ACT A

Vol. II

PALAEONTOLOGI CA

I 9 5 7

L. BEVERLY TARLO

POLONI CA

No•. 2-3

A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON NEW OSTRACODERMS FROM

THE LOWER DEVONIAN (EMSIAN) OF CENTRAL POLAND

Abstract . - The Emsian sedi me n ts of the Holy Cro ss (S wi ety Krzyz) Mountainsin Centr-al P olan d include a n essen ti a lly ma r ine seque nce (Ly sogory facies) an da con tine n ta l placoderm ser ies (K ie lce facies). P lacoderm fa cies occu r w ithin themar ine sequence. A new r ichly fossilife rous dep osit from the con tinen ta l seq uenceha s yielded a bundan t re mai ns of ac anthodian s, a r th rodires, the crosso pte ryg ianPorolepis, and heterostracans in pa rticula r psam mo ste ids. Thes e Emsia npsa rnmos te ids show sim ilar it ies to the Middle Devonian Baltic forms. They appearmore likely to be the fore ru nne rs of t he Middle Devon ia n Baltic fo r ms than do ss

th e Siegen ian a nd Ems ian Drepana spis wh ich is a m arine-la goona l type . '

INTRODUCTION

In th e summer of 1955 the au thor , as gues t of th e Paleontologic alInstitute of Warsaw Universi ty, coll ected a number of specimens ofver tebra te -beari ng Emsian sands tone from a quarry north of Daleszyce,near Kielce, in Central Poland (see fig . 1). The f auna was recognised byDr. E. 1. White of th e British Museum (Natural History) as includingacanthodians, arthrodires, the crossopterygian Porolepis Woodward, andnew heterostracans . The fauna is being investigated by Mr. J. Kulczyc kiof the Institute of Paleozoology , Polish Academy of Sc iences, who h asgenerously agreed to allow the au thor to describe the Agnatha. A furthercollection was made in the summe r of 1956.

The fossils are preserved as natural moulds in a fine grainedsandstone. The grains are well rounded, but the interstices are filledwith secondary quartz in optical continuity with the original grains,producing a typical quartzite. There is a high propor tion of zirconpresent as well as some feldspar . As a result of subsequent silicificationthe most delicate ornamentation of the fossil remains is perfectlypreserved. The plates, spin es, scales and oth er skeletal parts havesu ffe red little distortion and can best be examined from casts (formethods of preparation see Rixon & Meade, 1956) . Occasionally, smallfragments of original bony material are preserved.

Acta P alaeo n t ol oglca P ol on lca - vo l , II/ 2- 3 15

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Fig, !. - Sketch ma p of th e Holy Cros s Moun tains s howing th e Devo ni an se d iments (after Sam sonowi cz, 1952).

NEW OSTRACODERMS FROM LOWER DEVONIAN OF CEN T R AL P O LAND 227

GEOLOGY

Th e Ernsian se diments of th e Holy Cross (Swi ety Krzyz) Mountainsinclude an essen tially marine sequence - the Lysogory facies - anda continental placoderm series - the Ki elce faci es . Placoderm-bearingbeds occur within the marine seq ue nce, but the correlation of the twoseries is uncertain . Th e Lysogory faci es contain marine invertebrates(Czarnocki, 1937) , wh ils t the placoderm series includes only vertebrate .an d plant remains .

Th e success ion, according to Czarnock i (1937), in the L ysogoryregion is :

Lower Eifeli an : Bukowa Cora Beds (cul tri jugatu s horizon)Upper Emsian: Ma ssive join ted and Scolithus Sandston eMiddle Emsian : Spirijer SandstoneLower Emsian: Barcza Beds

Siegenian hiatusUpper Gedinnian : Kl ono w BedsLow er Gedinnian : Rzepin Beds or Mied ziana Cora Conglomerate.

The succession (Czarnocki , 1937) in the K iel ce region is:Lower Eifeli an Dolomit esSh al es with Haliseri tesBieli ny Conglomerat es (mo lluscan fa una)Placoderm SandstoneConglomer at e

Siegenian an d Gedinnian hi a tus.

Gu rich (1896) considered the Placoderm Sandstone to be equivalentto the Spiri jer Sandstone i. e. Middle Emsian ; whilst Sobolev (1909)beli eved it to be trans gressive an d probably in cluding par t of the MiddleDevonian as well as the upper part of the Lower Devonian. LaterCzarnocki (1937) sug geste d tha t the presence of Machaeracanthuspolonicus Gurich and Ct ena can thus sp. in both the Placod erm Sandstoneand the Barcza Beds , indica tes that th e former is, at least in part, ofLower Emsian age. Furth ermore, as the faun a of th e BielinyConglomera tes is si mila r to th at of th e Upper Emsian , the Placoderm

Sa nds tone probably represents the whole ,of the Emsian.

The ve r te brate fauna of the Placod erm Sandstone was described byGtirich (1896) as including the following ge ne ra : Psammosteus,Cocco st eus, Heterostius, Bo thriolepis, Ctenacanthus and Machaera­canthus; no description of this faun a has s ince been made. Czarnocki

22S L. BEVERLY T ARLO

(1937, p. 181) wrote th at "it is for the grea test par t poorly preservedand has no stratigraphical or paleon tol ogic al value. It is rather r are an dfragmen tary".

The presence of a vas t amo unt of we ll preserved vertebrate remainsat Dal eszyc e and al so at Debska Wola , 18 km south of Kielce (Czarnocki,1937, p . 181) enab les a detailed st udy of the fauna of on e stra t igraphicalhorizon to be undertaken . On th e basis of such a pal eontologic al study itmay be possib le in the future to es tablish a vertebrate succession in theKielce fac ies; an d, more important, to correla te th is with th e intercal a tedpl acoderm beds in the Lysog6ry facies.

PALEONTOLOGY'

P r eviousl y th e only record of an ostracoderm from th e region was ofPsammosteus sp. (Gii r ich , 1896, p. 392) from the Placoderm Sa ndstoneat Nowa Huta, 12 km no rth-east of Dal eszyce. The r ecen t coll ectionshave yielde d at leas t fo ur forms of psammosteid and two fragments ofa pteraspid. Altho ug h the latter is specifica lly in determi na te, it is ofinterest being th e first record of a pteraspid fro m the Holy CrossMountains . Furthermore, with th e ex ception of th e Middle Dev on ianforms f rom Spitsbergen (Dinel ey , 1955), it is the only record ofa p te raspi d associa te d with the la ter forms of psammosteid .

The s tra tigraphical pos ition occupied by th e Daleszyce psammosteidfa una is give n on p. 229.

From th e previously supposed absence of freshwate r psammosteidsin the Emsian, it has been ass umed that the Middle Dev onian Balticfresh water forms must have been derived from th e marine-lagoonalDrepanaspis. This conception was put forward by Obruchev (1944, 1947)and was based primarily on a cons ideration of the b ranchial plates :"Evo lution has taken place from Drepanaspi s throug h Psammolepi s toPsammosteus by the gradual chang ing of th e b ranch ial pl ates so th atthey became shorter and wider. Togeth er wit h this the pos terior partsof the branchials were re duced" (1947, p. 517, trans lated from th eRussian) . The differences in branchial plates were cor re lated wi th thech ange from a marine-lagoonal to a fluviatile habit a t (1944, p. 145).

However, when th e branchials of other Middle Devonian psammosteidge nera are ex ami ned and addi tion al characters i. e. vent ral medianplates , are considered, it is eviden t tha t th ere is n o simple r el ationshipbetween Drepanaspi s, Psammolepis and Psam m osteus.

1 This note is concerned onl y wi th the Agnatha since the Gn a thostomata are tobe d escr ibed by J . Kulczyck i.

NEW OSTRACODERMS FROM LOWER DEVONIAN OF CE NTR AL POLAND 229

The discovery of a varied psammosteid fauna at the end of LowerDevonian times, living in a freshwater environment and showingsimilar ities with th e later Middle Devonian forms, renders unlikely thederivation of the Baltic psammosteids from the marine-lagoonalDrepanaspis. It would rather indicate that the Daleszyce psammosteids

MAJOR PSAMMOSTEID FAUNAS

Stag es Continental facies Marine facies

BALTIC-

UPPER Psammosteus Ag as si z

DEVONIAN Dyptychosteus PreobrajenskyKar etosteus ObruchevAspidostells Obruchev

BALTIC

Psammosteus Agassiz

MIDDLE Psammolepis Agas siz

DEVONIAN pycnosteu s Preobraj enskyGanosteus RohonSchizosteus Obruch evY ogHnia Obruchev

RHINELANDEMSIAN DALESZYCE FA UNA Drepa naspis Schlu-

tel'

IRHINELAND

LOWER SIEGENIANDEVONIAN Drepanaspis Schlu-

tel'

PODOLIA

WeigeUaspi s Brotzen

GEDINNIAN ANGLO-WALES

WeigeUaspi t: Brotzen

ITesseraspis Wills

were the probable forerunners of th e later Middle Devonian forms. Th eex istence of both fresh water and marine psammosteid faunas in Emsiantimes means that a common ancestor must be sought earlier. Thepsainmosteids in fact must have developed along two independentlines - .a marine represented by Drepanaspis and a freshwater by theDaleszyce and Baltic faunas - from at least pre-Siegenian times.

230 L . BEVERLY TARLO

Th e Daleszyce psammosteids sho w very distinct ive orn amenta t ion.but there is also considerable variation sho wn in di fferen t parts ~ f theca r apace within individuals .

The mo st common psammost eid, typ e A , bears closel y pa cke d, largerounded tubercles , each crenulated a t the base, those on the ridge scalesbeing more elong ate . A fr agment of a median plate (see pl. I, -fig . 1)sho ws concentric grow th lines and short radial grooves on the ex te rn alsu rface probably representing sensory can als . Th e bran chial platesappear to show so me simila ri ties to Pycnosteus. As no ve n t ra l med ianplates have yet b een ide n tif ied, it has not been possibl e to assign th isform to a gen us.

Typ e B is re presented b y a fr agmen t of a median plate (see pl . I ,f ig . 2 for detail) which has tubercles si milar to those of typ e A. Th eyare, howev er , se para te d from ea ch other by zones of minute tubercles,similar in some respec ts to those occur r ing in Psammolepis undulataAgassiz and in some specime ns of Pycnosteus tuberculat us (Rohon) .

Typ e C is a bran chial pl ate which has very la rge, low tube rcles wellsepara ted from ea ch othe r as in Ganost eus stellatus Rohon. Howev er ,in ou tline the pl ate approaches Psammolepi s ra the r than Gan osteus.

The las t psammos te id , type D, has an orname nt of closely packed ,small tube rcles, but as only a few small f rag me nts have been collected .no suggestion of possible affinities can be mad e .

It is hoped that further work on th e Dal eszyce ps ammosteids wi llrev eal some conne ction with the Middle Devonian ge ne ra, whilsta fu r the r exa mi na tio n of the Gedinn ian ge nera T esseraspis andW eigeltaspis may throw so me light on the earlie r history of the group.At present it is possible to sta te that the cen tra l position of Drepanasp isin this history is no longer as firm ly esta blis he d as it had appeare d .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his deep es t gra t itude for the ass is tancegiven throughout by Professor R. .Kozlowski and Mr. J . Kulczycki of th eInstitute of Paleozoology, P olish Academy of Scien ces , and by Dr.E. 1. White, F. R. S. and Mr. H. A. Toombs of the British Museum(Natural History).

Professor W. Gross of Berlin University provided facilities forexamin ing the psammosteids in his care ; Professor D. Obruchev of theAcademy of Sci ences , Moscow, sen t photographs of the psammosteids inhis collections, and Dr. Elga Mark of Tallinn - photographs of Pycnosteus.To all the above persons the author tenders his sincere thanks.

NEW OSTRACODERMS FROM LOWER DEVONIAN OF C E NTR AL P O L AND 231

Finally the author gra tefu lly acknowled ges ' the gen erous financialass istance fr om the Percy Slad en Memorial Fund of the British Museum(Natural History) and from th e P olish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, forth e field work during th e sum me r of 1956.

Depar tmen t of Z oology,Unive rsi ty Coll ege L ondon

Febnwry , 1957

R EFERENC ES

BR OTZEN F . 1933. Weige lta sp is nov. gen .u nd d ie Phylogen ie d er pa nze r trage ride nHeterostracf. Cb!. M in. e tc., B , 648-656 . stuttga r t.

CZAR NOCK I J . 1937 . P rzegla d s tr a tygraf ii i pal eogeogr afi i dewonu dolnego GorS w ie tokrzyskich, (Uberblick de r S tr a t igraph ie und P al aogeographie desUnterdev ons im Poln ischen Mit te lgebi rge). Spraw . P . I nst . Geo!. (Bu l!. Ser v o

Geo!. Polo), 8, 4, 129-162, German text 163-200. Warsza wa.DENISO N R. H. 1956. A review of the hab ita t of the ea r lies t vertebrates. F ieldia n a

(Geol. ), 11, 357- 457. Ch icago.DI NELEY D . L. 1955. Som e D evon ia n fish rema ins f rom North Central Ves tsp itsbe r ­

gen . Geoi, Mag., 92, 255-2 60. London .GR OSS W. 1930. Die F'isch e d es mittleren Old Red Stid -Livlands . Geolo Pttl ii ont , Abh.,

N. F ., 18, 121-156. Berlin.1933. Die F'ische d es ba'ltischen Dev ons. Palaeon to gr aphi ca , 79 A , 1-74. Stut tga r t1942. Die F isch e Faunen d es haltisch en Dev ons u nd ih re b iostratigra p hischeBed eutung. K orrespblo Natur f. - V er., 64, 373- 436. Riga.1950. Die pal aontologische u nd stra tig rap h lsche Bedeu tung der W irbel tie r ­fa unen des Old Reds un d d e r ma r ine n a ltpaliiozoische n Sc h ich te n . Abh .deutsch . Akad. W i ss., m ath.-nat. Kl. 1949, 1, 1-1 30. Berlin .

GtJRICH G. 1896. Des Pala ozoicurn im polni sc hen Mittelgeb tr ge . Verh. russ. k: min.Ges., 32, 1-539. S t. P etersburg .

K IE LAN Z. 1954. Les Trilo bi te s mesod e von iens des Monts de S a in te-Croix (Trylo­bi ty srodkow o-de w orisk ie z Gar S w ietokrzysk ich ). Pa la eon t . Poi ., 6, 1-50. WG­szawa ,

MARK E. 1956. On the ge n us Pycnos te us (Psarnmoste idae , Ag na tha). (In Russian).Ensv . T eadust e A kad. Geoi, Inst. Uurimused , I, 74-88, Tallinn .

OBRUCHEV D . 1940. On so me psammosteid s fr om th e Le n ing rad and Balt ic M idd leDevonian. C. R. Acad. Sci . URSS, 28, 766-768. Moscow .1943a. Yoglinie n . g. late s t p terasp id from the Middle D evon ian of theLeningrad d istrict. Ib idem , 41, 41-43.1943b. A new reconstruction of Drepana spis, Ibidem, 41, 268-271.1944. An attempt restoration of P sarnmolepis paradoxa , Ib idem , 42, 143-1451947. On the gen us P sammosteus (Heterostraci ). (In Ru ssian) . Ibidem, 5G,517-520.

PREOBRAJENSKY 1. A. 1911. On some representatives of th e family Psammosteid ae(In Russian). Sitzber. Naturi, Ges., 19, 21-36. Dorpat.

RIXON A. E. & MEADE M. J. 1956. Ca sting techniques . M us . Jour n ., 56, 9-13 . London .

ROHON J . 1901. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Histologie del' 'Psarnmosteiden . Sit zk . bohm. Ges. Wiss., math.-nat. Cl. , 16, 1-31. 'Prague .

232 L . BEVERLY TARLO

SAMSONOWICZ J . 1952. E ra pa leozoicz na w Polsce . I n : M. Ksiqzk iewi cz & J .Samsonowicz, Zarys geo logii P olski (An ou tli ne of the geo logy of P oland :51-89 . Warszawa.

SOBOLEV D. 1909. The Middle Devonian of the Kiel ce-Sandomier z r ange (InRu ssian). Mat. Geol , Russlands, 24, 41-536. S t. Petersburg.

THAQUAIH R. H . 1903. The Lower Devon ian fishes of Gemiinden. Trans. Ro y .Soc. Ed in ., 40, 723-739 . Ed inburgh.

- 1905. Su pplem ent to the Lower Dev oni an fi she s of Gemunden . Ibidem , 41.469-475.

WHITE E. 1. 1935. The ostracoderrn Ptera spi s Kner and the rel ation shi ps of theag natho us vertebra tes. Ph i l. Trans. Roy . Soc., B , 225, 381-457. London .1950. Th e Vertebrate faunas of the Lower. Old Red Sandstone of th e WelshB ord ers . Bull. Brit . M us. (N at. Hist .), Geo!. 1, 51-67. London .1956. Prelim in a ry not e on the range of Ptera spids in West ern Europe . Bull. Inst .Roy . Sci. nat. B elgique, 32, 10, 1-10 . Bru xelles.

WILLS L. J . 1935. Rare a nd new Ost racod crrn fis hes fro m th e Down toni an ofShropsh ire . Trans. Roy . Soc. Ed in ., 58, 427-447. Edinburgh.

L . B EV ERLY TAR LO

WI AD OMOSCI WSTF;PNE 0 NOWYCH OSTRAKODERMACH Z DOLNEGO

DEWONU(EMS U) POLSKI SRODKOWEJ

Streszczenie

Autor rn ia l sposobnos c Iat em 1955 i 1956 r . wyeksploa towac wraz z m gr J . Ku l ­

czycki m obf lte szcza tki r yb i os tra koderm6w z piaskowca dolno-dewonskiego

w Daleszyca ch , zac howane w post aci odcisk6w. Badanie rn ryb za jql sie J . Kulczyc­

ki , a opracowanie ostrakoder rnow zostalo powi erzone autorowi .

Na ws te pie pod an a jes t k r 6tka cha rak te rys ty ka ztoza ora z stanu zachowan ia

skamien ia loscl. N astepnie przytoczono zasadnicze dan e dotyczace s tr a tygra fii d ol­

ne go de won u G6r Sw ie tok rzysk ich , gl6wn ie n a p ods taw ie pracy J . Czarnocki ego

(1937). Rep r odukowana jest szki cowa mapka geo logiczn a G6r Swiet okrzysk ich

wedlug J . Samsonowicza (1952).

W wy niku nast epnych bad an zebranego materialu, autor umieszcza faun e

da leszyc ka , zgodnie z Czarnock im , w pietrze ems ki m . Cech a charak ter ys tyczna tej

fauny ostrakoderm6w jest domina cja w n iej psammost eid6w, k t6re tutaj zyly

w sro dow isk u slod kow odny m. Fakt ten jest 0 ty le cie kawy, ze dot ychczas przy­

pus zcza n o (D. Obruczew, 1944 i 1947), ze s lod kowod ne srodkowo-d ewons kie psam­

mosteidy wywodza sie z morsko-Iagunowych drepanaspid6w. Autor sklania si e ra­

cze j k u ko ncepcji, ze psammos teidy repreze ntu ja Iin ie r ozwoj ow a nie za lez na od

linii drep anaspid6w , juz od ep oki p rzed zigenem. P ierwsza z ty ch ilini i byla sled­

k owodna, a druga - morska.

P ewne u wagi poswiec one zostaly charakterystyczny m cec hom ornarnentacyj­

nym plytek pancerza. N al ezy przypuszczac, ze szczeg olowe badan ia zebra nego ma-

NEW OS T R AC O D E R M S FROM LOWER DEVONIAN OF C E NT H AL P O L AN D 233

teria lu, bed ace W to ku, m oga rzuc ic no we swia tlo na s tos une k psammosteidow

da leszyck ich do r odzajow s r odkowo- de wo ns ki ch, Juz obecni e je dna k mo zna p o­

wiedziec, ze p rzypuszczenie 0 cen tra lnej pozycji rodza ju Drep anasp i s w historii

tych bezszczek owcow zos taje zac hwiane.

O BJASNIENIA DO PLANSZY

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B~HOii: , APyrPH - M'OpOliOH.

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PL.

F ig.!. Fragment of psammost eid medi an plate. type. A , s howing orn a me nta tio n .grow th lines a nd se ns ory canal s ; X 2.

Fi g. 2. Deta il of ornamentation of ty pe B ; X 10.

Both spec imens prese rv ed a s n a tura l moulds .

(Phot os W. Brack enbury)

_.. CTA P ALAEONTOLOG ICA POLONICA. VOL. II L . B . TARLO. PL. I

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2