.

1998

.. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................5 I. . ........................................................................................................................9 1: ...................................................................................................9 ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 , ..................................................................................................... 11 , ?..................................................................................................................................... 11 ?....................................................................... 13 , . .......................................................................................... 13 to be ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 to have .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 FUTURE ( ). ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 . .................................................................. 15 ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 18 1. INDEFINITE. .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2. CONTINUOUS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 3. PERFECT........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Perfect Present........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Perfect Past............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Perfect Future......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Perfect continuous ( Passive)................................................................................................................................................... 21 Perfect Continuous Present.................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Perfect Continuous Past......................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Perfect Continuous Future..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 . .................................................................. 22

1: , . ...............................................25 1: . ...............................................................................................................27 2: ............................................................................................................28 3: ..............................................................................................................................32 4: ..........................................................................................................................33 5: . ........................................................................................................................................................................34 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................38 2: . ...................................................................................................................................................44 6: . ......................................................................................................47 7: .............................................................................................................48 3. .....................................................................................................................50 . ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 .................................................................................................................................................................... 51

3: shall / will / need / dare . ..........................................52 8: . ..................................................................................................................................54 . ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 . ........................................................................................... 56

9: . ...................................................................................................56 10: . ..................................................................................................................................58 11: every / some / any /now. . ............................................................................................59 12: . .................................................................................61 13: - / ........................................................................63 14: there + to be...................................................................................................................63 there+to be.................................................................................................................................... 63

15: .........................................................................................................65 4. . ....................................................................................................................................67 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 . ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 72 . .................................................................................................................................................................................. 73

II. . .................................74 5: ............................................................................................................................................77WHAT THAT?............................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

6: ........................................................................................................................................84 1- . .................................................................................................................... 85 2- . .................................................................................................................... 87 . ................................................................................................................................................................. 87

6: . ....................................................................................................87 7: / INFINITIVE.......................................................................................................................................................90 ................................................................................................................ 91 . ................................................................................................................................................................. 92 ................................................................................................................................................................. 93 for........................................................................................................................................................... 94 ............................................................................................................................................................... 95

8: / PARTICIPLE.......................................................................................................................................................97 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 99 . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 99 . ................................................................................................................................................................. 100

9: / GERUND. ...........................................................................................................................................................102 10: / PUNCTUATION MARKS. ................................................................................................................111 (. Full Stop / . Period). .................................................................................................................................................. 111 (Comma)............................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 (Apostrophe). ................................................................................................................................................................................... 114

III. ............................................................................................................................................................................................115I. , -s............................................................................................................................................................. 115 II. to be (was/were; been). ..................................................................................................................................................................... 115 III. to do (did / done).............................................................................................................................................................................. 117 IV. to have (had). ................................................................................................................................................................................... 118 V. shall.................................................................................................................................................................... 119 VI. will.................................................................................................................................................................... 120 VII. Should ( shall).................................................................................................................................................................... 121 VIII. Would ( will). ................................................................................................................................................................... 122 IX. , -ed..................................................................................................................................................................... 122 X. , -ing..................................................................................................................................................................... 123 XI. one...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126 XII. for...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126 XIII. it....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 XIV. that................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127

IV. ............................................................................................................................................................................................1281. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128 2. / / . ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 128 3. () / ) / / ....................................................................................................................... 129 4. / / . ........................................................................................................................................................... 130 5. / / . ............................................................................................................................................................................ 131 6. / .................................................................................................................................................................. 132 7. To call............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 132 8. To get................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 133 9. To take.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 135 10. / / / / . ......................................................................................................................... 136 11. / . .................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 12. . ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 13. / / ....................................................................................................................................................................... 138 14. / / . ............................................................................................................................................... 139 15. / / / / / / / / ( )........................ 140 16. . ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 140 17. / ( )........................................................................................................................................................................... 141 18. / / / / ( / )............................................................................................................ 141 19. . ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 142 20. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 143 21. / . ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 143 22. / ................................................................................................................................................................................. 143 23. / / another / other / the others. ............................................................................................................................................. 144 24. Right. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 144 25. () / () / (). ............................................................................................................................. 145

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26. / / / . ........................................................................................................................ 145 27. / ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 28. Time. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 146 29. First................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 147 30. / / . ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 148 31. / . ............................................................................................................................................................................... 148 32. / ...................................................................................................................................................................... 149 33. / ( - / - / -)........................................... 149 34. / . ................................................................................................................................................................................ 149 35. . .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 150 36. . ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150 37. - / ............................................................................................................... 151 38. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 151 39. / / . .............................................................................................................................................................. 152 40. / . ............................................................................................................................................................................ 152 41. / ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 153 42. / / / ... . .............................................................................................................. 153 43. / . ........................................................................................................................................................................... 154 44. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 45. / . ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 46. . ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 47. () / ()................................................................................................................................................................ 155 48. Used to / to be used to smth. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 156 49. / . ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 156 50. -.................................................................................................................................................................... 157 51. . .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 157 52. () / (). .......................................................................................................................................................... 158 53. / / / .......................................................................................................................................... 158

V...............................................................................................................................................................................................1601. ( ) . ............................................................................................................................................................ 160 2. Will shall............................................................................................................................................................................................. 160 3. . ....................................................................................................................... 160 4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 160 5. . .......................................................................................................................................... 161 6. Don't doesn't........................................................................................................................................................................................ 161 7. . / ...................................................................................................................................................................... 161 8. . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 162 9. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 163 10. . ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 11. . ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 163 12. . ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 13. . ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 163 14. () . / () . ........................................................................................................................................................................... 164 15. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 164 16. ?...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 164 17. / - ( - ). ................................................................................................................... 165 18. ( - )....................................................................................................................................... 165 19. , ... / ,... / ,... / , ... . ........................................................................................................................................................ 165 20. , ... / ,... / ,... / , ... ................................................................................................................. 166 21. ? / ? ................................................................................................................................................................... 166 22. ? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 166 23. . / , , . ................................................................................................................................... 166 24. ?............................................................................................................................................................................................ 166 25. ?...................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 26. (,) / . / , . ...................................................................................... 167 27. ? / ? ........................................................................................................................................ 167 28. ...? .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 167 29. .............................................................................................................................................................. 167 30. ( , )..................................................................................................... 168 31. . ................................................................................................................................. 168 32. .................................................................................................................................. 168 33. / , . .................................................................................................... 168 34. / , ............................................................. 171

3

35. / / , ( / / ) . .................................. 173 36. , . ...................... 176 37. / , . ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 180 : .............................................................................................................................. 182

VI. .....................................182........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 182 . ......................................................................................................................................................................... 183 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 184 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 . .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 . .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 185

.......................................................................................................................................................................................187

4

. , , , , , . , , - .

. . , ? . , , , , . , , , , . , . ? , . , . . , , - . , , , -, , .. , . , . , . - . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , " " . , , . , . ,- - , , . ? , , .. ( / / ...) ( / / ...), , . , ( / / ), , ( ). , . , . , , , , , ( ). , ! . , , . , , , . , , , . ? 5

, , , .. , . 1. , , : . , . , , ( ), . ( ) , , , .

: . . . . . , . " " : . . . . , , ( ) . , " " , ? ? . , , .. , . : , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , ( ). ( ). , chalk table . . : v ( / ) ? , ( ). (10 ): ?????????. (10): v?vvvvvvvv. 2. , . .

: . . . . , - : () () . , , , , . , , : 6

. - . . , . 3. , : .

: . . . . ... . ... . . . . . , .. , , . , , .. " ". , . : , , , . : -: Remember me to your sister. (.. , , ), : . , - . : . - , , , . . , . : , . , , , . 4. : ( , , ), - : like () / like ( ); book - () / book , (); need () / need () .. , - , . . , , , , , , . , . , , , . . . . , , , ( - !). ? 7

. , , , . , , , . , : ( ? / ?). , ( ) : . . 2. ( , ): . . 3. ( , () ; , : ? / ? / ? / ? / ? / ? / ...): . , . , , , . : 1. 4. . ( : ? / ?; ?; ?). . : , , :

. (?) . (?) . (?) . , , : . . , : . : 1 2 3 4 / , .. , , - , . , . ( ) - ( ). , . , : . . ? . : , - , - , . , , . , , , . , . , . . , , , . 8

I. . . 1: . . , , .. , . , . , . . - , ( ), , , . , , , . . , .. , , . ( , , ), ( ). . : . . , . , . ,

: , () . , . , , . . , . , . . , , , . , , , . , , , . "" ! . . . .

: 7 ( !); , , ; , , , , . . , : 1. ( ). Active () ( ) : . =>Active Passive ( ) : 9

2. 3.

. () =>Passive ( ). Indefinite . Continuous , . Perfect ( ) + + . Perfect Continuous , - ( ). ( ). Past Present Future

ACTIVE 1. to ~ ~ ~ ~ 2. to be + ~ ~ ~ ~ ing 3. to have + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3- ) 4. to have been + ~ ~ ~ ~ ing : PASSIVE 1. to be + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3- ) 2. to be being + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3- ) 3. to have been + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3- ) 4. Indefinite (1) Active Past Continuous (2) Present Perfect (3) Future Passive Perfect Continuous (4)

4 7

3

. - , . , . : 1. ACTIVE PASSIVE? (Active), (Passive)?

, 7, 4 3 . , , - . : . ? Active Passive , , Active. 2. . , , ", . . : . , - Continuous. Active 2. (Continuous) to be + ~~~~ ing. , , . : . ? 10

, . , (- Infinitive), .. ? / ?. - , , . , , , , , , . . . . . (, ) , . - , .., , , ; , .. . . , , , . , . : , . .

, .to ; - / - / -, . , , Infinitive. , ?, - . Infinitive, to - .

: to , , . ~~~ . ~~~ , . . . ~~~ing -ing . , .. -ing , . ~~~ed(3), (3) . : 1. 2. -ed. .

, ? , . , . : to want : Want [wont] 1- , , -ed; to give : Give [giv] (gave, given) 11

1-

2- , 3- , , : to send : [send] (sent) 2- , 3- , ( ). : to put :

Send 1-

[put] (put) , 2- , 3- , .. . , , Infinitive. , ( ) . . : ....[..] past .... past , - : gave [geiv] past give give ....[...] . . .... . . : given [givn] . . give give - ( ) . (, , ), . ( ) ( ). , : ~ ~ ~ ing; ~ ~ ~ ed / 3- . , (to be to have) , . ( , : been / being) , .

Put 1-

: , .. , to; ; , ; ( - ), - ( - ), ; - , , . : to be ~ ~ ~ ing Active Continuous . (be), , , . . : . . 12

: , Mother ( ). 2. . , . . : 1. Active Passive? Active 1, 2, 3, 4 ? 2 (Continuous). : to be + ~ ~ ~ ing / : sleep (slept) , , -ing. : to be sleeping Infinitive, . , , .. ( ) Present. , .

? , ( to be, to have). , - , . ? . : ( , , ); ( , , ); ( , ). , , to be to have.

, . , , , , . ( , ? ?) ( ). , , : 1 2 3 . I () () She () It () . We () You ( / ) They ()

: ; (. 4), ; 2- , - ; he () she () ( ), it: : / : 13

table if / lamp it

to bePresent 1 I am 2 We are You are 1 2 3 I was Past We were You were

He is 3 She is They are It is

He was She was They were It was

to havePresent 1 I have 2 We have You have 1 2 3 I had

PastWe had You had

He has 3 She has They have It has

He had She had They had It had

FUTURE ( ). , , shall ( 1- ) will ( 2- 3- ). ; to , :1 2 3 I shall --We shall --You will --They will ---

He will --She will --It will ---

~~~ , ( ) . : will be ~~~ ing. We shall have ~~~ ed (3).

: Passive Continuous to be being ~ ~ ~ ed (3) Future; , : + ( / / ...); Infinitive to ( will smoke); to be . . , . . Mother (She), to be (Present) is. , Infinitive Present, to be is. is sleeping. - Active Continuous Present, : Ac-five ( - ); Continuous - ( - ); Present ( - ), .. . 14

: , ; : . Mother is sleeping. , . , , , . : now (). : . Mother is sleeping now. , , , , .. Continuous. . , (, , ) / ; , , Indefinite. : Active; Indefinite. Active 1 (Indefinite): to ~~~. Present ( ). , . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. : . . , , , . . 7 . , : / / . , .

.1. ( , ; / ). A man is smoking now. . A big man is smoking now. . A good big man is smoking now. .

:

( ); smoke ( ) -; -ing -ed - , smoking (smoked). 2. 3. : Active Passive; (1, 2, 3, 4) ; (Past / Present / Future); ( , Active Indefinite), ; . . 15

. , , , , . : " , ?". . , , . . Father reads (Active Indefinite Present) papers every day. . Father is smoking (Active Continuous Present) now. . Mother wax sleeping (Active Continuous Past) several minutes ago.

minutes:

-s ( minute ); , ; ( ) -s , . . Big boys were reading (Active Continuous Past) new books. . I shall see (Active Indefinite Future) small girls together tomorrow. .

: , .. ? / ?; , ;

: , - ( / ), ; , ; (), , , Passive; , ( ) ; , , .. , , , , : \ \ several / \ \ boys ( -s ) \ \ small , , , ; Passive. : . Several small boys were seen (Passive Indefinite Past) together yesterday. (: Yesterday ......... together.) .

:

, , , , ; , (them), ; (!!!) ; ( ) ; , , they: . They were seen (Passive Indefinite Past) yesterday. . will be seen (Passive Indefinite Future) tomorrow. . The ( ) book is being read (Passive Continuous Present) now. . The books are being read (Passive Continuous Present) now. .

:16

, ; : to be;

: to be , ; (Active Indefinite), .. , - ; , : was / were, been; / ; : to be , : was Past Indefinite , a were Past Indefinite ; to be , to be , .. : . We are (Active Indefinite Present) students. . We were (Active Indefinite Past) students. . I am (Active Indefinite Present) a student. . I was (Active Indefinite Past) a student. . I shall be (Active Indefinite Future) a student. . We shall be (Active Indefinite Future) students. . He is (Active Indefinite Present) a student.

: / - -, - / - -.; to have; , ; to be, to have , (Active Indefinite); , ; to have (had). . I have (Active Indefinite Present) a house. . I had (Active Indefinite Past) a house. . We had (Active Indefinite Past) a house. . She has (Active Indefinite Present) a house. . They will have (Active Indefinite Future) a house. , : . The house has two windows.( ...) . The room has one window.( ...) . The car had three doors.( ...) . The car will have one door.( ...) to do . , to be to have (Active Indefinite), , ; to do (did; done); , ; : . I do (Active Indefinite Present) it everyday. . We did (Active Indefinite Past) it yesterday. . does (Active Indefinite Present) it every day. . I shall do (Active Indefinite Future) it tomorrow. . They will do (Active Indefinite Future) it tomorrow. , , , Perfect Perfect Continuous. , . , - , Indefinite Continuous. , , . 17

. 1. INDEFINITE. , , .., Continuous 7 Perfect / Perfect Continuous, ( / / ).

: ; , : . : - , . - . (, - ) Active Continuous Present I am smoking. : - - , ? - . ( , ; ) Active Indefinite Present I smoke. - . , , , " ". , , - . Indefinite , - ; (). (). (). (). 100 (). Indefinite (Active Passive) (Past / Present / Future): / / . / / . / / . , Indefinite Continuous. , : . () / . ( ).

2. CONTINUOUS. / / / / / / . , , - Past / Present / Future , Continuous: (). Continuous (). Indefinite . Continuous . Indefinite Future Continuous Indefinite , Past Present. . , . Continuous: . , , ( , , , ). , Indefinite: . , - . , Continuous , .. : . . 18

Continuous , - , : . .

: , , Continuous: to want to like to love to know to see . .

: , / / , Indefinite Future Continuous Present; : . / . / . ( / / ), Continuous Present: We are working in the evening. They are going to the sea in summer. Mother is coming in a few days. to be going to do something, : We are going to work in the evening. They are going to go to the sea in summer. Mother is going to come in a few days.

3. PERFECT. , . , . .

Perfect Present. - : / / .. Past. Indefinite Past : I bought / came / saw; Perfect Present : I have bought / have come / have seen. ? . Perfect : a) ; b) , ; c) , , . , - ( ) - ( , ). ( ) : . , (), (b) - Past Indefinite. : . : / / / / ... Perfect , , (c). (b), , (). 19

. I saw the boys yesterday. ( , ) Indefinite Past. . I have seen the boys today. ( , ) Perfect Present. . She saw the boys five minutes ago. () . . . . () ( ) Indefinite Past. . She has seen the boys this week. ( ) ( , ) Perfect Present.

: , , . : . , . , - , Perfect Present; ( ) Indefinite Past. 1: . , , , . - , , : . Perfect Present I have bought a house. Perfect Present / ( : ... .). 2: - , : " . . , ..." , , Indefinite Past I bought a house... Perfect Present ( / .), . .

Perfect Past. :4.

5.

- ( - by): . The house had been built (Passive Perfect Past) by the end of the last year. ( ) , , ; , , Perfect Past, , ( ) Indefinite Past: , . The house had been built (Passive Perfect Past) before we came here (Active Indefinite Past). 20

Perfect Future. : a) by - : . The house will have been built (Passive Perfect Future) by the end of the next year. b) , , ; , , Perfect Future, Indefinite Present: , , . By the time you receive (Active Indefinite Present) this message I shall have left (Active Perfect Future). , . The house will have been built (Passive Perfect Future) before we come (Active Indefinite Present) there. , , . If I take the pill now, it will have started (Active Perfect Future) to work by the time we get (Active Indefinite Present) home.

: ; , / (. V); , Perfect Future, Indefinite Future: . : The house will have been built (Passive Perfect Future) by the next month. The house will be built (Passive Indefinite Future) by the next month. - ; ( / ..) .

Perfect continuous ( Passive). . , , , , (Indefinite Continuous). .

Perfect Continuous Present. , , - . , : 1. 2. / . , . : (1) ( for ) ( ). We have been building the house for a month. (2) ( since , ) . We have been building the house since last year. We have been thinking about buying ( , ) a new car. , . : We build (Indefinite Present) the house for a month. : We are building (Continuous Present) the house for a month.

21

Perfect Continuous Past. , , ( ). " (1) (2), Perfect Continuous Present. Indefinite Past: (1) , . We had been building the house for a month, when the war began. (2) , . We had been building the house since last year, when the war began.

Perfect Continuous Future. , - . (1) (2), Indefinite Present; (1) , . We shall have been building the house for two months by the end of the year. (2) , . We shall have been sleeping since ten o'clock when you call. . , -.

.1. 2. , ( ); . ( ).

:, , , (Active Indefinite Present / Past) (Active Perfect Continuous Future / Passive Perfect Future); ; , ( Active Indefinite Present / Past,) : shall / will / to be / to have , a , : ~~~ing; ~~~ed ( ); 3- ( ); should / would ( shall /will) - , Infinitive , ; , .. . Infinitive ( shall / will / should / would / , - to be to have Infinitive) . 4. , . - ! , "", . 5. , .. : (~~~~~~); Active Passive , , ; (1, 2, 3, 4) ; shall /will, to be / to have ; . 3. 6. . , , . . , , . 22

: is smoking a big cigar now. (I) . (II) is smoking (is Present to be; smoking ). (III) to be ~~~ ing. (IV) Active 2. Continuous. a) smoke ; b) ( Active); c) ( Continuous); d) ( is to be Present) : () / () / (). (V) : . Father smokes big cigars. (I) Father . (II) smokes 3.,4. , , .. Active Indefinite. a) ; b) (Active); c) (Indefinite); d) (~~~s) : . (III) . Father has smoked a big cigar today. (I) Father . (II) has smoked (has Present to have; smoked ). (III) to have ~~~ed. (IV) Active Perfect. a) ; b) (Active); c) (Perfect); d) (has Present) => : . (V) . They have been seen today. (I) They => . (II) : 1) have been been ( been 3- to be); 2) ( been Active Perfect Continuous / Passive Perfect); : 3- , 2); - 1) : seen 3- to see () : have been seen

a) b) c) d)

(III) : to have been seen. (IV) Passive Perfect. ; ; ; . (V) . We shall see father tomorrow. (I) We . (II) shall see. (III) to ~~~ Active Indefinite. (IV) . (V) . We shall be seen together. (I) We . (II) shall be seen. (III) to be + 3- . (IV) Passive Indefinite. (V) . 23

(VI)

.

: : . , , .. , ( - , .. ). , () . ... 1.

: , "" , , , - , .. , , " " "" . , , . , - , . . 2. , - . . , (, ). , - , - .. : , , - . . . , , . : I want to sleep. (1) . = (2) wanted to smoke every day. (1) . / ' . = (2) They will buy a new car. (1) . = (2) I am Leon. (1) . (2) . / . My name is Leon. (1) . (2) . / . She had a table. (1) . (2) . The house has several rooms. (1) . (2) . Every room will have several tables and one window. (1) . (2) . 9. She is twenty (years old). (1) ( ). (2) . 10. will be twenty next year. (1) . (2) . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

: , , ( : (to be) - ., (to have) - .; years old, ) : . She was twenty (years old) last year. : Yolanda Smith is twenty two years old. Cindy Fox is twenty. They are friends. Yolanda is a medical student. Cindy is a cleaner. Sometimes Yolanda helps Cindy to clean rooms. They are cleaning a room now. Cindy has come earlier today. The girls feel well. They are using a new cleaning liquid. The liquid is very strong. It is good. It was brought yesterday. The girls are happy. They are talking loudly. It is getting dark. They will go home soon.

: -r, , (, ) , (to clean / cleaner ; to work / worker ; to drive / driver ..); 24

-r , (. 9); early, , -, -i - (earli+er earli early); -1, ; loud loudly ; , , -t / - / -g, , -ing -ed (stop / stopped; log / logging ..), , , ; get (getting get+t get). : . . . - (: ). . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , . ( ), ( ) . , . , , , . , , .

1: , . . , , , , , . , : : (soon ; yet ); ( -l : badly ; simply ; loudly ); ( : sometimes ; anyway -; however ); (at last ; at least ; at first ; in vain ). : (today ; tomorrow ; now ; then ); (outside ; here ; nowhere ); (loudly ; quickly ; slowly ; well ); (very ; little ; much ; quite ). , . IV. , , , . Indefinite (Active / Passive) ( ), . , ( ), / ; , ( ) - : (Active Indefinite) to be (Passive Indefinite), / . : yesterday ; the day before yesterday ; 25

the day after tomorrow ; X (- ) days / minutes / years / weeks / ... ago X / / / / ... () ; last morning / evening / week / month / year / ... ( ) / ( ) / / / / ... : usually ; often ; seldom ; rarely ; every day / minute / week / month / year / ... / / / / / ... : . They came yesterday. . The day before yesterday they were seen together. . The letter was sent three days ago. . seldom comes here. . They are often invited there. . They are invited there every week. Sometimes ; / , Active Indefinite, to be Passive Indefinite: . Sometimes she comes here. She comes here sometimes. She sometimes comes here. . Sometimes she is invited here. She is invited here sometimes. She is sometimes invited here. Always ; Indefinite , ( ) Active Indefinite to be Passive Indefinite: . They always come here. . They were always invited here. Always ; Active Perfect Present ( - , .. ); to have: . I have always been a fool. Already ; : a) Perfect (Active / Passive); to have: . They have already come. . She has already been invited. b) Indefinite (Active / Passive); (Active Indefinite), to be (Passive Indefinite): . already smokes. / smokes already. . She already feels well. / She feels well already. . We are already known. c) Continuous (Active / Passive); to be : . We are already cleaning our room. / We are cleaning our room already. . The lamp is already being used. / The lamp is being used already. Yet , already. Yet => , already: . They have already come. ? Have they come yet? 26

. They have not come yet. / They have not yet come. Yet , () not ( ).

: already ( ) yet ( ) yet ( ). Still / / - ; :a) Continuous (Active / Passive); to be, ( ): . She is Still sleeping. ? Is she still sleeping? : . She is not sleeping yet. b) Indefinite (Active / Passive); ; to be, : . She still wants to buy a new house. . They still come here. . My father is still in Moscow. c) still : . Sit still. . She is sitting still. : . She is still sitting. Ever - / - ; ; , Perfect Present (Active / Passive); , Indefinite Present (Active / Passive): - ? Have you ever seen dollars? - ? Have you ever been invited there? - ? Do you ever go to the cinema? - ? Are they ever invited there? - ? Does she ever feel well? Never ; ( ) ; , Perfect Present (Active / Passive); , Indefinite Present (Active / Passive): . I have never seen dollars. . We have never been invited there. . They are never invited there. . She never feels well. Just / , ; Perfect Present (Active / Passive); indefinite Past; to have (Perfect Present) (Indefinite Past): . She has just come. (. / . ) / She just came. ( .) . They have just been seen here. (. / .) / They were just seen here. ( .) Just , . . .

1: . , . . : 1 27 2 3 4

/ . , : - . there+to be. , ( . / ? .). . ( ) .

2: . , , , , : (1), (2), (3), (4): 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. . ? . ! , :

1) . / . ? . ! . , , .., .

: . : . (4 ) " ": 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . , - ( ) , . , " ", . : 1. 2. not; n / none / neither / nobody / never / nothing .

1 . , - .

: not , .. , (will / shall / to be /to have / to do .), , .. . : 28

1. . Active Indefinite Present to do do (Present / 1- /. ) => I do not want to go home.

: not ( ) , do not don't (I don t want to go home.); , , ; , . 2. . Active Indefinite Future Future shall ( to do ) I shall not go home. ( : I shan't go home.) 3. . Active Continuous Present Mother is not (isn't) sleeping now. 4. . Passive Indefinite Past They were not (weren't) seen yesterday. 5. . Active Indefinite Past

: 2- to come, Active Indefinite Past (She came last week.); to do, (Past did); , Infinitive to:

She did not (didn't) come last week. 6. . Passive Perfect Present The big room has not (hasn't) been cleaned today. 7. . Active Indefinite Future Father will not (won't) come early today. 8. .

: , , at all u :

I do not (don't) smoke at all. 9. ( ). I am not smoking now. ( am not , : I'm not smoking now.) 10. . She does not (doesn't) know you at all. 11. . ( .) (Active Indefinite Present)

:

to be (Active Indefinite) to do : I am not a student. 12. . This house is not (isn't) being built now. 13. . ( .)

: to have (Active Indefinite) to do:

I have not (haven't) a car. to do to have got: I do not (don't) have a car. I have not got (haven't got) a car. 14. . They did not (didn't) want to buy a new car a month ago. 15. .

: ( ) , :

Even father does not (doesn't) know it. , not even, : Not even father knows it.29

16. . Not even they will help you. / Even they (will not) won't help you. 2 , not, , .. - . , , ( / ; ). , , , not, , , .. . at all not , no . . never (Active Indefinite) ( ).

: , ( I): 1. . / . I have no money : . I have not money. 2. . Nobody is sleeping now. 3. . I saw nobody here last month. 4. . knows nothing. 5. . I shall clean nothing next time. 6. . ( .) Next time he will bring no friends. 7. . She never comes here. 8. . She will never come here. 9. .

: Perfect Present, ( ):

She has never seen a war. 10. . . None / Neither of them can help me. 11. , , . I have told none but you about it. 12. . I see no boys and girls here.

1: ( ) : not + any; any - , (. 11); not , , .. ; , : not ( ), any ( ); any, , , , not:

I do not see any boys and girls here. : 1. I have no money. I have not any money. ( not any , ) 2. I saw nobody here last month. I didn't see anybody here last month. 3. He knows nothing. He does not (doesn't) know anything. 4. I shall clean nothing next time. I shall not clean anything next time. 5. Next time he will bring no friends. Next time he will not bring any friends. 6. I see no boys and girls here. I do not see any boys and girls here.

2: , , ; : 30

is a very dishonest man. . These seats are for non-smokers only. .

3: not a + : Not a head turned to see us. . . Not a car has been sold. ( , ) . is in great physical shape not a pound overweight. .

4: not ( / .); , , .. not : Father will not come soon. . . She does not know much. . .

5: not : I knew her but not as a friend. , . , . Not that he did not know that. He , . Not that she works much. He , .

6:

Infinitive not : be or not to be? ? They asked us not to tell you about this. .

7:

/ - (too) (either) ; : I like it. I like it, too. , ( ) I like it too. . ( ) I don't like it. I don't like it, either. . I don't like it either. . neither: I don't like it, neither. .

8: ... ... neither... nor.. : They will neither eat nor drink. , . She is neither beautiful nor intelligent. , . neither (not+either) , , : took neither side in the argument. , . Neither of the two came. , . I do not like either of the two. , . . : ; , , ; . . . . , . . . . . , 31

. . . . . . You do not (don't) know these girls. Becky and Mary are not (aren't) cleaners. They are not friends at all. They have never been seen together. Becky is a medical student, but she will never be a good doctor. She does not (doesn't) like to work. Mary does not like to work, either. The girls have no / have not any money. They have no cars either. They do not sleep well. They do not feel well. The girls don't smoke cigars. They do not smoke at all. Neither of them wants to smoke. They never come here. They do not want to.

: , - Infinitive, , to ; ... come.

3: . . , . , . . - - ? / ? / ? / ...? : (1) (2).(1) 1. 2. 3. : I my We our You your He his She her It its They their

. . My house is big. . Their car was old. , . . My big house is new. . has never seen their small old car.

1: , ; .. , , , : . ( ) . ( ) took his hand out of his pocket.

2: , : . . She took her bag. . . They came into their house.1. 2. 3. I mine He his She hers It its We ours You yours They theirs

: , ; , , : 32

? . . -Whose house is it / this? It /This / That is my house. It / This / That is mine. ? . . -Whose car is it / this? It / This /That is their car. It / This / That is theirs. ? . . -Whose cigars are these? They / These / Those are our cigars. They / These / Those are ours.

:this / that / these / those (. 10); , it / they , , . - , : Your car is new. Mine is old. . . : - , ; .

4: . : . , : , , , , .

: , , .. ( : / / / ). :1. I me 2. We us You you They them

He him 3. She her It it

1: , - , , : (?) - (?) ..; () : her;

: : ?; , : ? /?; ? / ?; ? / ?; ?/?; ?/ ?

2: (Passive), , , - ( : ... / .../...); , , .. , ; ( ) (Them... / Us ... / ...) !

: ( , 33

); , ( : ... Them They ... / Us We ... / ...). : 1. . They have not been seen here since last year. 2. . Their house is not big. 3. . Our house has several rooms. 4. . They did not want to clean their small old car. 5. . His mother will be happy. 6. . We shall not see them soon. 7. . Her father doesn't smoke. 8. , .

: , (Passive); (Active); ( ) ( , ) , :

I like my name. I don't like yours. 9. . Our mother will not be sleeping at two o'clock. 10. , . My friends are good, but sometimes they don't understand us. 11. . . . . We have bought a new house. We don't like its windows. They are very small. We shall be brought big windows next week.

5: . ( , ). , . , , , . . , -, . , , , , , . , . : , . . (), , (): a table a big table a new big table , . , , : Your wife is a young woman. . My wife is not young, ( ) . , (my house / this house) no (no house). : . ( ) , ( ) . , , , ( ). , , . : 34

: an; , (a table / a big room / a house); an , (an apple / an arm / an old house); ; , : , - : - . ; , , .. - / a window. : . , ; a book. , : - / - / : ? - . A gentleman.

: the; , ; ( ), ( ) , .. / , ( ) : , - , , the window;: , . ? . I bought the book ( ) and a magazine ( , ). , : / / : . ? , . I saw the woman...

: , , , . : (a) . (The) . (the) . (The) . - () . (The) . (the) () () . (The) . . : : I am a worker. She is a student. half () : half a bottle / half an hour / ... there + to be (. 14) : There was a lamp on the table. (-) . what : What a happy man! ! , - , ( ): What strong liquid! ! such , - , : I haven't seen such a woman. : I haven't used such liquid before. . / : A Mr. Fox called you. . / -: a Cadillac ( ) / a Kodak ( ) : 35

to be in a hurry ; to be on a diet ; a lot of ; a great deal of . : : the Regent Hotel. : the first (. 8). : the best (. 9). , ,, : the sun / the moon .. : The New York Times. : The Titanic. / / : The Pacific Ocean. The Black Sea. The Dvina. , : The United States of America ( ). , language: the English language (: English) the Russian language (: Russian). , ( ): the Browns / : in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening (: at night) / / (). (the ... the ... .... ...): The more you learn something the better you know it. -, . , ( ): in the street; (?) to the cinema; (?) at the cinema; at the institute; on the job (: at work) . : the West / the East / the North / the South. : : I am English. . My wife is Jewish. . We are Russian. . : love / life / time / ... : liquid / water/ ... , : I like beer. . () : Give me a beer, please. ( , .. ), . The beer is good. ( , ) . : Abbey Road / Gorky Street. : I like Cindy. . : in winter / in spring / in summer / in autumn (: ( . ) in the fall) / / / . 36

: It is December now. . : It was on Monday. . : breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper / / / . : Heathrow Airport / Kennedy Airport. . , ( ). . : at work ; at night / ; to go / come / arrive home / / ; at home ; to go to bed ; to be on holiday ; to go on foot / ; to go to school / : / . Our sister goes to school. : . ( ) Mother went to the school... , , .

37

2. . , , , , . ( ) ( , , ). , . , , , . . , . . , ( / / / .). : 1. 2. ; .

: , ; ; , , ; ; , . ( ): on , ; ?: on the table ;: . . on. upon. in , ; ?: in the pocket ;: . . in. at / / : . was standing at the window. : . Father works at the plant. . I study at the institute.

:

: , ( ) ... at the institute.: - , ( ) ... in the institute. "", ( ) ... at the Minsk Hotel.: , ( ) ... in the hotel. 38

to => / (? / ? / ?): . Mother went to the cinema. . We shall not go to the institute. . She gave one dollar to me.

: to , ; : , , , , : 1 to 2: She gave one dollar to me 1 2 : She gave me one dollar. They didn't bring a new lamp to us. They didn't bring us a new lamp. . She will send strong cigars to him. She will send him strong cigars. . towards ; to, : went to the car. , ( ) went towards the car. , ( ) of ; .. , (? / ?), of: the door of my room / the car of my wife of / : . I know nothing of him. . I often think of that. to be, - / -: to be tired of afraid of proud of .: I'm tired of you. . / . She is proud of her body. . They are not afraid of us. . I'm not sure of that. . with / by ; , ' (? / ?): by ; with ( ); Passive: . The car was bought by my friend. . The plan was being fulfilled by the whole country. . Sometimes the windows are washed with water. with / : with me ; together with boys and girls by / : by the window ; by the door ; for : for me ; for him ; from / / / () -: 39

. She came from Moscow. . I know it from her. - . took a book from the desk. . I took this book from him. about / : . I know nothing about him. about ; / / / ; around / round: . walked about the town. He walked around the town. . I have about ten dollars. I have around ten dollars. . didn't want to go around that house. after / : . She came after me. above ; under ; behind / ; without (- / -); in front of ( - / -): . My car is in front of the house. into ; , -: (?) . She came into the room. onto ; , -: (?) . put the money onto the table. out of ; , : . took a cigar out of the box. . She came out of the room. : . She came from Moscow. through / : through the window / through the wall over ( ): over the window / over the roof between ( / ): between two cars / between two women among ( / ): among students / among trees across ( / ): across the room / the street / the table / ... near / / : near the house / near the car ( ): on : on Sunday / on Monday; 40

( ): on the first of May; in : in the first century; : in 1992; : in winter / in spring; : in May / in December; , : in the morning ; in the afternoon ; in the evening ;: at night - () ; Future (. after ): I'll be back in five minutes. . will finish school in two years. . at ; : at that moment ; at five minutes past ten ; at a quarter to nine to ; , , ; , : It is five (minutes) to ten. . , past , , : It was ten (minutes) past five. . (: ) b - () : will come by ten o'clock. . They will marry by the next year. . She will finish / will have finished her work by his coming back. . for ; ; , , : She has been sleeping for six hours. . .

: o'clock , : . It is five o'clock. . It was ten o'clock. u ; hour o'clock, : It is ten o'clock. It is ten hours. They will be here in ten hours, (o'clock ) . from ; : from the first of May, ; from ... till ( from ... to) ... ; : 41

from 1917 till 1992. about / : They will call us about seven (o'clock / hours). / / . after - () : They will not be working after three o'clock. . will come here after the meeting. . after - ; Past ( in ): After a few weeks she got married. .

: after later : A few weeks later she got married. . before => / - () : They had not been working before three o'clock. , ( ) John had called my sister before he went to the airport. , , . through : can speak through hours. . can do it Monday through Friday. . over / : has been waiting here over an hour. . between : will come between three (o'clock) and four (o'clock). . near : She will come near eight (o'clpck). . till / until : She will wait till / until ten (o'clock). . since / , ; Perfect: She has not been here since last year. . during : They clean offices during summer. / . during ( - ): I don't want to call you during her sleep. , . : according to : We are going there tomorrow according to our plan. , . as for / as to : As for her, she will be happy to have such a husband. , . because of - ( , ): I am here because of the war. - , . by means of : We shall do it by means of water. ( ) . due to / - ( , ): 42

I am here due to his help. . in case of : I don't want to be here in case of his coming. ( ), . instead of : I shall buy a house instead of a car. . in spite of : I don't like him in spite of his money. , . owing to : Owing to his help I feel well now. , . thanks to : I bought my house thanks to your help. ..

:

smb somebody -; smth. something -; , ( ); / , : to listen to smb. / smth. - /-: Listen to me, please. , . : Listen, please. , . to wait for smb. / smth. - / -: I shall wait for father here. . : I shall wait here. . to smile at smb. : She smiled at him. . : She was smiling. . to ask smb. for smth. - -: She asked me for help. / . Don't ask them for money. He . to ask smb. smth. / to ask smb. to do smth. ( ) - -/ -: They didn't ask me my name. , . She asked me to come next time. . to look for smb. /smth. - / -: is looking for his wife. . , , : to hint at smth. => -: hinted at my money. => ( , ).

: , . to hope for smb. / smth. - / : She hopes for your help. ( , ). to depend on / upon smb. / smth. - / -: Everything depends on them. ( , ). to leave for : She is leaving for Moscow next week. . 43

, , : to leave : She left Minsk yesterday. . (. ), : left his car near the house. . to play (-- / -): : ; to play football ; to play the piano to need ( , to like: They need your help. ( .) . / . to answer : They didn't answer my letter. . I shall answer your question. . to follow : followed them. . to join / ( ): Their sister didn't want to join us. . joined the party in 1917. 1917 . to doubt : I don't doubt your feelings. .

2: . , . . ? : -, .. / / , -, , . : , ; . : . , , knock ( ) + down () out ( / -). : knock down , ( ); knock out , ( / ) (in / on / over / ...); . (away / off / up .) . ( , ), (upstairs / downstairs / uptown / downtown / outside / knockdown .): They are waiting for us downstairs. . looked ridiculous in that get-up. , . , , . : Come in. . Go out. . 44

, . , (~~~ out / ~~~ in / ~~~ up/ ...).

: , , ; ; , ; , . . , to get , . : to get up ; to get out / / ( ) , , / : The table was taken out in May. ( ) . The table was taken in in October. ( ) . , : The car was moving on up the slope. ( ) . ' , : will take the table in after lunch. . looked at his tongue in the mirror and then put it back in. , . : Her room was about ten minutes' walk from the main entrance, up a lot of stairs and along a lot of corridors. , ( ) . . (.. , ) , "" . : 1. , : Where do you come from? ( )? I don't know where he comes from. , ( ). 2. Passive, , ( . 95): She was not being looked for yesterday. . is not being listened to. . . :

: ( ) . . Come on! ! ( ): Come on, help me. , . Come on, let's go. , . to be in / to be out / - ( / / ...): 45

Is your husband in? ? No, he is out. (= No, he is not in.) , . will be in in a few minutes. () . to be back : They are not back yet. . to come back : She will not come back. (). to get back : We got back (home) at ten o'clock. () . to check in ( / / ): Passengers should check in for flight LH232 to Paris. , LH232 , . to check out : She will have to check out by noon. . to come in : Come on, come in. , . to get up / : I get up at seven o'clock. . to hold on : Hold on to the handle. . to hold on ( ): Hold on, I'll get him for you. , . Hold on, please. He , , . / , . to be on : Look in the TV guide to see what is on. , . What is on at the cinema tonight? ? to go on (+ ) ( -): They went on talking. / . Go on, please. , . on to put / to switch / to turn ( / ); off ( / ): switched on the light. . She turned the radio off. . He put on the brakes suddenly. . to be on / off / (, on/off): The radio is on. . Someone has left the tap on. - ( ). The TV is always on in their house. . to put smth. on / / : She put on a new dress. . Put a new record on. . didn't put his gloves on. . to take smth. off : She took off her dress. She took her dress off. .

:

, , ( ): 46

Switch on the light. Switch the light on. . , : Switch it on. . I rang her up. . to see smb. off - ( / / ...): I was seen off by my friends. . to try smth. on : She tried on a new dress. . Can I try these shoes on? ? .

6: . : (mother she; father he; table it; window it; boys they; tables / windows they / ...). ( ), ( / / ...) . , , , ( mother, mother, mother, mother), .. . ( , ) . ?, . , : That is my brother's car. . , (year / month / week / day / ...) (mile / kilometre / ...): Have you heard today's news? ? It was a 15 miles' journey. 15 / 15- . / / : the butcher's ; the baker's ; the greengrocer's : 1. ; s : father's car ; my mother's room ; a woman's dress (-) ; a week's rest -s ; ; : girls' room ; my friends' car ; ten days' rest ;

2.

: -s , ( . ), 1: woman women's dresses ; 47

man men's cars ; child children's bedroom / f, : Are you a friend of John's? Are you John's friend? ( ) ? I've got a book of yours. I've got your book. ( ) .

7: . , . : ? s . , ? ( ).

: , , , , ?; . : table window (?) , / ; window table (?) , / ; single (.) / one way ( .) ticket (?) ; return ticket , / ; Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( : Sgt. ( ) Sergeant ; Pepper's ; Lonely ( , ); Hearts ; Club ; Band ) Band, , (?) ( ?) (?) . : . . : , ( ). (?); (?) The bank manager did not know where the bank's money was. ( money , was). ( of):

The manager of the bank didn't know where the bank's money was. : Jack and Fred are workers. They work at the NAKA Automobile Spare Parts Company ( / , , ). They work from eight in the morning till four in the afternoon. Sometimes, they have a coffee break with their friends. We don't know their friends' names. During the break Jack has time to smoke his big cigar. The men are not working at the moment. They are drinking their coffee and talking. Fred doesn't feel very well. The friends want to call their shop doctor but the doctor is out. He will not be back very soon. The men want to help Fred with something. One of the Fred's friends calls his wife at home to ask, her for advice. His wife is in and she gives an advice. Jack gives Fred the medicine and helps him to get up. Fred will feel well in a few minutes. The friends will start their work again. . . . / . , . , . . . . . , . . - 48

. - . , (- / ) . . . .

49

3. . . . - ( / / / ..). Infinitive, .. / ? to. 3- , . -s : can. . She must. . Future, .. shall / will. Infinitive to ( ought to ~ ~ ~).

: ~ ~ ~ . , : , not .. : 1. (can / could / may /might): could (Past) / can (Present) ~~~ : can help you. . They could be seen here yesterday. . You cannot (can't) help him. . might (Past) / may (Present) ~~~ , , : You may help him. ( ) . They might do it. ( ) . She might not come here. ( ) . may / might ~~~ : may come in a minute. . She may not come at all. .

: , .. ( can may): You can help him. ( ) . (must /should / ought): Present, .. . 2. : must ~~~ ( / ); should ~~~ ( / , ); ought to ~~~ ( must, / ): You must help her. / . You should help them. ( , ). You ought to help me. ( ).

: ; must / may / might Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive), , - : must have come. , / , . She may / might have called. / , . 50

Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive) could might, , - : You could have come earlier. . ? Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive) should ought, , - (. ): They should have used a stronger liquid. . ?

. , - , .. , - : . Future . Past . to be to have. , .. (Past / Present / Future) . , ; .. , . Infinitive, to. 1. : can ~~~ to be able to ~~~ ( able ): can help you. He is able to help you. They could be seen here yesterday. They were able to be seen here yesterday. You can't help him. You are not able to help him. He will be able to help you tomorrow. .

:

( : . .); , .. Present Future: I shall be able to help you tomorrow. row. I can help you tomorrow may ~~~ to be allowed to ~~~ ( to allow )

to be permitted to ~~~ ( to permit ) , Passive Indefinite; : You may help him. You are allowed / permitted to help him. They might do it. They were permitted / allowed to do it. She might not come here. She was not allowed / permitted to come here. : . 2. : must ~ ~ ~ should ~ ~ ~ ought to ~ ~ ~ to be to ~ ~ ~ ( / Future) to have to ~ ~ ~ ( ; must) 51

: You must help her. ( ). You are to help her. ( ). You must help her. You have to help her. He had to go out. / . You will have to come tomorrow. / .

:

to have to do: Do I have to help them? ? You don't have to help them. . Does she have to stay here? ? She does not have to stay here.. . to have to have got: You've got to be there by ten. . : to be to have / to have got Infinitive to, , , .

: , : . . one (, .. / ): One must not smoke here. . One can see a lot of different goods in our shops. . One must pay one's debts. .

3: shall / will / need / dare . , : shall (" 100%") / / ; 2- 3- : shall do it. ( ). I don't want to give him my ca