l4 Reading Understanding

8/8/2019 l4 Reading Understanding

1/50

READING TO UNDERSTANDREADING TO UNDERSTANDTEXTSTEXTS


2/50

What to do in general?Read the following paragraphs and specify points

such as:

- The main idea or topic

- The supporting ideas or illustrative examples- State the conclusion(s) if there is(are) any

- Ask questions to inquiry about the content of the

reading passage


3/50

Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to

a suspension bridge, must accurately calculate the

stresses they expect the structure to bear. In addition, they

must have a good understanding of the properties of

materials. In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of

knowledge of the properties of materials has led to

disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors are

sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structurecan carry.

In order to safeguard structures, designers normally work

within a factor of safety so that materials are kept within

their permitted working stress. Working stress is the

greatest stress to which a part of a structure is eversubjected. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength

of the material by a factor of safety. The former is the stress

at which the material fractures. The latter is the product of

four main factors.


4/50

Determine the primary and secondarytopics of the first paragraph


5/50

Main topic:





materials. In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of knowledge ofthe properties of materials has led to disaster. Even with todays testingequipment, errors are sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structure

can carry.


6/50

Secondary ideas:

Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to a suspensionbridge, must accurately calculate the stresses they expect the structure to bear.

In addition, they must have a good understanding of the properties of materials.

In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of


disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors aresometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structure

can carry.


7/50

Complementary ideas or arguments:

Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a

bracket to a suspension bridge, must accurately

calculate the stresses they expect the structure to

bear. In addition, they must have a good

understanding of the properties of materials. In the

past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of


disaster. Even with todays testing equipment,

errors are sometimes made in calculating the safeloads a structure can carry.


8/50

One possible mental representation of theinformation contained in this paragraph would

the following


9/50

(design structures that bear stresses)

-They calculate the

stresses

-They undertand the properties

of materials

Historical

point of view:

Miscalculations Lack of understanding

disaster

Past

Present

Designers

Testing equipmentto calculate safe

loads in structures

(sometimes) Errors


10/50

Determine the primary and secondarytopics of the second paragraph


11/50















four main factors.


12/50

Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to a suspension

bridge, must accurately calculate the stresses they expect the structure to bear.

In addition, they must have a good understanding of the properties of materials.

In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of knowledge of the properties

of materials has led to disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors are

sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structure can carry.




greatest stress to which a part of a structure is ever

subjected. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength

of the material by a factor of safety. The former is the stressat which the material fractures. The latter is the product of

four main factors.


13/50

One possible mental representation of theinformation contained in this paragraph

would the following


14/50

Designers

[To safeguard structures]They work within a factor of safety in

materials

To keep them underworking stress

Definition and how to calculate it:

Ultimate strength of materials / Factor of safety

Stress at which material fractures Product of four factors


15/50

Now you are in a better position to ask

questions about the text, so read it againand make those questions


16/50















four main factors.


17/50

Consider the following questions about the

text and answer them:

- What are designers responsibilities?

- What examples of stress-bearingstructures are there?

- What have the main problems been with

respect to the properties of materials?- What is the difference between working

stress and safe loads?


18/50

Read the following texts and proceed ina similar way


19/50

Corrosion


20/50

Corrosion attacks all kinds of engineering

materials. It reduces the life of a material and,

therefore, it increases the cost of a structure. A

steel bridge must be repainted regularly so that it

may be protected from rust. Consequently, various

metals have been developed to resist corrosion.

Among them are the stainless steels, which

contain a percentage of chromium, thus making

them corrosion-resistant. However, no material

can be completely corrosion-resistant. Even

stainless steels will corrode.


21/50

Corrosion attacks all kinds of engineering

materials. It reduces the life of a material and,therefore, it increases the cost of a structure.

[E.g.]A steel bridge must be repainted regularly so

that it may be protected from rust. Consequently,

various metals have been developed to resist

corrosion. [E.g.]Among them are the stainless

steels, which contain a percentage of chromium,

thus making them corrosion-resistant. However, no

material can be completely corrosion-resistant.

Even stainless steels will corrode.


22/50

Corrosion attacks all kinds of engineering materials. It reduces the life of a material and, therefore, it

increases the cost of a structure. [E.g.]A steel bridge must be repainted regularly so that it may be

protected from rust. Consequently, various metals have been developed to resist corrosion.

[E.g.]Among them are the stainless steels, which contain a percentage of chromium, thus making

them corrosion-resistant. However, no material can be completely corrosion-resistant. Even stainlesssteels will corrode.

Main topic, supporting ideas, and conclusions drawn.

-Corrosion is characterized: it attacks...,

reduces..., and increases...- An example to illustrate its effects.

- A consequence is obtained to reduce those

effects, and an example is given to make

those effects less effective.- An observation is made to the conclusion

obtained.


23/50

One possible mental representation of thisinformation.


24/50

Corrosion

Effects on engineering materials

Illustrative example of its effects

Developments to resist corrosion

An observation is made to the conclusion obtained


25/50

Main topic: Effects of corrosion on engineering

materials

Supporting ideas:

- Example of corrosion effects.- Developments attained to reduce the effects of

corrosion. Examples.

- Final observation to the conclusion obtained.


26/50

(Its always there)-CORROSION

Definition-- Examples

[Bridges, most metals, ships]

Consequences

Development of various metals

Stainless steel [Composition] [Uses]

(By Mauricio Rodrguez C., 2010)


27/50

Consider the following questions about the text and

answer them:

- What is stated about the main topic?

- Which is the supporting example to prove those

statements?

- What has been concluded after considering those

statements?

- Provide an example to illustrate such a conclusion.

- State whether the conclusion is an absolute

conclusion or not, and why?


28/50

ENGINEERING RESEARCH


29/50

Engineering research has a different character to

scientific research. Firstly, it often deals with areas

where the basic physics and/or chemistry are well

understood, though the problems are too complex to

solve exactly. Therefore, the purpose of engineering

research is to find approximations to the problem that

can be solved. Secondly, it employs many semi-

empirical methods that are foreign to pure scientific

research. In general, it can be stated that a scientist

builds in order to learn, but an engineer learns in order

to build.


30/50

Option 1

Main topic: Comparison between engineering researchand scientific research.

Supporting ideas:

- Basic sciences involved in engineering research and

what it concludes from them.- Types of methods used by engineering research and

difference with respect to scientific research.

Conclusion:

The objective of a scientist differs from that of anengineering.


31/50

Option 2

MAIN TOPIC:

Comparison between engineering research in relation to

scientific research from the point of view of its

different character.

COMPLEMENTARYOR SUPPORTING IDEAS:

1. When dealing with problems from physics and/or

chemistry, it (engineering research) aims at

finding possible solutions to them.

2. The semi-empirical methods it uses which are

unknown to pure scientific research.

CONCLUSION:

The objectives of both the scientist and the engineer.


32/50

One possible mental representation ofthe information.


33/50

Engineering research versus scientific research

1. Basic sciences in engineering research

Conclusion: approximations to problems

2. Use of semi-empirical methods unknown to

scientific research.

General conclusion: The objective of a

scientist differs from that of an engineering.


34/50

Consider the following questions about the textand answer them:

- What is compared in the paragraph?

- What arguments are given to support each one

of the terms of the comparison?

- Which is the specific conclusion and the general

conclusion stated in the paragraph?

- Which individual words are used to explain thecomparison in simple terms?


35/50

PYROMETALLURGICALPROCESSES


36/50


37/50

Main topic: What is understood by pyrometallurgical

processes.Supporting ideas:

- Types of metals treated by them and processes

involved.

- What each one of the processes does:Roasting changes metallic compounds, and removes

volatile impurities.

Smelting and converting melt metallic compounds, and

forms new compounds.Fire, electrolytic, or chemical refining processes purify

metallic values.


38/50

Consider the following questions about the text

and answer them:

- What are pyrometallurgical processes?

- Which metals are treated by pyrometallurgical

processes?- What processes are involved in pyrometallurgical

processes?

- Which are the two main actions of roasting?

- Which processes melt the metallic compounds andform new compounds?

- Which processes purify metallic values?


39/50

TOWARDS THE FUTURE TECHNOLOGY


40/50

Since the dawn of primitive metallurgy, thousands of

years ago, up to the early XXI century, copper mininghas been constantly incorporating new technologies.

This process does not stop: it is a key to the future.

Incorporation of technology into copper mining makes

possible greater efficiency of the production processes

as well as exploiting deposits where metal extraction is

difficult, either because of low concentrations or

because it is associated to other chemical elements from

which it is hard to separate it.


41/50

Technology is also important to develop increasinglycleaner productive processes aiming at a more

sustainable mining. Additionally, it may allow

developing technology-based businesses.

Codelcos policy in this regard seeks to position this

Corporation "in the first level of use of the technology

available in the market". It also points to activities of

research and innovation "in a systematic and permanent

way where the market does not offer integral solutions".


42/50

MAIN TOPIC: Incorporation of technology in copper

mining.

SUPPORTING IDEAS:The incorporation oftechnology implies the following advantages or

implications:

a. Efficiency in the production process.

b. Exploitation of metal deposits of difficult extractionc. Development of increasingly cleaner productive

processes.

d. Development of technology-based businesses.

Codelcos policy as a result of incorporating

technology in the copper mining process.


43/50

QUESTIONS:

1. Since when has copper mining incorporated newtechnologies?

2. What is the importance of incorporating new

technologies?

3. What benefit has the introduction of technologyproduced in the production processes?

4. Why is metal extraction difficult?

5. Which are the two advantages that technology has

produced?6. What are Codelcos objectives in incorporating

technology?


44/50

TAILINGS


45/50

Tailings consist of ground rock and process effluents

that are generated in a mine processing plant.

Mechanical and chemical processes are used to extractthe desired product from the run of the mine ore and

produce a waste stream known as tailings. This process

of product extraction is never 100% efficient, nor is it

possible to reclaim all reusable and expendedprocessing reagents and chemicals. The unrecoverable

and uneconomic metals, minerals, chemicals, organics

and process water are discharged, normally as slurry, to

a final storage area commonly known as a Tailings

Management Facility (TMF) or Tailings Storage

Facility (TSF).


46/50

MAIN TOPIC:

Nature of tailings in a mine processing plant.

SECONDARY IDEAS:- Origin of tailings and processes used in its production.

- Limitations of the extraction process

- What to do with the resulting unrecoverable and

uneconomic materials (TMF or TSF)


47/50

CONCENTRATIONOF ORECONCENTRATIONOF ORE


48/50

When an ore has a low percentage of the desired metal, a method ofWhen an ore has a low percentage of the desired metal, a method of

physical concentration must be used before the extraction processphysical concentration must be used before the extraction process

begins. In one such method, the ore is crushed and placed in abegins. In one such method, the ore is crushed and placed in a

machine where, by shaking, the heavier particles containing themachine where, by shaking, the heavier particles containing the

metal are separated from the lighter rock particles by gravity.metal are separated from the lighter rock particles by gravity.

Another method is the flotation process, used commonly for copperAnother method is the flotation process, used commonly for coppersulfide ores. In certain cases (as when gold, silver, or occasionallysulfide ores. In certain cases (as when gold, silver, or occasionally

copper occur free, i.e., uncombined chemically in sand or rock),copper occur free, i.e., uncombined chemically in sand or rock),

mechanical or ore dressing methods alone are sufficient to obtainmechanical or ore dressing methods alone are sufficient to obtain

relatively pure metal. Waste material is washed away or separated byrelatively pure metal. Waste material is washed away or separated by

screening and gravity; the concentrated ore is then treated by variousscreening and gravity; the concentrated ore is then treated by variouschemical processes.chemical processes.


49/50

MAIN TOPIC:MAIN TOPIC:

-- Methods used when extracting ore to obtain metals.Methods used when extracting ore to obtain metals.

COMPLEMENTARY IDEAS:COMPLEMENTARY IDEAS:

1. The method of physical concentration in extracting ores1. The method of physical concentration in extracting ores

and condition to apply this method.and condition to apply this method.-- Phases in the application of this method.Phases in the application of this method.

2. The method of flotation process.2. The method of flotation process.

3. The mechanical or ore dressing method.3. The mechanical or ore dressing method.

4. What is done with the waste material and the4. What is done with the waste material and theconcentrated ore.concentrated ore.


50/50

If interested, send your suggestions toIf interested, send your suggestions to

[email protected]@gmail.com to check themto check themand make observations if necessary.and make observations if necessary.

Documents

l4 Reading Understanding