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Emergenze-Urgenze in Cardiochirurgia LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA www.slidetube.it

LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

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Page 1: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Emergenze-Urgenze in Cardiochirurgia

LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA

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Page 2: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Dissezione Aortica

red blood clot

true lumenfalse lumen

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Page 3: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

• Scissione longitudinale della media aortica da parte di una colonna di sangue

• La scissione della media occupa circa metà della circonferenza dell’aorta e può estendersi per tutta la lunghezza del vaso

• Lo scollamento creato dal sangue crea un secondo lume o falso lume

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Page 4: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Dissecting aortic aneurysm (aortic dissection). This

gross picture highlights a 6cm wide aortic intimal and

partial medial tear just above the aortic valve. Most

dissections start with a intial tear in the first 10cm of

the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects

down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-

enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta or even

lower (illiac or femoral arteries).

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Page 5: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Dissecting aortic

aneurysm. This is a

segment of the abdominal

aorta showing the two

seperated walls of the

dissecting aneurysm (the

blood has been removed).

The media is seperated

easily, like the pages of a

book.

Inner 1/3 of media

Outer 1/3 of media with adventitia

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Page 6: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

CLASSIFICAZIONE

Classificazione di De Bakey

• Tipo I: dissecazione dal tratto ascendente al discendente

• Tipo II: dissecazione limitata all’arco a al tratto ascendente, senza coinvolgimento del tratto discendente

Tipo III: dissecazione della sola aorta discendente

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Page 7: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

CLASSIFICAZIONEClassificazione di Stanford

Tipo A: interessamento aorta ascendente

Tipo B:interessamento arco aortico e/o aorta discendente, non l’ascendente

Page 8: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Fattori predisponenti

• Ipertensione (75-90% dei casi)

• S. di Marfan e Collagenopatie

• Malformazioni aortiche congenite

• Valvulopatie aortiche acquisite

• Gravidanza (rara)

• Forme iatrogene (cateterismi)

• Abuso di Cocaina

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Page 9: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Quadri clinici e sintomatologia

• Lacerazione e sede della lacerazione

• Progressione dello scollamento con coinvolgimento aa. collaterali

• Sindrome da compressione

• Sindrome da rottura

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Page 10: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

SintomiDOLORE (Migrante)

50% STENOCARDICO 30% ADDOMINALE

10% DORSALE 6% LOMBARE

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Page 11: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

•Right carotid

compression from

dissected blood

•Blood dissected upward

from aortic tear

–Can dissect upward

toward carotids or

downward toward

coronaries

–Therefore, symptoms

may reflect those of a

stroke or heart attack

SINTOMI LEGATI ALLA

PROGRESSIONE

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Page 12: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

SINTOMI LEGATI ALLA

PROGRESSIONE

SINDROMI ISCHEMICHE

DELL’ARCO

-disturbo della coscienza

-lipotimia

-mono- emiparesi

-plegie

-scomparsa polsi periferici arti

sup.

-asimmetrie di pressione dx-sx

OCCLUSIONE AA.SPINALI

-parestesie

-paraplegie

-paraparesi.

OCCLUSIONE AA.RENALI

-anuria

-ematuria

-infarto renale

-ipertensione nefrovascolare

-dolore (colica renale)

OCCLUSIONE AA.

MESENTERICHE

-dolori addominali

-infarto intestinale

OCCLUSIONE AA. ILIACHE

-simula ischemia acuta dell’arto

-sciatalgia

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Page 13: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

SINDROME DA COMPRESSIONE

• S. Mediastinica per compressione n. laringeo ricorrente

• S. di Horner per compressione del ganglio stellato

• S. da compressione esofagea con disfagia

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Page 14: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

SINDROME DA ROTTURA

• Pericardio

• Cavità Pleurica

• Addome

• Blood

dissected

proximally

through the

media

• Hemopericar

dium resulted

• Cardiac

tamponade

may be

present due

to the

extreme

hemorrhage

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Page 15: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

PROGNOSI Acute Type A dissection is a surgical disease

Previous natural history studios show 80-90% one

month mortality

Two recent series have indicated a 60% one month

mortality with non-operative medical therapy

STORIA NATURALE DELLA DISSEZIONE

SOPRAVVIVENZA TIPO B

SOPRAVVIVENZA TIPO A

Senza trattamento, Ao

dissecazione ha un’alta

mortalità

Il 35% dei pz non curati

muore entro le prime 24

ore, il 50% entro 48 ore, il

70% dopo una settimana e

l’80% entro 2 settimane.

Il tipo B ha prognosi

migliore

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Page 16: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Iter diagnostico iniziale nel pz con sospetta dissezione aortica

• Esami ematochimici(CPK,CK-MB, T(I)troponina,

conta bianchi, D-dimero, emocromo, LDH…)

• ECG

• RX TORACE

• ECO

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Page 17: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Diagnostica per immagini(1)

Chest X-ray

1. Mediastinum widening

2. Displacement of intima

calcification

3. Displacement of

endotrachea tube and NG tube

4. Left pleural effusion (signs

of dissecting ruptire)

left pleural effusionmediastinum widening

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Sensitivity (%)

Displaced intimal

calcification

Pleural effusion

Wide mediastinum

Abnormal aortic contour

Ch

est

X-R

ay F

ind

ing

s

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Page 18: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Diagnostica per Immagini (2)

CT scan

1. Intimal flap

2. Displacement of intimal

calcification

3. Differential contrast

enhancement of true v.s. false

lumen

T

F

Intimal flap

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Page 19: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Diagnostica per Immagini(3)

MRI

1. Intimal flap

2. Slow flow and clot in false

lumen

Partition of a three-dimensional contrast-

enhanced MRA shows intimal flap

(arrows ) in the distal aortic arch and

descending aorta.

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Page 20: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Diagnostica per Immagini(4)

Transesophgeal echocaediogram

1. Freely movable flap within the lumen of the vessel

2. Differential Doppler detection of true v.s. false lumen

T

F

Freely movable flap

within the aorta

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Page 21: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

A dissection flap can be seen

spanning the aneurysmal ascending

aorta. A defect is noted in the central

part of the flap consistent with an

entry point from the true into the

false lumen.

Colour flow Doppler demonstrates

the communication between true and

false lumens.

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Page 22: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

A dissection flap can be

seen within the ascending

aorta.

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Page 23: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

Diagnostica per Immagini (5)

Angiography

1. Intimal flap

2. True and false lumen (may be

failure if the false

channel is thrombosed)

3. Aortic regurgitation

4. Coronary artery

Oblique arteriogram of the thoracic aorta

demonstrates the double-barrel aorta sign

of aortic dissection. Both the true and false

lumina are opacified

T

F

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Page 24: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

PROGNOSI

STORIA NATURALE DELLA DISSEZIONE

Senza trattamento, la

dissecazione ha un’alta

mortalità:

prime 24 ore 35%

entro 48 ore 50%

dopo una settimana 70%

entro 2 settimane 80%.

Il tipo B ha prognosi migliore

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Page 25: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

DIAGNOSI E TRATTAMENTO DELLA DISSEZIONE AORTICA

STABILITÀ EMODINAMICA INSTABILITÀ EMODINAMICA

Diagnosi certa

Diagnosi sospetta

Intervento chirurgico

Terapia Intensiva

Conferma diagnosi

(TEE)

Sala operatoria

Anestesia generale

+ monitoraggio

(TEE)

NegativoPositivo

Diagnostica

inadeguata

Diagnosi

sospetta

TAC

Pos

NegRMNwww.slidetube.it

Page 26: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

TERAPIA (1)

• Pz in ACR con PEA:

RCP

Considerare

PERICARDIOCENTESI

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Page 27: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

TERAPIA (2)

Dissezione aortica tipo A

Terapia Chirurgica URGENTE

– Any dissection involving the ascending

aorta

– Symptomatic or complicated descending

aortic dissections

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Page 28: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

TERAPIA (3)

Dissezione aortica tipo B

Terapia Medica

– Per ridurra P.A. e stress sulla parete arteriosa

B bloccanti

Vasodilatatori

– Per il dolore morfina, NO FANS

Terapia Chirurgica

– Symptomatic or complicated descending aortic

dissections

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Page 29: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

TYPE A

AORTIC

DISSECTION

tear location

true lumen

false lumen

TYPE A AORTIC DISSECTION

clots in false lumen and aortic arch reentryTYPE A AORTIC DISSECTION

clots in false lumen

The ruler has been inserted into

the tear in the intima that has

given rise to the dissection of

this vessel. This is a view of the

intimal surface of the aorta

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Page 30: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

A Cabrol interostial coronary

graft or an ultra short (1.5-cm)

graft-to-left-main extension

occasionally is employed when

low-lying ostia cannot be

mobilized.

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Page 31: LA DISSEZIONE AORTICA · the aorta. Through this tear blood enters, and dissects down the laminar plain of the media. It often will re-enter the vessel lumen in the abdominal aorta

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