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Cells dont get Energy directly from

food, it must be broken down into:

ATP-Adensosine TRIphosphate

ATP = a form of energy one can

immediately use, it is needed for cellsto function & muscles to contract


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Location?


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Nutrients that give us energy:

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Glucose

Fatty acids

Amino Acids

Digestion

Absorbed into the blood & transported to cells

(muscle, liver & nerve)

They are used to produce ATP or stored


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Carbohydrates

EatenAbsorbed initially in the mouth

Stomachbroken down in stomach

Fully absorbed in small intestine by CHO receptors

and transported to Liver


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Glucose or Glycogen

Glycogen is stored glucose.

Initially by the liver then sent in blood to

muscles, so stored in blood

Liver releases glucose when needed

[Glucogenosis via Cori Cycle]


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Glucose_metabolism.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Glucose_metabolism.svg


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Conversion of excess glucose to fat

Sustained high glucose intake in the diet leads to

increased fat synthesis. If glucose intake continues

after muscle and liver glycogen stores are saturated,

the glucose is not excreted or wasted. It is convertedto a fuel storage form which has an unlimited capacity

i.e. triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. Glucose is

converted to pyruvate by glycolysis.


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Blood Sugar

The blood sugar level is the amount of glucose (sugar)

in the blood. It is also known as plasma glucose level.

It is expressed as millimoles per litre (mmol/l).

Normally blood glucose levels stay within narrow

limits throughout the day: 4 to 8mmol/l. But they are

higher after meals and usually lowest in the morning.


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ATP is stored in small amounts, therefore the

rest is stored as:

Glucose = Glycogen (muscle & liver)

Fatty Acids = Body fat

Amino Acids = Growth, repair or excreted as

waste


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Cells in the body need energy to

function

FOOD=ENERGY (E)


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The ATP Molecule

Adenosine

Adenosine

Energy

a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

b. The breakdown of ATP:

P

P

P

P

P P

ATP = ADP + energy for biological work + P

(ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate)

ATPase = Enzyme

Energy for cellular function


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The human body is made to move in many

ways:

Quick and powerful

Graceful & coordinated

Sustained for many hours

And is dependent upon the capacity to produce

energy


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We have a great amount of diversity

Quick movements-lasts a few seconds

Reduced speed-lasts for several minutes

Reduced intensity(50%)-lasts for several hours

The body uses different energy systems for each

activity


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Enyzmes

Enzymesare proteins that catalyze (i.e.,

increase the rates of) chemical reactions.

Affected by

HEAT

PH


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Predominant Energy Pathways

ATP (2-3 seconds)

ATP-CP Energy System (8-10 seconds)

Anaerobic Energy System (2-3 minutes)

Aerobic Energy System (3 minutes +)


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0 sec 4 sec 10 sec 1.5 min 3 min +

StrengthPower:power lift, shot put, golf swing

Sustained Power:

sprints, fast breaks, football

Anaerobic PowerEndurance:

200-400 m dash, 100 m swim

Aerobic Endurance:

Beyond 800 m run

Immediate/short-term Aerobic-oxidativenon-oxidative systems system


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Anaerobic Energy System

Without oxygen = Activities that require a

large burst of energy over a short period of

time

ATP/System

Anaerobic Glycolysis = Production of ATP from

Carbohydrates without oxygen

(breakdown of glucose)


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ATP-CP Energy System


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ATP is stored in the muscle & liver for Quick Energy

Nerve impulses trigger breakdown of ATP into ADP

ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate & 1 Phosphate The splitting of the Phosphate bond = Energy for work

Ex. Muscle Contraction, Moving hand from a hot stove,

Jumping & Throwing


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The Immediate Resynthesis of ATP by CP

Creatine

P

Creatine P

Energy

High energy bond

a. Creatine Phosphate (CP)

b. CP = Creatine + energy for resynthesis of ATP +P

Adenosine P

P

P

c. ADP + energy from CP + P = ATP (reversal of ATP = ADP + P + energy for work)


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Creatine Kinase [CK] catalyzes the transfer of

the phosphate from the the high energycompound creatine phosphate to re-

synthesise ADP to ATP


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For contractions to continue ATP must be

REBUILT

This comes from the splitting of CP (Creatine

Phosphate a Hi energy source, automatic)

When ATP is usedit is rebuiltas long as there

is CP

Energy released from CP breaking down,

resynthesizes the ADP & P


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REMEMBERonly small amounts of ATP are

stored = only 2-3 sec. of Energy

ATP-CP = 8-10 sec. of Energy

The usefulness isnt the AMOUNTof Energy butthe QUICK & POWERFUL movements

For longer periods of work = The Aerobic &

Anaerobic Energy System must be utilized


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Anaerbic Glycolysis


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Anaeorbic Glycolysis

Add its most basic

CHO18chemical steps- ATP resynthesis PyruvateLactic Acid- Lactate+H1

Needs 2 ATPsproduces 4ATPs


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Since glycogen is stored in the muscle & liver, it is

available quickly

This system provides ATP when ATP-CP runs out

PFK = Enyzme Phosphofructokinase the

most important regulatory enzyme ofglycolysis


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1.The process to produce ATP is not as fast as

ATP-CP, which makes muscle contraction

slower

2.When oxygen is not present the end product of

glycolysis is lactic acid,which causes the

muscles to fatigue

3.Anaerobic Glycolisis is less efficient in

producing ATP than Aerobic Glycolisis, BUT is

needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few

minutes


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Without Oxygen

Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA

(digested component of carbohydrates)

Glycogen = 3ATP + 2LA

(the storage form of glucose)


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ATP/PC and Anaerobic

Glycolysis takes place in theCytoplasm.

Cytoplasm is basically thesubstance that fills the cell


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So Anaerobic Glycolysis

costs 2ATPS and produces 4ATPS

creates 2 pyruvate sugars (pyruvic acid) 2 Hydrogen Atom

+ lactate [lactic acid ] if NO oxygen is present

Also it produces one 2NAD molecules

which become 2NADH1with 02


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LACTIC ACID

The graph above illustrates the two thresholds and also

indicates the effects of training on the lactate curve. The blue

line illustrates pre-training with the red post-training. The post-

training curve has moved to the right indicating that theathlete can now exercise at a higher work rate at the different

thresholds. By regularly monitoring the lactate curve (i.e. every

3-4 months), training intensities can be altered to reflect these

improvements in performance.


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LACTIC ACID


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LACTIC

During prolonged intensive exercise (e.g. 800m race) the heart may get half itsenergy from lactic acid. It is converted back to pyruvic acid and used as energy by

the heart and other muscles.

It is thought that 70% of lactic acid produced is oxidised (buffered by bicarbonate

and turned into CO2, 20% is converted to glucose (energy) in the liver.

10% is converted to protein.

How long does it take to remove lactic acid?

About 1 hour if cooling down with gentle exercise.It can take 2 hours or more if you dont warm down with gentle exercise.


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EPOC

Excess post-exerciseoxygen consumption

(EPOC) is a measurablyincreased oxygen intake

following strenuous activityrate of intended to erase the

body's "oxygen debt."


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Aerobic Energy System


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Aerobic Energy System

With Oxygen = Using large muscle groups

continuously over a period of time

Aerobic Glycolisis & Fatty Acid Oxidation = The

production of ATP from Carbohydrates & Fat


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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back to the end of anaerobic glycolysis

If 02 is present NAD grabs the H1 and takes them to link to 02

Therefore pyruvate doesnt turn to lactate.

Instead if goes somewhere else..


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Pyruvate nows gets broken down and turned into

ActylCoA [transition reaction]

This creates 2more NADs

ActylCoA enter the Krebs Cycle (TCA) another two

ATPs are produced along with 6 more NADs

And 2 FADs

Enzyme = Citrate synthase


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Citric_acid_cycle_with_aconitate_2.svg


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So far then. We have

4 ATPs [2 in glycolysis, 2 Krebs]

10 NADs [2 in glycolysis. 2 in transition and 6 in the

Krebs]

2 FADs [Krebs cycle]

So wheres are the other 34ATPs coming from?


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With Oxygen

Glucose + O2 = 38ATP + H2O + CO2

Fatty Acids + O2 = 129ATP

Body Fat is a great source of ENERGY


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1.O2 enters the system, stopping thebreakdown of glycogen to lactic acid

2.With oxygen, glycogen breaks downinto: ATP + CO2 + H20

3.These byproducts are easier to get rid ofCO2 is expelled by the lungs

H20 is used in the muscle


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FAT METABOLISM

Lipolysisbreakdown of trigyserides

into free fatty acids

[by enzymelipase]

Once freed from glycerol, free fatty acids can

enter blood and muscle fibre by diffusion.


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Beta oxidation splits long carbon

chains of the fatty into acetyl CoA,which can eventually enter the TCA

cycle then ETC.

1molecule of fat produces 5times

more than glucose129ATPS


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Each system plays an important role inenergy production

This gives us a variety of movements

The systems interact to supply Energy forthe activity


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Glucose and Exercise

Increasing muscle activity requires adequate fuel supply forATP synthesis by muscle. When muscle activity is anticipated,

the adrenal glands secrete adrenaline. Adrenaline increases

muscle glycogen degradation (by activating the breakdown

enzymes and de-activating the synthesis enzymes).

When muscle activity ceases, adrenaline secretion is switched

off. When glucose becomes available again after a meal

glycogen stores in muscle are replenished. Glucose can only be

supplied to muscle cells either by utilising stored muscleglycogen or supply from the liver via the bloodstream. Muscle

does notcarry out gluconeogenesis


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REVISION PAPER
http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/08366/h&p2carb.htmhttp://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/08366/h&p2carb.htmhttp://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/08366/h&p2carb.htmhttp://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/08366/h&p2carb.htm

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l10energysystems-100111053900-phpapp01 (1)