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Power Electronics Devices and Circuits(EEL-209)
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-10016, India.
email: [email protected].:011-2659-1045 (o)
By:
Prof. Bhim Singh
1
Course Structure: Part-1 (Before Minor I)
2
1. Introduction to Power Electronics devices:Basic Features of semiconductor junctions, BJT operation at highcurrents, switching features of BJT and MOS transistors. Thyristoroperation, distributed Gate. IGBT operation, principles and ratings.Snubber designs and protection, Firing circuits.
2. Choppers and DC-DC Converters:Choppers: step-down, step-up, step-up/down, four quadrants, analysis,control, filters. DC-DC converters: boost, buck, buck-boost converters,forward, fly-back, Cuk, SEPIC, Zeta converters using BJT, IGBT andMOSFET circuits: problems, design and operation. Introduction to DC-DC converters with high frequency isolation.
Course Structure: Part-2 (Before Minor II)
3
3. AC-DC ConvertersDiodes, thyristors, BJT, MOSFET and IGBT based AC-DC converters:uncontrolled, semi-controlled, fully controlled and dual converters insingle-phase and three-phase configurations, design, phase control,effects on power factor and harmonics, firing circuits and their designs.Introduction to improved power quality AC-DC converters.
4. InvertersInverters: circuit operations, LCI, VSI, CSI, push-pull, half bridge andfull bridge configurations in singe-phase and three-phase systems,square and PWM mode of operation, Designs using BJTs and MOSdevices. Base and gate drive circuits, snubbers, and operationalproblems.
Course Structure: Part-3 (Before Major)
4
5. AC voltage controllersAC voltage controllers: single-phase, three-phase circuits, applications,advantages, analysis, control, problems, firing circuits and their designs,effects on power factor and harmonics.
6. Cyclo-convertersCyclo-converters: single-phase to single-phase, three-phase to single-phase, three-phase to three-phase and single-phase to three-phasecircuits using thyristors and TRIACS, applications, advantages,analysis, control, problems, firing circuits and their designs, effects onpower factor and harmonics.
Evaluation Plan
5
______________________________________________________________Sr. No. Item Item wise Marks Total Marks ______________________________________________________________Major Test (1): 1*30 30Minor Tests (2): 2*15 30Lecture Quizzes (3): 3*5 15Tutorial Tests (3): 3*5 15Individual Assignments (2): 2*2.5 5Computer Assignments (1): 1*5 5______________________________________________________________ Total Marks: 100_______________________________________________________________
Power Electronic Devices
6
Diode
7
Anode Cathode
Thyristor
8
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
9
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
iGG
D
S
Symbol
10
GTO (GATE TURN‐OFF THYRISTOR)iA
iGG
A
K
11
IGBT (INSULATED GATE BIPOLARTRANSISTOR)
iAigG
C
ESymbol
12
13
Power Vs Frequency
SCR
GTO ‐ IGCT
IGBTMOSFET
Power (W)
Frequency(Hz)
10M
1M
100k
10k
1k
100 60 1k 10k 100 k 1M
Applications of Power Electronics
14
Applications of Power Electronics
15
Applications
Residential Commercial Industrial
CookingLighting
Air ConditioningSpace Heating
FreezersRefrigerationElectronics
HeatingLighting
Central RefrigerationComputer
Office EquipmentUPS
ElevatorsAir Conditioning
Ventilating
PumpsCompressors
BlowerFans
Machines toolsArc Furnaces
Induction FurnacesInduction heating
WeldingIndustrial Lasers
16
Transportation Utility Systems Aero SpaceTele-
communications
Traction ControlBattery Charger
Electric LocomotivesStreet Cars
Trolley CarsSubways
HVDC,Static VAR
CompensationSupplemental energy sourcesEnergy storage
systemBoiler feed water
pumpsInduced draft fan
AircraftSpace shuttle
Satellite Power supply system
Battery chargerPower supplies
Applications
17
Interdisciplinary nature of Power Electronics
Power Electronics
Solid-State Physics Circuit Theory
System & Control Theory
Electrical Machines
Simulation & Computing
Electromagnetic
Power Systems
Physics
Signal Processing
Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
18
Power Electronics Applications in
Household Equipments
Fan Applications
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90’s Generation FansPower Levels: 100 -150W
Single Phase Induction Motor
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Fans in this GenerationPower Levels: 60W
Single Phase Induction Motor
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Next Generation FansPower Levels: 50W
Special Motors like PMBLDCM and SRM
What make this happen?
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Improved Design of Machines
Introduction of Highly Efficient Special Machines in Fan Application
Use of Highly Efficient Power Electronics Converter
25
Improved Design of Machines
New machine design and FEM (Finite Element Methods) Software available for precision design
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Introduction of Highly Efficient Special Machines in Fan Application
PMBLDC Motor
What Next???
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PFC (Power Factor Correction)& Improved Power Quality at AC mains
In Fan Applications
Lighting Applications
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Incandescent BulbsPower level: 100W
30
Fluorescent Lamp with Magnetic BallastPower level: 40W
31
Fluorescent Lamp with Electronic BallastPower level: 40W
32
CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp Power level: 20W
33
LED: Light Emitting DiodePower level: 10W
What make this happen?
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Increasing efficiency of Semiconductor technology
Increased efficiency due to PFC operation
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Increasing efficiency of Semiconductor technology
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Increased efficiency due to PFC operation
Refrigerators
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Old Refrigerators
38
New Refrigerators
39
What’s New?
40
Highly efficient PMBLDC motors are used
Air Conditioners
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Old Air Conditioners
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Bulky and low efficiency
New Air Conditioners
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Light and highly efficient
What is New?
44
Reduced size of compressor due to high density permanent magnet machines
Increased Efficiency due to use of power electronics converters
Increased Star Rating
Other Appliances
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Washing Machines
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Water Pumps
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Small Power Rating
48
Hair dryer
Trimmer
Hard Diskand many more…
Applications based of various converters configurations
49
Applications of DC-DC Converter
50
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Dc motors control in locomotives
52
Subway cars
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BATTERY OPERATED BALLET TRUCKS
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FOLK LIFT TRUCKS
55
ELECTRIC BOATS
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SUBMARINES
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BATTERY OPERATED FANS AND SMALL FANS IN COOLING
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COMPUTERS
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BATTERY OPERATED TOYS
Applications of Isolated DC-DC Converter
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Applications
Battery chargersElectronics ballastMeasurement and testing equipments,Small rating motor drives in medical equipments,Small rating refrigeration units.Single stage with power-factor correction.
In these converters dc voltage is converted in high frequency ac,which is fed to high frequency transformers for adjusting thevoltage level, isolation and obtaining multiple outputs. The highfrequency ac voltages are rectified using simple rectifiers toachieve regulated dc output voltage source.
61
Fuel Cell DC-DC Converter
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DC-DC Converter(Isolated)
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DC/DC converter & Throttle
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Multiple Output DC-DC Converter
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Small computer projects start with small power supplies. The DC-DC
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DC-DC Converter with 12V Regulated Automotive Switching
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The DC-DC Converter can be fitted in the weest of crannies
68
DC-DC Converter
69
Touchscreen Monitor Lmv + Dc-dc Converter
70
DC/DC Converter has dual digital control for LED lighting
71
Using a DC/DC converter to power the laser
72Prof.Bhim Singh,EED,I.I.T.DELHI
Applications of AC Voltage Controller
73
1‐phase ac voltage controller
74
Applications single phase AC controller
Fan regulator
75
Applications single phase ac controller
76
Lamp dimmer
3-phase ac voltage controller
77
78
Applications of 3-phase ac voltage controllers
3-phase Soft starter for Induction Motor
Static switches
79
80
Applications of 3-phase ac switches
Transformer tap changing
Standard and custom solidstate relays for both AC andDC switching applications.
For higher current applicationssolid state switches like SCRsfor AC switches, andMOSFETs for DC switches.
81
DC and AC Switches
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SVC (Static VAR Compensation)
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Static VAR Compensator
84
Thyristor valve is the basic element of SVC.It regulates the current of TCR and thus the reactive power ofSVC.Three-phase thyristor valve consists of three thyristormodules: each module is one phase.Module is an electrically and constructively independentdevice. Each module has several anti parallel thyristorsconnected in series.Their quantity depends on SVC rated voltage.Thyristor rating: 10-38.5 kV, upto 2000A, (6-18 seriesthyristor in module)
Static VAR Compensator
85
Static VAR Compensator
35 kV, 45 Mvar SVC for electric arc furnace DSP-40 wascommissioned at JSC “Novorosmetall” (Novorossiysk, Russia)
Jember, Indonesia, containerized relocatable SVC
86
Rapid expansions of power systems or changes in operatingphilosophy often means that existing reactive power elements haveto be moved to a different location. This applies particularly toStatic VAR Compensators which are more expensive than simpleshunt reactors and/or capacitors connected to the system viacircuit-breakers.
Static VAR Compensator
Cycloconverter
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Cycloconverter for synchronous motor in horizontal reversing rougher application
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Cycloconverter for synchronous motor
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The maximum outputfrequency of aCycloconverter isgenerally no higherthan 20 Hertz. On thehorizontal reversingrougher, the frequencyis limited to 12 Hz.
Used in low speed drives with high torque at standstill.
High capacity gear-less cement mills (tube or ball-mill above 5MW) were the first
applications of these drives.
90
Cycloconverters for variable speed AC drives
Application such as aircraft and naval ships need a wellregulated constant frequency power output from avariable frequency ac power source.
For example in naval ships:Alternator speed: 10,000 to 20,000 rpm (1200-2400 Hz)at Fixed frequency output in Ships: 400 Hz through aCycloconverter.
91
Cycloconverters for constant frequency power supplies
Cycloconverters with a high frequency (HF)base, either a HF generator or an oscillating LCtank, can be used for reactive power generationand control, replacing synchronous condensers orswitched capacitors.If the cycloconverter is controlled to generateoutput voltage waves whose wanted componentsare in phase with the corresponding systemvoltages, reactive power can be supplied in eitherdirection to the ac system by amplitude controlcycloconverter output voltages
92
Cycloconverters for Static VAR generation
The naturally commutated cycloconverter(NCC) was originally developed for
application to link a three-phase 50 Hz acsystem with single phase 16⅔ Hz railway
supply system in Germany in 1930’s.
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Cycloconverters for Inter-ties AC power systems
Matrix converter
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Application of matrix converter in Hybrid electric vehicle application
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Application of matrix converter in auxiliary drive system for diesel locomotives
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Application of matrix converter in auxiliary drive system for diesel locomotives
97
3-phase to 3-phase and 3-phase to 1-phase matrixconverter is used for diesel locomotive.
Increased Efficiency.
Constant voltage constant frequency control, variablevoltage variable frequency control and slip frequencyclosed loop control are in the control system of 3-phase to 3-phase matrix converter.
LCI (Load Commutated Inverter)
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LCI (Load Commutated Inverter)
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Single phase VSI
100
Application of VSC-Shunt Active Filter 1-phase 2-wire
Zs
ACMains
vs
is
NonlinearLoads
T1
T2
T3
T4Cd
AFSh
LrCr
Single-phase Active-Series Filter
Three phase VSI
103
Voltage Source Inverter
104
Interfacing inductorUnidirectional voltage and bidirectional current
Load
VSC for HVDC
Converter Transformer
Converter
DC Smoothing ReactorAC Filter
DC Filter
HVDC
HVDC Light
VSC for HVDC
VSC applications‐ Active Filter for 3‐Phase 3‐Wire System
VSC applications‐ Series Active Filters For Three‐Phase Three‐Wire System
Current Source Inverter
111
Id
Ripple filter
Unidirecional current and bidirecional voltage
Load
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaic Systems
Wind-Electric Systems
DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator)
114
DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator)
115
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)
Harmonic Elimination
Reactive power compensation by STATCOM
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Reactive power compensation by STATCOM
DSTATCOM
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Uninterruptible Power Supplies
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UPS
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UPS for personal computer
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UPS for data center
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UPS for data center
All equipment in the data center is serviced by full-time UPS.Under full load, the UPS will supply power for moretime than needed until the generator goes on-line.Sixty 12 volt batteries supply power to the UPS.Input voltage, output voltage, the load on the UPS,battery condition, and power frequency aremonitored.
SMPS
DC – DC convertersIsolated DC – DC convertersNon-isolated DC – DC converters
127
SMPS for DC-DC Conversion
Uncontrolled Rectifier (Diode based)
Controlled Rectifier (Thyristor based)
Improved Power Quality ConvertersSingle‐Phase
Step-Up Converter line waveforms & Vs, IL
Improved Power Quality ConvertersThree‐Phase
Schematic diagram of SMPS
133
SMPS for personal computer
134
SMPS for personal computer
135
P4 POWER SUPPLY : 400 WATTS
Super lower noise & ripple design, continuous 60000 work-hourwithout interrupt.
Multiple system protection circuit: over voltage, over current, overload, short, prevent to CPU, motherboard and hard disk fromdamaging by unstable voltage.
Intelligent temperature controlled cooler design.
Adjustable Speed Drives
• Conventional drive wastes energy across the throttling valve to adjust flow rate.
• Using power electronics, motor-pump speed is adjusted efficiently to deliver the required flow rate.
AC Motor Drive
• Conv. 1: Rectifies line-frequency ac into dc• Capacitor acts as a filter; stores energy; decouples• Conv. 2: synthesizes low-frequency ac to motor• Polarity of dc-bus voltage remains unchanged
– ideally suited for transistors of converter 2
Strategic Space and Defense Applications
Electric WarshipMore Electric Aircraft
DSP Based Implementation
Software Tools
MATLAB/SimulinkPSPICE-ORCADPSIMPSCADEMTDCANSYS
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Prentice-Hall, 1964.3. R. M. Davis, “Power Diode and Thyristor Circuits”, Cambridge University Press, 1971.4. B. R. Pelly, “Thyristor Phase Controlled Converters and Cycloconverters”, Wiely Interscience,
1971.5. W. McMurray, “The Theory and Design of Cycloconverters”, MIT Press, 1972.6. P. Atkinson, “Thyristors and their Applications”, Mills and Boon, 1972,London, ISBN:
0263050750.7. S. B. Dewan and A. Straughen, “Power Semiconductor Circuits”, John Wiley & Sons, 1975,
ISBN 0-471-21180.8. F. Csaki, “Power Electronics”, Academiai Kiado, 1975, Budapest.9. S. R. Ramshaw, "Power Electronics", Chapman & Hall, London, 1975.10. L. G. Gyugyi. and B. R. Pelly, “Static Power Frequency Changers, Theory, Performance, and
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81-204-0023-2.15. R. E. Stevens, “Electrical Machines and Power Electronics”, Berkshire Wokingham, 1983, UK,
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1984, ISBN 0-471-90432-5.19. S. K. Datta, “Power Electronics and Controls”, Reston Pub., 1985, Reston20. B. K. Bose, “Power Electronics and AC Drives”, Prentice-Hall, 1986, New Jersey, ISBN 0-13-
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686882-7-025.142
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Chapman &Hall, New York, 1986. ISBN: 0412141604.24. K. Heumann, “Basic Principles of Power Electronics”, Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag,
1986, ISBN: 0387161384 (U.S.).25. G. Seguier, “Power Electronic Converters - AC/DC Conversion”, McGraw-Hill, 1986.26. W. Shepherd and L. N. Hully, “Power Electronics and Motor Control”, Cambridge University
Press, 1987, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-32155-7.27. P. C. Sen, “Thyristor DC Drives”, New York, 1987.28. B. W. Williams, “Power Electronics: Devices, Drivers and Applications”, Wiley, 1987. New
York, ISBN: 0470206969.29. D.A Bradley, “Power Electronics”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.30. K. Thorborg, “Power Electronics, (English translation of Kraftelektronik)”, Prentice Hall,
1988, New York, ISBN: 0136865933 0136865771.31. D. Finney, “Variable frequency AC Motor Drive Systems”, Peter Peregrinus ltd., 1988,
London, UK, ISBN 0-86341-114-2.32. E. Ono, “Introduction to Power Electronics”, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1988, ISBN: 0198593384.33. J. M. D. Murphy and F. G. Turnbull, “Power Electronic Control of AC Motors”, 1st ed., New
York, 1988. ISBN: 0080226833.143
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0136865771.35. G. Chrysiss, “High Frequency Switching Power Supplies: Theory and Design”, 2nd ed., New
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Reinhold, 1989, ISBN: 0442207689.37. D. C. Griffith, “Uninterruptible Power Supplies”, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1989, ISBN 0-
8247-8076-0.38. F. F. Mazada, “Power Electronics Handbook, Components, Circuits and Applications”,
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0780308808.45. R. Bausiere, F. Labrique, and G. Seguier, “Power Electronic Converters: DC-DC Conversion”,
Springer-Verlag, 1992, New York, ISBN: 3540547606.46. W. C. Lander, "Power Electronics", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1993, New York, ISBN:
0077077148S.47. R. S. Ramshaw, “Power Electronics Semiconductor Switches”, Champman & Hall, 1993, ISBN
0-412-28870-2.48. C. Eichenauer, “Power Electronics and Power System Analysis: Program Example in basic and
C”, Prentice-Hall, 1993, EngleWood Cliffs.49. R. Bausiere, “Power Electronics Converters: DC-DC Conversion”, Springer-Verlag, 1993,
Berlins.50. B. M. Bird, K. G. King, and D. A. G. Pedder, "An Introduction to Power Electronics, 2nd ed.,
Wiley, New York, 1993, ISBN: 471926167047192617551. Y.S. Lee, “Computer-Aided Analysis and Design of Switch-Mode Power Supplies”, New York,
1993, ISBN: 0824788036.52. M. H. Rashid, “SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power”, Prentice Hall, 1993, ISBN:
0130304204.53. G. T. Heydt, “Electric Power Quality”, Stars in a Circle Publications, second edition, 1994,
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References54. T. H. Barton, “Rectifiers, Cycloconverters, and AC Controllers”, Clarendon Press, New York,
1994, ISBN: 0198561636.55. J. Vithayathil, “Power Electronics: Principles and Applications”, McGraw-Hill,1995, New York,
ISBN: 007067555456. N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P. Robbins, “Power Electronics, Converter, Application and
Design”, Second Edition, John Willey & Sons, 1995, New York, ISBN 9971-51-177-0.57. M. H. Rashid, “Power Electronics, circuits, Devices and Applications”, Second Edition,
Prentice-Hall, 1995, India, ISBN 81-203-0869-7.58. D. A. Bradley, “Power Electronics”, Champinan and Hall, 1995, London.59. L. Tihanyi, “Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronics”, New York, IEEE Press,
1995, ISBN: 0780304160.60. W.Shepard, L. N. Hully and D. T. W. Liang, “Power Electronics and Motor Control”, Second
Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN: 0521472415 0521478138.61. V. Subrahmanyam, “Power Electronics”, New Age International Publishers, India, 1996, ISBN
81-224-0878-8.62. B. Baliga and B. Jayant, "Power Semiconductor Devices", PWS Publishing Co., Boston, 1996.63. D. A. Paice, “Power Electronic Converter Harmonics”, IEEE Press, 1996, New York, ISBN 0-
7803-1137-X.
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ISBN 0-412-08541-0.65. R. Ramshaw and D. Schuurman, “Pspice Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits”,
1997,Chapman & hall, ISBN 0-412-75140-2.66. F. C. Lee, “Power Electronics Technology and Applications II”, IEEE Press, New York,1997,
ISBN: 0780341910.67. F. F. Mazda, “Power Electronics Handbook”, 3rd ed., Butterworth, 1997, ISBN: 0750629266.68. M. D. Singh, “Power Electronics”, TMH, 1998, Delhi.69. P. T. Krein, “Elements of Power Electronics”, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, ISBN:
0195117018. 70. M. A. Trzynadlowski, “Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, Wiley, 1998, New York,
ISBN 0471153036. 71. P. C. Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, Wheeler Publishing, 1998, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7544-
149-6.72. R. M. Jolenkar and N. B. Pasalkar, “Power Electronics II”, Technical Publications, 1998, Pune.73. T P. Krein, "Elements of Power Electronics", New York, Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN:
0195117018 74. Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, “Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)”, IEE Press, Oct
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81-7409-056-8.76. C. M. Paudder, “Semiconductor Power Electronics, Devices and Circuits”, Jain Brothers, 1999,
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006719-8.78. A. I. Pressman, “Switch Mode Power Supply Design”, McGraw-Hill, 1999, New York, ISBN 0-
07-116707-2.79. R. M. Jolenkar and N. B. Pasalkar, “Power Electronics, Devices, Converter and Applications”,
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81-7700-013.81. B. K. Bose, “Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drive”, Standard Publishers
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First Indian edition, 2001, Delhi, ISBN 81-86308-84-9.86. N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS”, IEEE Press, Delhi, 2001, ISBN 81-
86308-79-2.87. R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics", Springer
Publishers, 2001, ISBN: 978-0792372707.88. Joseph Vithayathil, “Power Electronics: Principle and Applications” First Edition, Tata
McGraw – Hill, ISBN 9780070702394.89. L. Umanand, “Power Electronics : Essentials & Applications’’, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2011,
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0471126621.91. A. I. Pressman, “Switch Mode Power Supply Design”, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009,
New York, ISBN 978-0071482721.
149
References92. Daniel Hart, “Power Electronics”, McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2010. ISBN: 978-0073380674 93. Paul H. Chappell, “Introduction to Power Electronics” Artech House Publishers, 2013, ISBN: 978-
160807719994. Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski, “Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, Wiley; 2 edition, 2010,
ISBN: 978-0470401033 95. Seddik Bacha, Iulian Munteanu and Antoneta Iuliana Bratcu, “Power Electronic Converters
Modeling and Control: with Case Studies (Advanced Textbooks in Control and Signal Processing)”, Springer, 2013, ISBN-13: 978-1447154778.
96. Christophe Basso, “Switch-Mode Power Supplies Spice Simulations and Practical Designs”, First edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008, ISBN: 978-0071508582.
97. Adrian Ioinovici, “Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Systems, Fundamentals and Hard-switching Converters”, Vol. 1, Wiley Publishers, 2013, ISBN-13: 978-0470710999.
98. Robert Bausiere, Francis Labrique and Guy Seguier, “Power Electronic Converters: DC-DC Conversion”, Springer; 1st ed., 1993 edition (December 31, 2013) ISBN: 978-3642524561.
99. P. C. Sen, “Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics”, Wiley publisher; 3 edition, 2013. ISBN: 978-1118078877.
100.Enrique Acha, Vassilios Agelidis, Olimpo Anaya and TJE Miller “Power Electronic Control in Electrical System”, Newnes publishers, First edition, 2002. ISBN: 978-0750651264.
150
Thank-you
151
