Soil Quality Concepts for Conservation

KUALITAS TANAH DAN PERTANIAN BERLANJUTFoto: smno.kampus.ub.febr2013. Bahan Kajian MK Dasar Ilmu Tanah Febr 2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU1KUALITAS TANAHSoil quality is defined by the interactions of a particular soils measurable chemical, physical, and microbiological properties.

These properties can be managed and adjusted by farmers. Soil quality, therefore, should be distinguished from a soils inherent properties, which cannot be managed or adjusted by farmers.

Inherent properties are determined by factors such as climate, topography, vegetation, parent material, and time.

From a productivity standpoint, each soil has an innate capacity to function, and some soils will be inherently more productive than others. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU2INDIKATOR KUALITAS TANAHKualitas tanah dapat diukur dengan parameter atau indikator tertentu.

Examples of such indicators are soil water-holding capacity, organic carbon content, and microbial respiration. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU3KUALITAS TANAHIndikator Biologis

Some biological indicators of soil quality that are commonly measured include :Bahan organik tanah, Respirasi, Biomasa mikroba (total, bacterial, fungal, or all of these), C dan N dalam biomassa mikroba, N dapat dimineralisasi.

Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU4KUALITAS TANAHBAHAN ORGANIK TANAH - BOTSoil organic matter is that fraction of the soil composed of anything that was once alive. It includes plant and animal remains in various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and other organic substances. When the organic substances within the soil and any organic matter that has been added to it, such as compost, decompose, they produce humusorganic matter that is stable or relatively resistant to further decay. BOT Sangat penting dalam menentukan sifat dan perilaku fisika, kimia dan biologi tanah.

Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU5FUNGSI BAHAN ORGANIK DALAM TANAHOrganic matter contributes to plant growth through its effect on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil.

Fungsi BOT :Fungsi hara, in that it serves as a source of N, P for plant growth Fungsi Biologis, in that it profoundly affects the activities of microflora and microfaunal organisms Fungsi Fisika dan Fisko-kimia, that it promotes good soil structure, thereby improving tilth, aeration and retention of moisture and increasing buffering and exchange capacity of soils.

KUALITAS TANAHRespirasi Tanah Soil respiration is the creation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as organic matter decomposes in the soil. It provides a gauge of the activity of living organisms in the soil. Microbial respiration and activity are influenced by such elements as moisture, temperature, availability and degradability of organic residues, and toxic effects of various agricultural chemicals.Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU7KUALITAS TANAHC - Organik. Soil organic carbon, in particular labile (easily decomposed) organic carbon, has an overwhelming effect on soil microbial activity.

Labile organic carbon makes up approximately 10 to 14 percent of total soil carbon. It is the heterogeneous mix of living and dead organic materials that are readily circulated through soil biological pools, groups of interacting organisms. C-organik ini merupakan cadangan hara dalam tanah. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU8KUALITAS TANAHAktivitas Mikroba Microbial activity in the soil can be assessed in a number of ways. Farmers can measure the status of either the total community of micro organisms or specific members of that community. Of these two assessments, the latter is perhaps the most useful. For example, populations of predatory nematodes are good indicators of soil quality. These microscopic worm-like organisms play numerous important roles in the soil, with both negative and positive effects. Some act as primary consumers of plantsin other words, they are pests. Others act as secondary predators of bacterial and fungal feedersthey serve as beneficials in the soil.

Analisis komunitas nematode merupakan salah satu cara menentukan kesehatan dan keseimbangan suatu tanah.Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU9KUALITAS TANAHEarthworms. Earthworms are also good bioindicators of soil quality. Earthworm populations can tell a researcher a great deal about the structural, microclimatic, nutritive, and toxic status of soils.

Large, vertically-burrowing earthworms play an important role in conserving and improving soil structure, recycling soil nutrients, pro-moting the gradual mixing of the soil layers, and creating an aeration and drain-age system in the soil.Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU10KUALITAS TANAHIndikator KimiawiPetani yang mengharapkan mendapatkan hasil tanaman secara maksimal maka ia harus menyediakan hara dalam jumlah besar. Petani mengubah dan meningkatkan cadangan hara dalam tanah dengan jalan pemupukan, membenamkan pupuk hijau, dan aplikasi bahan organik lainnya seperti kompos dan rabuk kandang.

The types and proportions of amendmentsand how they contribute to soil qualitylargely depend on each farmers management principles and philosophy. In any case, soil chemistry, with its influence on the availability of nutrients to plants, plays a key role in soil quality.

Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU11KUALITAS TANAHKemasaman = Acidity. Kemasaman tanah (pH) merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan hara bagi tanaman. The major nutrients (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous) cant effectively promote high crop yields if the soil pH is not correct. Decreasing soil pH increases the solubility of elements such as aluminum, zinc, copper, and iron. At pH values less than approximately 5.5, toxic levels of these elements may even be present in the soil. Applying lime will help to increase soil pH and thus decrease the solubility of these elements in the soil. Liming has other benefits as well. It tends to produce favorable conditions for microbial activity in soil, with such related benefits as enhanced nitrogen fixation and, in some cases, improved soil structure. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU12KUALITAS TANAHIndikator FisikaSifat-sifat fisika tanah memperngaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman melalui berbagai cara. Plant health and growth are heavily influenced by the soils texture, bulk density (a measure of compaction), porosity, water-holding capacity, and the presence or absence of hard pans. These properties are all improved through additions of organic matter to soils.

Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU13Qualitative Soil Quality IndicatorsSumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

IndikatorBuruk (Jelek)SedangBaikEarthworms0-1 worms in shovelful of top foot of soil. No casts or holes.2-10 in shovelful. Few casts, holes, or worms.10+ in top foot of soil. Lots of casts and holes in tilled clods. Birds behind tillage.Organic matter (OM) colorTopsoil color similar tosubsoil color.Surface color closer to subsoil colorTopsoil clearly defined, darker than subsoilRoots/residue/(OM)No visible residue or roots.Some residue, few roots.Noticeable roots and residueHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU14Qualitative Soil Quality IndicatorsSumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

IndikatorBuruk (Jelek)SedangBaikSubsurface compactionWire breaks or bends when inserting surveyors flag.Have to push hard, need fist to push flag in.Flag goes in easily with fingers to twice the depth of plow layer.Soil tilth, mellowness, and friabilityLooks dead. Like brick or concrete, cloddy. Either blows apart or hard to pull drill through.Somewhat cloddy, balls up, rough pulling seedbed.Soil crumbles well, can slice through, like cutting butter. Spongy when you walk on it.ErosionLarge gullies over 2 inches deep joined to others, thin or no topsoil, rapid run-off the color of the soil.Few rills or gullies, gullies up to two inches deep. Some swift runoff, colored waterNo gullies or rills. Clear or no runoffHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU15Qualitative Soil Quality IndicatorsSumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

IndikatorBuruk (Jelek)SedangBaikWater holding capacityPlant stress two days after a good rain.Water stress after a weekHolds water for a long period of time without puddling.Drainage, infiltrationWater lays for a long time, evaporates more than drains, always very wet ground

Water lays for shortperiod of time, eventually drainsNo ponding, no runoff, water moves through soil steadily. Soil not too wet, not too dry.Crop conditionProblem growing throughout season, poor growth, yellow or purple color.

Fair growth, spots in field different, medium green color.Normal, healthy dark green color, excellent growth all season, across field.Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU16Qualitative Soil Quality IndicatorsSumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System.

IndikatorBuruk (Jelek)SedangBaikpHHard to correct for desired crop.Proper pH for crop.Nutrient holding capacitySoil test values dropping with more fertilizer applied than crops use.Little or slow changeSoil tests trending up in relation to fertilizer applied and crop harvested.Source: Maryland Quality Assessment Book, Natural Resource Conservation ServiceHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU17SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANKunci atribut tanah

Tanah menyediakan kebutuhan tanaman berupa:UdaraAirUnsur haraStabilitas/ tempat berpijakDIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Bagaimana tanaman tumbuh?

Sumber: http://www.plant-and-flower-guide.com/how-do-plants-grow.htmlHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU18SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANDIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Sifat TanahRelevansi bagi pertumbuhan tanamanKebasahanWater supply, exclusion of air and, consequently, exclusion of oxygen Barier AkarControls the depth of soil available for roots to extract water and nutrients, and to anchor the plantStoninessStones and rocks dilute the volume of soil within the root depth that is available for water storage and nutrientsPorositasPromotes stability by allowing deep rooting. Drains excess water, and circulates air to rootsStatus hara alamiahControls nutrient supply and reservesKekeringan

An interaction between climate and soil attributesHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU19SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANKebasahan - Wetness

When a soil is very wet for a prolonged time the supply of air to roots may be limited. This level of wetness may beobserved directly, but regular episodes of wetness can be indicated by soil colour when it is not currently wet.

Deskripsi sifat-sifat dalam setiap lapisan:Becak-becak berwarna karatWarna kelabu dominanKedalaman posisi becak-becakTopsoil bergambutDIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU20SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANBarier Akar - Root barrierRoot barriers control the depth of soil that is available for roots to extract water and nutrients, and to anchor theplant.

Deskripsi siofat-sifat setiap lapisan:Lapisan berbatu sangat kompakLapisan berbatu yang berpasir longgarBatuanCadas kerasLapisan tanah yang kompakKebasahan akibat muka air tanah sangat dangkal.DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU21SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANBerbatu - StoninessStones and rocks dilute the volume of soil within the root depth that is available for water storage and nutrients.They have an especially important effect on water storage in soils in seasonally dry climates.

Deskripsi sifat dalam setiap lapisanBatu atau batuan

Observasi sifat : Batu atau batuanStones range in size from boulders to fine gravel (down to 2 mm diameter). A large number of stones in the soil restricts the volume of soil that is available for roots to explore for water and nutrients.DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU22SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANPorositySoil pores are cracks or tubular holes in the soil filled with water or air. They can store water or circulate air to roots, and larger pores drain excess water.

Sifat-sifat yang harus dideskripsikan dalam setiap lapisan:Tekstur berpasirBidang batas - Weak soil strengthPola retakanPerakaran - RootsDIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU23SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANStatus Hara AlamiahThe natural nutrient status includes both the ability of soil to make nutrients readily available to plant roots and to store nutrients in reserves that will become available in the future as the soil matures. It is an expression of the fertility in the absence of fertilisers.

Analisis tanah diperlukan untuk menentukan status hara tanah pada saat sekarang. Beberapa kunci penting bagi status hara alamiah (sebelum dilakukan pemupukan) dapat diperoleh dari observasi tanah di lapangan.

The concepts of weathering and leaching:Weathering is the amount of change in the soil material from the original parent material. Over long periods of time (thousands of years) the original parent material decays, sand and silt particles break down into clay, iron in minerals turns to rust, percolating rain water leaches out nutrients, and acidity increases. These and many other processes lead to the formation of distinct soil layers (or horizons). These alterations are indicated by a combination of clay content, colour, and the extent of decay of any stones that may be present.DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU24SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMANKetahanan KekeringanAncaman kekeringan biasanya merupakan faktor iklim, tetapi di daerah kering musiman, sifat-sifat tanah mempengaruhi keparahan kekeringan yang dialami tanaman.Drought is related to the amount of water stored in the soil and available for plant survival or growth. The water available to plants can be predicted by inputs from rainfall, losses by evapotranspiration and drainage, and the water storage in the soil. The focus here is only on the soil water storage in the soil.

Deskripsi Sifat-sifat pada setiap lapisanPotensi kekeringan pada suatu lokasi dinyatakan dengan :Kedalaman barrierBatu-batuTekstur berpasirDIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU25Tanah dan Pertanian BerlanjutMenjaga produktivitas dnegan jalan mereduksi input eksternalMenghasilkan jasa-jasa ekosistemMendukung pertumbuhan tanamanDaur ulang haraMenahan dan menyimpan air tersediaPertukaran gasKonservasi musuh alami hama dan mengendalikan hamaMenyimpan karbon.

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU26Kemampuan tanah untuk berfungsi di dalam batas-batas ekosistem untuk mendukung tanaman dan ternak yang sehat, menjaga dan memperbaiki kualitas air dan udara, dan mendukung kesehatan lingkungan / manusia dan habitation.

Kualitas tanah mengintegrasikan kondisi fisika, kimiawi dan biologis tanah.

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Kualitas TanahHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU27(Karlen et al. 1997)Chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil interact in complex ways that determine its functioning and productivity. The integration of these properties and the resulting level of soil function and productivity have been referred to as soil quality

Dalam satu sendok tanah yang sehat mengandung:

Bacteria100 million to 1 billion Fungi6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end ProtozoaSeveral thousand flagellates & amoebaOne to several hundred ciliates Nematodes10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders ArthropodsHingga 100 Cacing tanah5 Atau lebihTravis & Gugino - PSUDiunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU28In agriculture, a lot of emphasis has been It is these beneficial microorganisms in the soil that are stimulated by the addition of compost that help to suppress the disease causing pathogens in the soil. How are they able to do this?

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Jaring-jaring makanan dalam tanahHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU29Why all the focus on soil Organic Matter Management? Soil life is arranged as a food web based on who eats who. Trophic groups are defined by what the organism eats the lower the level of trophic group, the more heavily it relies on its nutrition from the base of the food web, which is soil organic matter. Almost all groups of organisms have representatives from multiple trophic levels.

Jasa-jasa ekosistem yg dihasilkan Organisme Tanah

Many beneficial effects by activities of soil organismsDecomposition and mineralizationMenyumbang hara tanaman (Rhizobia, Mycorrhizae)

Agregasi tanah, Stabilitas agregat, dan porositas

Infect, compete with or antagonize pests

ActinomycetesPredatory Mite

Ground and rove beetles

Insect-parasitic Fungus

Earthworms and otherecosystem engineersDiunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU30

RuanganAirUdaraMakananApa saja kebutuhan organisme tanah?Rose & ElliotDiunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU31So, what do soil organisms, including entomopathogenic nematodes, need to survive? Pretty much the same thing we do.Space like most soil organisms, nemas are too small to actually move soil particles their movement is restricted to the existing pores and channels in soil. So that means your soil has to have good structure, and not be compacted for nemas to be able to live and work there. Like us, nematodes also need water, they are actually aquatic organisms they live and move in thin water films on soil particles. I fthe soil is extremely dry they will not be able to move and will dessicate.Like us, they are aerobic organisms, they need oxygen, so if your soil is waterlogged they cant survive.And, course, they need food if there are no suitable host insects in your environment they will not survive.Gangguan Tanah dalam Pertanian

Tanah sawah pada musim kemarau diolah untuk menanam bibit tomatHands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU32Beberapa Efek Pengolahan TanahSoil organisms more abundant and more diverse in systems that reduce soil disturbanceOrganisms vary in sensitivityOlah tanah meningkatkan fluktuasi:Lengas tanahSuhu tanahResidu tanaman dan BOTPencampuran tranahKerusakan struktur tanahRisiko erosi Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU33PENGELOLAAN BOTAkar tumbuhanDedaunanMulsaRabuk kandangKomposPupuk HijauPanenOksidasiErosiTingkat Kesetimbangan BOT tercapaiOlah tanah

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU34Kualitas tanah: Pertanian Organik vs. Tanpa-olah Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Project, USDA, Beltsville, MD1994-2002

Teasdale et al., 2007. Agron. J. 99: 1297-1305.Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU35Organic farmers often rely on tillage to control weeds. Organic production is often criticized for reliance on tillage on the grounds that is detrimental to the soil. Even though conventional wisdom tells us that tillage results in lower SOM, the results of this 9-yr trial give a different picture. Its difficult to generalize on the effect of a single practice on the behavior of one component in a complex system.

R. Weil, Univ. MDRotasi Tanaman dan Pertanian berlanjut:

Efek rotasi tanaman terhadap kualitas tanah dna produktivitasnya.

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU36Organic farmers rely heavily on crop rotation for nutrient and pest management. Longer rotations, with perennials, had a positive effect on SOM and yield. In this series of plots, SOM had a greater effect on yield than did amount of N applied.

Pengelolaan dan Konservasi Pengendalian HayatiTujuan: Memperbaiki lingkungan yg sesuai untuk proses-proses dan organisme yang menguntungkanFarmscaping: menyediakan tanaman atau habitat, mis.,pollen and nectar resources required by many insect natural enemies and pollinatorsrefuge strips of flowering plants, hedgerowsbeetle banks or grassy drive lanesTanaman tahunanTanaman penutup tanah

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU37Tanaman penutup tanah dan jasa ekosistemCover crops can enhance numbers of soil organismsAdd diversity to systemAdd food resources for beneficial insects pollen and nectarSeresahnya menjadi habitat bagi predatorBersaing dengan gulmaMelindungi tanahKesuburan tanah dan retensi hara

Photos: T. Pisani GareauHairy VetchBuckwheatMustardDiunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU38Pengelolaan pertanian untuk Kualitas Tanah dan Jasa EkosistemContinuous resources mis. hay/pasture, tanaman tahunan, mulsa, penutup tanah, high root:shoot ratio, controlled grazing, kompos, rabuk kandangTanaman dan ragam pengelolaannyaMis. Rotasi tanaman, refuge strips, hedgerows, polycultures, cover cropsMengurangi GangguanMis. woodlands/orchards, pasture, reduce or rotate tillage, refuges, tanaman tahunan atau penutup tanah, minim biosida

Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU39Jasa Ekosistem Tanah: Mineralization dan Immobilization

Organisme mengkonsumsi BOT dan organisme lainnya menghasilkan limbah anorganikHara anorganik tersedia bagi tanaman dan bersifat mobil dalam tanahHara Organik disimpan dalam organisme tanah dan dalam bahan organikOrganisme mengambil dan menyimpan hara untuk pertumbuhannyaDiunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013Hands On BioControlPASA 2009Kutztown, PAM. Barbercheck, PSU40Definisi Kualitas TanahSoil FertilityPhysical PropertiesBiological ActivityThe ability of soil to function; to supply plants with adequate nutrients, have good drainage and aeration, promote root growth and biological activity.Sumber: Soil Quality Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.A Definition of Soil QualityContext: soil type, slope, climate.Problems-Salinity-Low in nutrients-Erosion-Drainage

Soil is OK

Soil Quality- High OM- Tilth- InfiltrationNutrient bufferingSumber: Soil Quality Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.Uji tanah untuk kualitasnya: Fisika, Kimia, Biologis

Sumber: Soil Quality Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Uji Fisika Tekstur TanahFill a jar 2/3 with soil.Fill the same jar about 7/8 full of water. Add detergent (optional) to break up aggregates.Dikocok dengan baik.Measure height of settling at 30 seconds, 30 minutes, and 24 hours or -- look at particle size differences sand, silt, and clay layers.

Sumber: Soil Quality Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.Tekstur tanah ditentukan oleh bahan induk tanah, erosi masa lalu, dan deposit baru (mislanya penambahan topsoil)Tanah berpasir good drainage, but doesnt hold water or nutrients well. (particles 0.05 to 2 mm)Tanah Debu moderate drainage, moderate nutrient and water holding capacity. (0.002 0.05 mm)Tanah Liat poor drainage, can supply K mineral, shrink/swell with water (