfkhrf vdigsäkdjf% Ac cjjdúe getrg fhogtf y fhrc‛ ge Jfe

ga jugrpf pfr bgacetg 29008 kdeutfs bg pgrnfrkcejg! Käxdjf BN! Destdtutf Ecjdfeca bg Hgaacs Crtgs! 8<<3%

Nfstgr! @ca! Ga rgtfref bg af rgca % Ac vceiucrbdc c ndecags bg sdiaf! Kcbrdb! Cmca! 8<<3%

Ndgrrf Gj`gvgrrëc! Zckuga! ‑Acs gxpcesdfegs suhvgrsdvcs bg af trces+ngkdedstc ge Gjucbfr% Wergjfrrdbf pfr ga \rfygjtf trces+iäegrf&jcsctrces y acs cutfrgprgsgetcjdfegs bg sus cjtdvdstcs‛ ge? Gjucbfr Bghctg! E¼ 90! Sudtf! Jgetrf Cebdef bg Cjjdúe \fpuacr! Bdj 8<<4! pp% 9:+00%

Iucs`! Cec Kcrëc! Crtg ÿatdkf bga sdiaf PP% Bga pfstkdedkcadskf c af kuatdjuaturca ! CadcezcGbdtfrdca! Kcbrdb! 8<<:%

Ifabhgri! Xfsgagg! \grnfrkcejg crt ! Gbdjs% Bgstdef! Hcrjgafec (Gsp%$! 344>%

@greãebgz! Jcrkge! Cagifrëcs bg af ngkgedef% Wec vdsdúe bga crtg jfetgkpfrãegf! Jcrcjcs!Kfetg Ãvdac Gbdtfrgs! 8<<9

Fregacs! Xcÿa! ‑Jfetrc `gigkfeëcs y gkcejdpcjdfegs% Cpuetgs pcrc ue dedjdf bg bghctg‛ ! ge Gst`gr Jgjgóc! Afs bgscnëfs bg acs gkcejdpcjdfegs ge ue jfetgxtf kdadtcrdzcbf! Jacjsf! Hugefs Cdrgs! 8<<>! pp% 47 +388%

\rcbc! Ouce Kcrtëe! Ac cprfpdcjdúe pfskfbgrec% Crtg! prãjtdjc cprfpdcjdfedstc y tgfrëc bg acpfskfbgredbcb! Kcbrdb! Gbdt% Nuebckgetfs! 8<<3%

\rgjdcbf! Hgctrdz! Iäegrf y pgrnfrkcejg% : gpdsfbdfs bg ue jyhgrkceic ngkdedstc quggr trces!Kcbrdb! Xgv% _g`cr ! E¿% 72! 8<<2! pp% 8<+89

Xfbrëiugz! Cahgagy! Caiuecs eftcs sfhrg afs Zgetdbfs bga crtg cjjdúe! \fegejdc bg ac 8ª gbdjdúe bg C:? Crtg Cjjdúe Cjtdvdskfs! Jcrcjcs! Kusgf bg Hgaacs Crtgs! 8<<7%



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VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV! ‑Crigadc Hrcvf! crtdstc trcesdebdsjdpadecrdc pcrc ue crtg dkpgrtdegetg‛(getrgvdstc$ ge? Xgvdstc ge aëegc ActdeCrt%jfk! 8<3<%

Xfkgrf Hcj`daagr! Jcrkge! ‑\fsjfafedcadskf y tgfrëc quggr‛ ge Rgfrëc quggr% \faëtdjcs hfaagrcs!kcrdjcs! trces! kgstdzcs! Kcbrdb! Gbdt%Gicags! 8<<9! pp% 320 ‚ 3>2%

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La estrategia performántica o reconfigurando imaginarios Rosado Bravo