L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef Lecture #6 By Dr.
Basheer M. Nasef Slide 2 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 2
Loops Slide 3 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 3
Motivations Suppose that you need to print a string (e.g., "Welcome
to Java!") a hundred times. It would be tedious to have to write
the following statement a hundred times: So, how do you solve this
problem? Slide 4 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 4 F To
use while, do-while, and for loop statements to control the
repetition of statements. F To understand the flow of control in
loop statements. F To use Boolean expressions to control loop
statements. F To know the similarities and differences between
three types of loops. F To write nested loops. F To learn the
techniques for minimizing numerical errors. F To implement program
control with break and continue. F (GUI) To control a loop with a
confirmation dialog. Slide 5 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 5 while Loop Flow Chart while (loop-continuation-condition) {
// loop-body; Statement(s); } int count = 0; while (count < 100)
{ System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Slide 6
L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 6 Trace while Loop int
count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!"); count++; } Initialize count Slide 7 L6:CSC210 2014-2015
Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 7 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while
(count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }
(count < 2) is true Slide 8 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 8 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2)
{ System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Print Welcome
to Java Slide 9 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 9 Trace
while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Increase count
by 1 count is 1 now Slide 10 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 10 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count <
2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } (count <
2) is still true since count is 1 Slide 11 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr.
Basheer M. Nasef 11 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while
(count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }
Print Welcome to Java Slide 12 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 12 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count <
2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Increase
count by 1 count is 2 now Slide 13 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer
M. Nasef 13 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count
< 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } (count
< 2) is false since count is 2 now Slide 14 L6:CSC210 2014-2015
Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 14 Trace while Loop int count = 0; while
(count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }
The loop exits. Execute the next statement after the loop. Slide 15
L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 15 Problem: Guessing
Numbers Write a program that randomly generates an integer between
0 and 100, inclusive. The program prompts the user to enter a
number continuously until the number matches the randomly generated
number. For each user input, the program tells the user whether the
input is too low or too high, so the user can choose the next input
intelligently. Here is a sample run: GuessNumberOneTime GuessNumber
Slide 16 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 16 Problem: An
Advanced Math Learning Tool The Math subtraction learning tool
program generates just one question for each run. You can use a
loop to generate questions repeatedly. This example gives a program
that generates five questions and reports the number of the correct
answers after a student answers all five questions.
SubtractionQuizLoop Slide 17 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 17 Ending a Loop with a Sentinel Value Often the number of
times a loop is executed is not predetermined. You may use an input
value to signify the end of the loop. Such a value is known as a
sentinel value. Write a program that reads and calculates the sum
of an unspecified number of integers. The input 0 signifies the end
of the input. SentinelValue Slide 18 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr.
Basheer M. Nasef 18 Caution Dont use floating-point values for
equality checking in a loop control. Since floating-point values
are approximations, using them could result in imprecise counter
values and inaccurate results. This example uses int value for
data. If a floating-point type value is used for data, (data != 0)
may be true even though data is 0. // data should be zero double
data = Math.pow(Math.sqrt(2), 2) - 2; if (data == 0)
System.out.println("data is zero"); else System.out.println("data
is not zero"); Slide 19 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 19
do-while Loop do { // Loop body; Statement(s); } while
(loop-continuation-condition); Slide 20 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr.
Basheer M. Nasef 20 for Loops Slide 21 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr.
Basheer M. Nasef 21 for Loops for (initial-action; loop-
continuation-condition; action-after-each-iteration) { // loop
body; Statement(s); } int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); } Slide 22 L6:CSC210
2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 22 Trace for Loop int i; for (i = 0;
i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); } Declare
i Slide 23 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 23 Trace for
Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!"); } Execute initializer i is now 0 Slide 24
L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 24 Trace for Loop, cont.
int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to
Java!"); } (i < 2) is true since i is 0 Slide 25 L6:CSC210
2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 25 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for
(i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }
Print Welcome to Java Slide 26 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 26 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Execute adjustment
statement i now is 1 Slide 27 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 27 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } (i < 2) is still true
since i is 1 Slide 28 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 28
Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Print Welcome to Java
Slide 29 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 29 Trace for
Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Execute adjustment
statement i now is 2 Slide 30 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M.
Nasef 30 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } (i < 2) is false since
i is 2 Slide 31 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 31 Trace
for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Exit the loop. Execute
the next statement after the loop Slide 32 L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr.
Basheer M. Nasef 32 Note The initial-action in a for loop can be a
list of zero or more comma-separated expressions. The
action-after-each- iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or
more comma- separated statements. Therefore, the following two for
loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice, however. for
(int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++)); for (int i = 0, j
= 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) { // Do something } Slide 33
L6:CSC210 2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 33 Note If the
loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted, it is
implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a), which is an
infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is better to use the
equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion: Slide 34 L6:CSC210
2014-2015 Dr. Basheer M. Nasef 34 Caution Adding a semicolon at the
end of the for clause before the loop body is a common mistake, as
shown below: Logic Error for (int i=0; i
