KULIAH 5_Cloning and Genetic Testing

8/15/2019 KULIAH 5_Cloning and Genetic Testing

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CLONING and GENEETICTESTING

CLONING


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CLONING= The production of genetically

identical organisms.

WHAT IS CLONING ?

asexual reproduction mitotic division recombinant DNA techniques

embryo splitting somatic cell nuclear transfer

THREE WAYS TO CLONE MAMMALS

Splitting off a cell from anembryo (twinning)

The Roslin Technique

(used to create Dolly)

The Honolulu Technique


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1. Splitting off a cell from an embryo

(twinning)

Separate cells of an 8-cell embryo and implant

into the uteri of 8 separate mothers

2. The Roslin Technique

= developed by Ian Wilmut and

Keith Campbell at Roslin Institute

in Edinburg, Scotland

first organism ever to be cloned fromadult cells

sparked public interest in cloning

proved that the cloning of adultanimals could be done

= cloning of Dolly in 1996

= cloning of Megan & Morag from

embryo derived cells in 1995


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2. The Roslin Technique

success rate: 1 in 277

3. Honolulu Technique

= developed by Teruhiko Wakayama

and Ryuzo Yanagimachi

(University of Hawaii)

= July 1998, produced 3 generations

of genetically identical mice

Image from

ProBio

America, Inc.

= donor nuclei inserted immediately

into enucleated egg cells

= more efficient than the Roslin

technique


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Gene

Animal cloning as a meansof producing superior livestock

= cattle breeding

= horse breeding

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF

CLONING

Produce drugs & medicallyimportant substances

= human proteins in milk

Polly

Xenotransplantation= liver, heart, kidneys

Severino Antinori, Aug. 2001

HUMAN CLONING

http://www.infigen.com/0807news.htmhttp://www.infigen.com/0807news.htm


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HUMAN EMBRYOS CREATED BY IVF

What are the potential uses of ES cells ?

Stem cells can be used to repair organs and tissues

cf Vastag, B. (2001). “Suddenly 64 Stem Cell Lines,” JAMA 286:1163

Bone marrow, peripheral blood, cord blood, embryo

http://gateway1.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?View+Image=00005407-200109120-00007|FF1&S=IDNJHKPFNADBLK00Dhttp://gateway1.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?View+Image=00005407-200109120-00007|FF1&S=IDNJHKPFNADBLK00Dhttp://gateway1.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?View+Image=00005407-200109120-00007|FF1&S=IDNJHKPFNADBLK00D


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What are the ethical issues ?

Is it ethical to produce and/or use livinghuman embryos for the preparation of

ES cells ?

= What sorts of protection, if any,

should it have?

= In what ways, if any, is it ethical to use it?

= Should a fertilized egg have the same

moral status as a baby?



ES cells ?

= Human being , not a mere cluster of cells with no moral status

= Right to life

= When does life begin ?


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= moral status varies according to the stage ofdevelopment

some Catholic moral theologians do notconsider the human embryo in its earliest

stages constitute an individual human entity

Margaret Farley’s testimony to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission,1999

other religious traditions (Protestant, Jewish, Islam)support a view of fetal development that does not

assign full moral status to the early embryoRabbi Elliot Dorff, M. Tendler, L. Zoloth, A. Sachedina testimonies to the National Bioethics

Advisory Commission,1999


= potential donors:

voluntary and informed choice

on how to dispose of the embryos

Human embryos created by IVF & no longer needed

donate to other couples

store

discard

donate to research


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ES cells ?

COMMITMENT TO CURE DISEASE

VS

COMMITMENT TO PROTECT HUMAN LIFE


Is it ethical to engage in “therapeuticcloning” ?

= implies producing human embryos and

destroying them to obtain ES cells

= use of somatic cell nuclear transfer togenerate ES cells

Is it ethical to use cells and thedifferentiated cells obtained from them?


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The intentional creation of human zygotes,embryos or fetuses for study, researchand experimentation, or for commercialand industrial purposes are prohibited.

Embryos formed by in vitro fertilizationshall be given respect commensurateto their status.

Guidelines on Assisted ReproductiveTechnology Research*

* National Guidelines for Biomedical/ Behavioral Research, PhilippineCouncil for Health Research and Development (PCHRD), DOST

Human Cloning: Ethical Concerns

A clone would not be a normal human.

Cloning is “playing God”.

= cloning does not create life, but merely produces

life from existing life

= an extension of in v itro fertilization (IVF)= someone could clone himself and manipulate the genes

of the clone to make improvements in himself

“Superhuman”

“Designer Babies”

= achieve immortality ?

= cloning would be as “human” as an identical twin


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A clone will have the same feelings andemotions as its genetic parent.

= Hitler starting a new Holocaust

= parents cloning fatally ill child= role of environment and upbringing in shaping

one’s outlook and emotions

Cloning is not a natural process.= cloning utilizes elements that already exist in the

natural reproductive process, i.e. twinning

= cloning is not an intended form of reproduction


A clone could be produced to supply organs.

Great / Infamous individuals from the pastcould be reborn.

= clones of Einstein and/or Hitler = current methods of nuclear transfer require the donor

cell to be alive

A clone will not have a soul.= same should hold true for identical twins

Someone could own a clone/clones.

= clones carry same rights as person produced

thru normal reproduction


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“ Good intentions and intellectual curiosityneed to be tempered with a lot of wisdom.

This is what is essential for survival on this planet.”

Victor C. Gavino, MD in “Stem Cells – Thorny Questions”, 2001


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GENETIC TESTING

A genetic test is more than

just a laboratory test.

Genetic testing is unique.


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Genetic Information is

PERSONAL

PREDICTIVE

POWERFUL

PRIVATE

PEDIGREE-SENSITIVE

PERMANENT

POTENTIALLY PREJUDICIAL

K. Rothenberg & F. Collins

Genetic information is personal.

A complement of genes is unique to

each person.


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Genetic information is predictive.

It can give information about a

person’s future risk of disease

Genetic information is powerful.

The information has the power to

change the course of lives, plans and

behaviors.


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Genetic information is private.

It should remain

confidential to be

released at personal

discretion.

Genetic information is pedigree-sensitive.

In inherited mutations, the

information affects not just one

person but his or her offspring


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Genetic information is permanent.

The effect of one’s

genetic makeup

remains until gene

therapy can make a

lasting change in a

person’s genome

Genetic information is potentially prejudicial.

Even the suggestion of potential disease

could create discrimination or stigma


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Genetic Testing

CLINICAL TESTING Done for the

purpose of

prevention,

diagnosis, or

treatment as part of

patient care.

Results are

reported to the

provider.

Genetic Testing

RESEARCH TESTING

Done for the purpose

of understanding a

condition better, or

developing a clinicaltest

Results are usually

not provided.


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THREE KINDS OF GENETIC TESTS

Cytogenetic

DNA

Metabolic

Uses of Genetic Testing

Diagnostic

Carrier

Prenatal

Predictive

Newborn Screening

copyright©1999Children’s Health Care System


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DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

• It is applied to a patient who is

already symptomatic to confirm or

rule out a clinical impression

• A positive result raises the

possibility that other blood relatives

may carry the abnormality as well.

CARRIER SCREENING

• Refers to thedetection ofrecessivemutations inhealthy,asymptomaticindividuals forpurposes ofreproductiveplanning


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PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS

• The detection of a

mutation in a fetus

for DNA or

biochemical

analysis

PREDICTIVE TESTING

• It is applied

primarily to late-

onset dominant

disorders such as

familial cancer

syndromes• Most problematic

from a

psychosocial and

ethical standpoint


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NEWBORN SCREENING

• Identification of all newborns at risk

for a defined set of disorders where

early detection leads to treatment

and prevention of mental retardation

and death

GENETIC TESTING

• Diagnostic

• Carrier

• Newborn screening

• Prenatal

• Predictive

Degree of Ethical

Concern

Least

Greatest


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Documents

KULIAH 5_Cloning and Genetic Testing