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Krisztina LászlóKrisztina LászlóPhD student, University of PécsPhD student, University of Pécs
The cultural industry of the EU The cultural industry of the EU in the light of the economic in the light of the economic
crisiscrisis
28.10.201128.10.2011
What is cultural industry?
UNESCO definition:cultural industries include publishing,
music, cinema and audiovisual production and multimedia, crafts and design
creative industries:including architecture and different artistic categories: visual arts, performing arts
One of the most dynamic sectors of the economy
Financing arts and culture in the EU An overview
3 main kind of systems:1.Top-down and state driven system
- Disadvantages: no room for lobbying, arts may be influenced by state
2.British system- Funding is coming from the state, but it is not
the state’s body that distributes it
3.Down-to-up method- Independent art councils gives expert advice - The financial decision is made by the
Minister of Culture
Cultural expenditure by sector (before the crisis)
Public cultural expenditures– Museums: 27%– Performing arts: 24%– Libraries: 17%– Music: 7%– Other: 25%
Private invention– Profit-oriented organisations– Non-profit organisations– Individual donations
The economic crisis
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Level of employment 2008-2009: 2.1% The number of nights spent in
hotels: 5.1%
The spatial contagionReference: Spatial
Contagion of Global Financial Crisis. 2009.
Cultural sector in 2009Employment in the cultural sectors as a
share of total employment
(Cultural statistic 2011)
3.6 million people were employed in 5 main cultural sectors (EU27) – 1.7% of total
employment
Percentage of persons having part time job
(Cultural statistic 2011)
Part time employment was more frequent in the cultural sector
Cultural sector in 2009
Percentage of persons employed working at
home(Cultural statistic 2011)
Working at home or having more than one job: – working at home is twice
as high (26%) as in total employment
– holding multiple jobs 6% in cultural sector - 4% in total
Cultural sector in 2009
Financial Crisis and its Effect – Surveys Overview
CultureWatchEurope Survey in 2009:– 21 countries: overall reduction – 1 country: partial reduction
SICA publication in 2010– None of the countries is currently in a
position to provide a full picture of the impact of the economic crisis on cultural budgets
– General expectation: the subsidised sector would see only limited effects
Governments on Culture Budgets Survey 2011 (21 countries): – The impact of the crisis on public
budgets for culture is less uniform than expected
– Between 2009 and 2011: • 9 countries decreased their budget by 4% to
26%• 9 countries reported increase from 5% to 38%• 3 countries budget remained the same
Financial Crisis and its Effect - Surveys
PUBLIC RESOURCES FOR CULTURE– EU Structural
Funds– Central
government budgets
– Regional level– Municipal level
Table: Change of cultural budget in the central
government
Effects on Culture
Effects on Culture
PRIVATE RESOURCES FOR CULTURE– Cultural habits and expenditure of
citizens– European Capital of Culture title?– Individual donation – Corporate sponsorship
Effects by Sector– Performing arts
• less exposed to sponsorship and donations
– Festivals• decisive actors in the cultural life of countries
– Museums• top museums did not reflect circumstances of a global crisis
– Built heritage• show a very diverse picture
– Books• only anecdotic evidence of crisis’ effect
– Audiovisuals– Art trade
Conclusion
Short time has passed Main factors take longer to be
realized Needs to be done more survey on
this matter
Financial crisis cannot be taken as an excuse for above-average cuts in the cultural industry
Thank you for your attention!