KRISHNA UNIVERSITY, MACHILIPATNAM Course structure and syllabus

M.SC., BOTONY (2-YEARS COURSE) SEMESTER-I

Paper Code Title of the Paper No of

hrs/week Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

Inte

rna

l

Theory

B 101 Biology and Diversity of Viruses,Bacteria,Algae and Fungi

4 Core

70 30 4

B 102 Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Plant fossils

4 Core

70 30 4

B 103 Taxonomy of Angiosperms 4 Core 70 30 4

B 104 Plant resource cultivation and conservation 4 Core 70 30 4

Practicals

BP 1 8 Core 70 30 4

BP 2 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24 SEMESTER-II

Paper Code Title of the Paper

No of hrs/week

Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

Inte

rnal

Theory B201 Cytology and cell biology of

plants 4 Core 70 30 4

B202 Plant structure and development 4 Core 70 30 4 B203 Plant Ecology 4 Core 70 30 4 B204 Plant Physiology 4 Core 70 30 4 Practical BP 3 8 Core 70 30 4 BP 4 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24

SEMESTER-III

Paper Code Title of the Paper No of hrs/week

Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

In

tern

al

Theory B301 Genetics and Cytogenetics 4 Core 70 30 4 B302

Molecular biology of plant 4 Core 70

30

4

B303

Plant reproduction 4 Core 70

30

4

B304 Plant metabolism 4 Core 70

30

4

Practical BP 5 8 Core 70 30 4 BP 6 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24 SEMESTER-IV

Paper Code Title of the Paper No of hrs/week

Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

In

tern

al

Theory B401 Plant cell,tissue and organ

culture 4 Core 70 30 4

B402 Genetic engineering of plants and microbes

4 Core 70 30 4

B403 a) Cytogenetics of crops plants and plant breeding(Elective)

4 Core 70 30 4

B403 a) Plant biotechnology(Elective) 4 Core 70 30 4 Z 404 b) Plant pathology(Elective) 4 Core 70 30 4 B404 b) Industrialmicrobiology

(Elective) 4 Core

70 30 4

Practical BP 7 8 Core 70 30 4 BP 8 8 Core 70 30 4

TOTAL 32 24 SEMESTER-I Paper-I: Biology and Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria, Algae and Fungi Unit-I : Viruses Brief account of discovery of viruses; general properties, structure, cultivation, purification, replication and transmission of viruses; brief account of bacteriophages and plant viruses; Unit-II : Bacteria Morphology and ultra structure of bacteria; Nutritional types (autotrophs and heterotrophs); Growth of Bacteria; Recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction and conjugation); General characters of Actinomycetes, Mycoplasmas and cyanobacteria;. Unit-III : Algae Classification, thallus organization and economic importance of algae; General account on structure and reproduction of chlorophyta, charophyta, xanthophyta, bacillariophyta, phaeophyta, rhodophyta and cyanophyta. Unit-IV : Fungi General characters; Nutrition and reproduction of fungi; classification of Fungi (Ainsworth system); Ecto and endomycorrhizal associations; Mushroom cultivation; Unit- V Economic importance of microbes; bacteria, algae fungi in agriculture and industry. Reference books 1. An Introduction to Fungi: by Webster, J. (1985). Cambridge Univ. Press. 2. Brock Biology of Microorganisms: by Madigan. Mordinko and Parker (2000). Prentice Hall. 3. Introduction to Plant Viruses: by Mandahar. C.I. (1978). Chand & Co., New Delhi. 4. Introductory Phycology by Kumar, H.D. (1988). Affiliated East-West Press. Ltd, New Delhi. 5. An Introduction to the Algae by Morris. I. (1986). Cambridge University’ Press, U.K 6. Microbiology: by Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (1992), WCB Publishers. 7. Introductory Mycology: by Alexopoulos, C.J. Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). John Wiley & Sons. 8. The Biology of Algae by Round. F.E. (1986). Cambridge University Press. U.K.

SEMESTER-I Paper-II : Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and plant fossils Unit-I : Bryophytes: Classification, general characters, range of thallus organization and reproduction in Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida. Evolutionary trends in gametophytes and sporophytes of Bryophytes Unit-II : Pteridophytes General characteristics and classification of pteridophytes; Study of morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Psilopsida, Psilotopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida. Origin and phylogeny of pteridophytes. Evolution of stele in Pteridophytes. Heterospory and seed habit in pteridophytes. Unit-III : Gymnosperms Classification, distribution and economic importance of Gymnosperms. Structure and reproduction in living (modern) Cycads, Coniferopsida and Gnetopsida. Wood of gymnosperms; Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms. Unit-IV : Plant Fossils Principles of Pelaeobotany: Geological time scale; determination of age of plant fossils; process of fossilization; types of fossils; Unit-V: A comprehensive account of fossil algae, fossil bryophytes, fossil pteridophytes and gymnosperms (Pteridospermales,Bennettitales, Cordaitales and Pentoxylales). Reference Books 1. Agashe, S.N. 1995. Palaeobotany. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi 2. Arnold, C.A. 1947. An introduction to Palaeobotany, New York 3. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age Int.. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 4. Parihar, N.S. 1991. Bryophytes. Central Book Depot, Alhabad. 5. Parihar, N.S. 1996. The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot, Alhabad. 6. Puri, P. 1980. Bryophytes. Atma Ram & Sons, New Delhi. 7. Sporne, K.R. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B.I. Publication. Pvt. Ltd. 8. Sporne, K.R. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnospermae. B.I. Publications, New Delhi.

SEMESTER-I Paper-III :Taxonomy of Angiosperms UNIT – I : Introduction: Taxonomy and Systematics; Basic components of taxonomy; Systems of Angiosperm classification – Natural, Artificial and Phylogenetic. History: Pre-Darwinian and Post-Darwinian systems of classification. Nomenclature: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature - Principles, Rules and Recommendations, Ranks of taxa, Principle of priority, Typification, Author citation, Effective and Valid publication. UNIT – II : Systems of classification: Salient features, system of classification, merits and demerits of Bentham and Hooker, and Takhtajan; Classification of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group; Brief account of Paleoherbs, Magnoliids, Monocots, Commelinids, Eudicots, Rosids, Eurosids, Asterids and Euasterids; Hierarchical classifications – taxonomic groups, categories, ranks and Species concept; UNIT – III : Taxonomic evidence- Morphology, Anatomy, Embryology, Palynology, Cytology and Phytochemistry in relation to taxonomy. Plant Identification: Process of plant identification – Construction, types and use of Taxonomic keys; Herbarium methodology – collection, processing and preservation of specimens. UNIT-IV Taxonomic tools: Important world and Indian Herbaria; Major Botanical Gardens of the world and India; Taxonomic literature – Floras, Monographs, Journals and Computer data bases. Plant Explorations and Introductions. UNIT – V: Modern Taxonomy: Chemotaxonomy – primary and secondary metabolites, semantides and non – semantides in plants and their role in chemotaxonomy; Numerical Taxonomy – construction of numerical taxonomic groups and applications in taxonomy; Cladistics – operational evolutionary units, characters and coding, measure of distance and construction of cladograms; Serotaxonomy – methodology and its applications in taxonomy; Basic concepts of Molecular Systematics – gene sequences, restriction site analysis, allozymes etc.. Reference Books 1. Cole. A.J. 1969. Numerical Taxonomy Academic Press, London. 2. Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.M. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Robert E.Kereiger Publishers, New York. 3. Gamble and Fisher. 1915-1935. Flora of Presidency of Madras. 3 Vols.

BSMS, Dehradun. 4. Greuter et al.1988. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Koeltz Scientific Books, Germany. 5. Gurcharan Singh. 1999. Plant Systematics - Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Mc Millan, New York. 7. Naik, V.N. 1984 Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw – Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi 8. Pandey, S.N. and Misra, S.P. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Books India, New Delhi. 9. Pullaiah, T. 2005. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Regency Publications, New Delhi. 10. Radford, A.E. 1986. Fudamentals of Plant systematics. Harper & Row Publisher, New York. 11. Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S. 2005. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I.K. International Private Limited, New Delhi. 12. Simpson, M.G.2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, Canada.

SEMESTER-I Paper-IV: Plant Resource Utilization and Conservation Unit-I Biodiversity-Current concept, Status in India, Biodiversity utilization concepts. Relationships between biodiversity and Biotechnology. Biodiversity of microbes. Role of remote sensing in resource identification-Biopiracy-Patent law- Intellectual property rights. Unit-II Botany, cultivation and uses of: 1) Food crops: Rice, Wheat, Sorghum. 2) Vegetable crops: Potato, tomato, chillies Unit-III Distribution, description and uses of: 1) Timber yielding plants: Tectona, Dalbergia, Rosewood. 2) Medicinal plants: Rawolfia, Withania, Emblica, Andrographis, Aloe, Neem. 3) Production and applications of biofuels- Biogas, hydrogen and methane. Conservation of Biology Unit-IV Current practices in conservation in India and abroad. Organizations involved in resource conservation IUCN, WWF, UNEP, UNESCO. Phytogeography- hot spots of India and world. General account on activities of DBT, BSI and NGPGR. Unit-V Strategies for in situ conservation-Protected areas, Sanctuaries, National parks, Biosphere reserves and Mangroves. Strategies, for ex situ conservation-Botanical Gardens, Seed banks, Field banks. Gene banks, in vitro preservation. Reference Books 1. Swaminathan M.N. & Jam, R.S. Biodiversity: Implications for global security, Macmillan, 1982. 2. CS1R 1986. The Useful Plants in India. 3. Kothari, 1987. Understanding biodiversity, life sustainability and equity, Orient Longman. 4. Sharma, O.P. 1996. Hills Economic Botany. 5. Thakur. R.S. et al., Major Medicinal Plants. 6. Kocchar, S.L. 1998. Economic Botany of Tropics. 7. Richard B. Primack. 1993. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 8. Heywood, V.H. & Watson, R.T. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. 9. Peter B. Kaufman et al., 1999. Natural Products from Plants. 10. Negi, S.S. 1993. Biodiversity and its Conservation in India.

SEMESTER-II Paper-I: Cytology and Cell Biology of Plants Cytology (Unit-I & II) Unit-I Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Ultra structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Ultra structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosome; chromosome banding; Chromosome structure and organization of DNA; Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Unit-II Special types of Chromosomes: Polytene, Lamp-brush, Bchromosomes, and Sex- chromosomes. Cell division; significance of meiosis; Karyotype study in relation to taxonomy. Unit-III Structural alteration in chromosomes-Origin, meiosis and breeding behaviour of duplication, deficiency, inversion and translocation heterozygotes. Numerical alteration in chromosomes: Origin, occurrence and induction of haploids, polyploids and aneuploids. Cell Biology (Unit- IV) Biomembrancs: Structure and functions of biomembranes; organelles of eukaryoric cell; Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, peroxisomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and plant vacuoles. Unit-V Cell cycle - Phases of Cell cycle; Role of cyclins; Cyclin dependent kinases. regulation of cell cycle; Apoptosis; oncogenes; tumour suppressor genes. Genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Endosymbiotic theory. Reference Books 1. Brown and Berke: Text Book of Cytology, Blackstains Sons & Co. 2. Brachet and Mirsky (ed.): The Cell, Academic Press, Vols. 1-6. 3. Darlington, C.D. : Recent Advances in Cytology, Blarkstains Sons & Co. 4. Lewin, B. 2000. Genes VII, Oxford University Press, USA. 5. DeRobertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2001. Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippinectt Williams & Wilkins, Bombay. 6. Sharma, A.K. and Sharma, A. 1980. Chromosome Techniques. Theory and Practice. Butterworth. 7. Stebbins, J.L. Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants, Edward Arnold Publ., London. 8. Roy, S.C. and Kumar, K.D.C. 1977. Cell Biology, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta. 9. Wolfe, S.L. 1993. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wordsworth Publ. Co., California. USA.

SEMESTER-II Paper-II: Plant Structure and Development Unit-I Introduction: Unique features of plant development; differences between animal and plant development. Shoot development; Organization of the shoot apical meristem (SAM); cytological and molecular analysis of SAM; control of cell division and cell to cell communication; secretory ducts and laticifers. Structure, differentiation and phylogenetic specializations of xylem and phloem. Unit-II Dormant and active vascular cambium and its abnormal activity, Wood development in relation to environmental factors. Leaf growth and differentiation; determination phyllotaxy, control of leaf form; differentiation of epidermis (with special reference to stomata and trichomes) and mesophyll. Unit-III Root development: Organization of root apical meristem (RAM); cell fates and lineages; vascular tissue differentiation; lateral roots; root hairs; root-microbe interaction. Seed germination and seedling growth. Unit -IV Metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins and mobilization of food reserves; tropisms; hormonal control of seedling growth; gene expression; use of mutants in understanding seedling development. Unit -V Latent life-dormancy: Importance and types of dormancy, seed dormancy, overcoming seed dormancy, bud dormancy; Senescence and programmed cell death (PCD). Basic concepts: types of cell death, PCD in the life cycle of plants, metabolic changes associated with senescence and its regulation, influence of hormones and environmental factors on senescence. Principles of microscopy (Light and Electron Microscopy). Reference Books 1. Atwell, B.J. Kriederusann, P.E. and Jumbull, C.G.N. (Eds.), 1999. Plant in action: Adaptation in nature, performance in cultivation, MacMillan Education. Sydney. 2. Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination, Plenum Press, New York. 3. Burgess, J. 1985. An Introduction to Plant Cell Development, Cambridge University Press, Oxford. 4. Fahn, A. 1982. Plant Anatomy (3rd Ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford. 5. Fosket, D.E. 1994. Plant Growth and Development-A Molecular approach, Academic Press, Oxford. 6. Lyndon, R.F. 1990. Plant Development-The Cellular basis, Unnin Hyman, London.

7. Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants, Springer- Verlag, New York. SEMESTER-II Paper-III - Plant Ecology Unit-I Structure and function of ecosystem: Biotic and abiotic components, energy flow, energy pyramids, food chains and food webs, homeostasis. Ecological life cycle, ecotype differentiation, population characteristics, and population dynamics. Community ecology, analysis of communities and ecological succession (types,

mechanism, climax concept, facilitation model, initial floristic composition and inhibition models). Unit-II Global biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur. Dynamic phytogeography: Basic principles, age and area theory, centre of origin theory, endemism, plant migration and continental drift. Climate, soil and vegetation patterns of the world; origin, structure and properties of atmosphere, horizontal and vertical movements of atmosphere; types of soils, major biomes of the world. Unit-III Air pollution: Classification and properties of air pollutants and their effects on plants; Ozone layer and Ozone hole; climate change. Water pollution: Domestic and industrial water pollution; oil pollution; Soil pollution; acidification, agrochemical pollution; contamination by metalliferous wastes. Unit-IV Ecological Management: Concept of sustainable development; forest conservation and soil conservation. Biological diversity: Concept and levels, role of biodiversity in ecosystem function and stability; Speciation and extinction; IUCN categories of threat; causes of biodiversity loss; conservation; keystone species. Unit-V Conventional and Non-conventional energy sources. Bioremediation and environmental clean up: Photoremediation of heavy metal pollutant sites; bioconservation and biological degradation of hazardous wastes. Reference Books Brady, N.C 1990. The nature and properties of Soil, MacMillan Press. 2. Begon, M. Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. 1996. Ecology. l3lackwell Science, Cambridge, USA. 3. Campman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1988. Ecology. Principles and Applications, Cambridge University Press, U.K. 4. Kormondy, E.J. 1996. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Mitra, R. 1968. Ecology Work Book. Oxford and TBH, New Delhi. 6. Odum, E.P. 1983. Basic Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia. 7. Ambasht, R.S. and Ambasht, N.K. 1999. A text book of Ecology. CBS Pubi. & Distr. New Delhi. 8. Ludwing, J. and Reynolds, J.F. 1998. Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. 9. Sharma, P.D. 2001. Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, Meerut. SEMESTER-II Paper-IV : Plant Physiology

Unit-I Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes: The structure and properties of water; water transport processes (diffusion, bulk flow, osmosis, water potential, components of water potential); Mechanism of water transport through xylem; Water loss by transpiration; Essential nutrients, deficiencies and plant disorders; Solute transport by passive and active mechanisms and membrane transport proteins. Unit-II Sensory Photobiology: History of discovery of phytochromes, structure and function of phytochrome, photochemical and biochemical properties of phytochrome, phytochrome induced plant responses, molecular mechanism of action of phytochrome in gene expression, Cryptochrome and its role in photomorphogenesis. Unit-III The flowering process: Photoperiodism and its significance, initiation of flower primordia, flowering stimulus, Vernalization, endogenous clock and its regulation. Plant growth regulators: Physiological effects and mode of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Unit-IV Signal transduction: Over view, receptors and G proteins, second messengers, two component sensor regulator system in bacteria and plants, signal transduction and gene expression. Unit-V Stress Physiology: Water deficit and physiological consequences, drought tolerance mechanisms, salinity stress and plant responses, heat stress and heat shock proteins, metal toxicity, biotic stress, FIR and SAR mechanisms. Reference Books 1. Devline and Witham, 1986. Plant Physiology. CBS Publs. and Distributors. New Delhi. 2. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA. 3. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Springer Verlag, New York, USA. 4. Singhal et al. 1999. Concepts in Photobiology. Photosynthesis and Photomorphognesis, Narosa Pub. House. New Delhi. 5. Taiz and Zeiger, 1998. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, Sunderland.

SEMESTER-III Paper- I: Genetics and Cytogenetics Unit-I Mendelian principles, gene interactions, Multiple allelelism, quantitative or polygenic inheritance, transgressive variation, linkage and recombination, gene mapping in diploids by three point crossover data, gene mapping in haploids, by tetrad analysis in Neurospora. Unit-II Sex determination mechanisms in Drosophila, plants and man. Sex-linked inheritance. sex limited and sex influenced genes, extra chromosome inheritance, genetic recombination in bacteria, gene mapping by transformation and conjugation. Unit-III Life cycle of Bacteriophages, genetic recombination in T4 phage, cis-trans test, gene fine structure and evolution of gene concept. Unit-IV Cytogenetics of Polyploids and Aneuploids-Autopolyploidy: its phenotypic effects, genetics, chromosome pairing and breeding behaviour of autopolyploids. Allopolyploidy and genome analysis, aneuploids in plants- monosomics and trisomics and their use in chromosome mapping. Unit-V The basic structure of a gene- Multigene families, Repeat sequences of centromere and telomeres of chromosome. Techniques involved in physical mapping of chromosomes, in situ hybridization, Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Reference Books 1. Burnham. C.R. 1962. Discussions in Cytogenetics, Burgess Publishing: Comp, Minnesota. 2. Khush,G.S. 1973. Cytogenetics of aneuploids, Academic Press, New York. 3. Sybenga, J. 1975. Meiotic configurations. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidel 4. Lewin, B. 2004. Gene VIII, Prentice Hall. 5. Russel, P.J. 1998. Genetics (5” edition), The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., USA. 6. Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S. Genetics. 7. Gupta, P.K. Cytogenetics. 8. Strickberger, Genetics, Prentice Hall. SEMESTER-III Paper-II : Molecular Biology of Plants

Unit-I Chemistry of the gene: Evidence for DNA as genetic material, Physical and chemical structure of DNA, Eukaryotic genome-Repeated DNA sequences, mechanism of DNA replication, DNA damage and DNA repair mechanisms. Unit-II Gene Expression: Transcription in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, mRNA processing and other RNA processing events, mechanism of Translation, RNA splicing, genetic code Unit-III , protein biosynthesis. Formation of aminoacyl tRna ,initiation,elongation and of poly peptides, translation in chloroplast and mitochondria.protein trans location. Targeting of proteins to organelles. Unit-IV Gene regulation: Principles of gene regulation, gene regulation in prokaryotes (lactose and tryptophan operons), strategies of gene regulation in Eukaryotes (e.g. DNA methylation only), Transposons, mechanism of transposition, IS elements, genetic consequences of transposition. Unit-V Mapping and sequencing the genome: Linkage mapping and restriction mapping. C value and C value paradox. Cot curves, methods of DNA sequencing, microsatellites, Bioinformatics, microarry technology and its applications. Reference Books 1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, I Rail, M., Roberts, K. and Watson. J.D, Molecular Biology of the cell, Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 2. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Daneill, J 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, USA. 3. Richard, M., Twyman and Wisden, W. 1999. Advanced Molecular Biology, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. 4. Turner, P.C., Mclenann, A.G., Bates, A.D. and White, M.R.H. 2001 Instant notes on molecular biology. 5. Snustad Peter, D. Michael J. Simmons. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley Sons. 6. Robert H. Tamarin. Principles of Genetics, Tata McGraw Hill Company. 7. Benjamin Lewin. Genes VIII, Prentice Hall. 8. Westhead, D.R. J.H. Parish & R.M. Twyman. Bioinformatics. Viva Books. SEMESTER-III Paper-III Plant Reproduction Unit-I

Flower: Calyx, corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium; Microsporangium: Anther Wall, Endothecium Middle layers, Tapetum, Nuclear behaviour in tapetal cells, Sporogenous tissue; Male Gametophyte: Formation of vegetative and generative cells, Formation of Sperms, Pollen wall, Abnormal features. Megasporangium: Types of ovule, Integuments, Nucellus, Megasporogenesis, Special features. Female Gametophyte: Types of female gametophytes, Mature Embryo sac, Haustorial behaviour of embryo sac, Nutrition of Embryo sac. Unit-II Pollination: Anther dehiscence, pollen transfer, self-pollination, cross-pollination, artificial pollination, pollen storage; Fertilization: Pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. Path of pollen-tube, pollen-tube discharge, Double fertilization, Syngamy. Unit-III Endosperm: Types of endosperm ruminate, endosperm, cytology of endosperm, functions of endosperm. Embryo: Zygote, proembryo, Embryogeny in dicotyledons, Embryogeny in monocotyledons. suspenser, under developed and reduced embryos, Nutrition of embryo. Unit-IV Polyembryony: Causes of polyembryony, experimental induction of polyembryony, classification of polyembryony, practical value of polyembryony. Apomixis: Vegetative reproduction, apospory, causes of apomixis, significance of apomixis. Unit-V Embryology in relation to Taxonomy: importance of embryological characters in taxonomic considerations, families with special embryological features, examples of the value of embryology in taxonomy, Palynology in Taxonomy. Experimental Embryology: Effects of young seeds on fruit growth, Parthenocarpy, parasexual hybridization. Reference Rooks 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar. S.P. The embryology of Angiosperms. 2. Maheswari, P. A Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms, 1950 3. Shivanna, K.R. and John, B.M. The Angiosperm Pollen structure and Function, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Publications, 1989. 4. John, B.M., Ambegaokar, K.B. and Srivastava, P.S. Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms, Vol. I & II, Springer Verlag. 5. Bhojwani, S.s. and Bhatnagar, S.P. Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Revised and enlarged edition), 2000.

SEMESTER-III Paper-IV: Plant Metabolism Unit-I Energy and Enzymes: Energy flow through living systems, principles of the thermodynamics, free energy and chemical potential, free energy of oxidationreduction reactions, redox potential, types of phosphorylations, structure and functions of ATP. Enzymes: General aspects, nomenclature and classification of enzymes, mode of enzyme action, Michaelis-Menton equation and its significance, regulation of enzymes, enzyme inhibition and isoenzymes. Unit-II Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: General concepts of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, structure of photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic election transport (Non-cyclic, cyclic), proton transport and ATP synthesis. Unit-III

Carbon assimilation: The C3 carbon cycle, photorespiration and its significance, C4 and CAM pathways and their physiological and ecological significance, Biosynthesis of starch and sucrose, translocation by phloem loading and unloading. Unit-IV Respiration: Over view of plant respiration, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, electron transport, chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis, alternative oxidase system, Alcohol and Lactic acid fermentations. Unit-V Nitrogen metabolism: Sources of nitrogen to plants, biological nitrogen fixation. Nodule formation and nod-factors, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation (reductive amination, trans amination and GS-GOGAT). Sulfate metabolism: Uptake, transport and assimilation Lipid metabolism: Structure and function of lipids, classification of lipids, fatty acids and their biosynthesis. Synthesis of phospholipids and storage lipids, catabolism of lipids and glyoxylate cycle. Reference Books 1. Dennis et al., 1997. Plant Metabolism (2nd ed), Longman, Essex, England. 2. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA. 3. Nobel, P.S. 1999. Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology, Academic Press, San Diego, USA. 4. Taiz and Zeiger, 1998. Plant Physiology (2nd ed.) 5. Voet and Voet, 1992. Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA. SEMESTER -IV Paper-I: Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture Unit-I General Introduction: History and scope; contributions of G.Haberlandt, F. Laibach, P.R. White, E.C, Cocking, I.K.Vasil, S.Guha and S.C. Maheswari. Tissue culture media: Composition and preparation; Laboratory requirements and sterilization techniques. Anther culture and androgenic haploids: Factors affecting the androgenesis; ontogeny of androgenic haploids; Isolated microspore and pollen culture; Diploidization of haploids; Bulbosum method; applications of androgenic haploids. Unit-II Meristem culture and production of Pathogen-free Plants: Methods for virus elimination; Virus Indexing; media composition and regeneration of Plantlets; Application and limitations. Cell cultures: Isolation of single cells by enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods; Batch cultures and continuous cultures; synchronization of cell culture; viability of cell cultures; cultures of isolated single cells, plating efficiency; Production of secondary metabolites and other applications.

Embryo culture: Embryo-nurse endosperm transplant technique; Microscopic experiments with embryo; Kunslich Frugeburt; Applications. Unit-III Callus culture, Somatic embryogenesis and production of synthetic seeds. Endosperm culture; Histology and Cytology of endosperm callus; Production of seedless fruits; applications. Somatic hybridization: Protoplast isolation and purification; protoplast culture and fusion; selection of fused protoplasts; regeneration of somatic hybrids; Cytoplasmic hybridization; practical applications. Unit-IV Protoplast culture and fusion. Development of somatic hybrids to overcome the incompatibility barriers; Somaclonal variations and crop improvement; Anther and pollen culture and production of haploids; Technology of freeze preservations and crop improvement Unit-V Clonal Propagation: Multiplication by axillary buds, apical shoots, adventitious shoots and callus cultures; culture media; acclimatization of plants transferred to soil conditions; practical applications. Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation: Source material and culture conditions; isolation of variants; nature of gametoclonal variation; applications in Plant Breeding. Cryopreservation, germplasm storage and gene banks. Reference Books 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice ( revised edition). Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, USA. 2. Bojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations, Elsevier Science Publisher, New York, USA. 3. Khasim, S.M. 2002. Botanical Microtechnique: Principles and Practice, Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi. 4. Vasil, I.K. and Thorpe, T.A. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands. 5. Razdan, M.K. 1994. An introduction to Plant Tissue Culture: Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Private Limited, New Delhi. 6. Chawla, H.S. 2003. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. SEMESTER – IV Paper- II : Genetic Engineering of Plants and Microbes

Unit-I Recombinant DNA technology: Methods involved in generating r-DNA molecules, gene cloning-techniques, identification of clones by screening procedures, construction of genomic/c DNA libraries, PCR and its applications, Blotting techniques. Unit-II Genetic Engineering of plants: Plant transformation with Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, physical methods of transferring genes to plants, reporter genes, use of different promoters, transgenic plants. Genetically modified(GM) crops. Unit-III Nitrogen fixation: Mechanism and genetics of nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fixing bacteria, genetics of free living and symbiotic Diazotrophs, regulation of nif and nod gene expression, and Biofertilizers. Unit-IV Microbial Biotechnology: Microbes in the production of alcohol, beer, wine and vinegar. Commercial production of antibiotics, therapeutic vaccines, biopesticides. Microbes and bioremidiation. Unit-V Genetically engineered microorganisms in environmental health, Genetically engineered plants and microorganisms in agriculture and productivity, Genetically engineered bacteria in bioremediation of organic pesticides, insecticides oil spills, Hazards of genetically engineered microorganisms, plants and animals, Policies of genetic engineering research. Reference Books 1. Lewin, B. 2000. Gene VII, Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 2. Sunstad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics. 3. Purohit, S.S. 2000. Biotechnology; Fundamentals and Applications, Agrobios, New Delhi. 4. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Waston, J.D. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 5. Satyesh Chandra Roy and Kalyan Kumar, D.C. 1997. Cell Biology, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta. 6. Gupta, R.K. Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, Rastogi Publication. SEMESTER – IV Paper-III (a): Cytogenetics of Crop Plants and Plant Breeding (Elective)

Unit-I Concept and scope of Plant Breeding: Principles and methods of plant breeding in self, cross and asexually propagated plants. Hardy-Weinberg law, Effect of selection in plant breeding. Unit-II Breeding objectives for crop improvement causes of Apomixis and breeding of apomictic crop, genetics of heterosis and its applications. Polyploidy breeding, mutation breeding and achievements. Unit-III Applications of Molecular markers in crop improvement: Construction of genetic maps in plants. Molecular markers–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Molecular maps and their utility in plant genomics. Unit-IV Applications of Plant Biotechnology in crop improvement Food quality, improved crop productivity and molecular farming. Intellectual property rights, plant organizations and their role in crop improvement programmes. Unit-V Plant breeding for resistance todiseases and pests, genetics of male sterility and its applications, Transgenic crops- Genetic Engineering of crops for useful agronomic traits, viz., male sterility. Reference Books 1. Russel, P.J. 1998. Genetics. The Benjamin/Cunnings Publishing Co., Inc., USA. 2. Khush, G.S. 1973. Cytogenetics of Aneuploids, Academic Press, London. 3. Gupta, P.K. 2005. Molecular Biology and Genetics Engineering 4. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics. 5. Chahal, G.S. and Gosal, S.S. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding – Biotechnological and Conventional Approaches, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 6. Darbeshwar Roy, 2000. Plant Breeding: Analysis and Exploitation of variation, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 7. Singh, P. 2001. Essentials of Plant Breeding, Kalyani Publishers, Hyderabad. 8. Primrose, S.B. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology (2nd ed) Blackwell Sci. Publ. Oxford. 9. Balasubramanian, D. 2005. Concepts of Biotechnology 10. Old, A. and Primrose, S.B. 2002. Principles of gene manipulation. Blackwell Publ. Oxford.

SEMESTER -IV Paper-III (b): Plant Biotechnology (Elective) Unit-I Introduction to Biotechnology: History and concepts of biotechnology, Mutant selection, concepts of differentiation , dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Industrial applications of plant tissue culture technology with special reference to secondary metabolites production. Clonal multiplication of woody and orchid species, acclimatization of in vitro derived plants to soil conditions. Unit-II Recombinant DNA technology: Isolation and purification of DNA, preparation of plasmid DNA, bacteriophage DNA, manipulation of purified DNA, eletrophoresis of nucleic acids, cloning vectors for plasmid, M13 bacteriophage, λ bacteriophage, eukaryotes, higher plants and animals. In vitro, oilgonucleotide-directed and PCRbased mutagenesis. Unit-III Gene Expression and function: Transcripts of cloned gene, analysis of DNA-RNA hybrids, primer extension, northern hybridization, subtractive hybridization, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), antisense RNA or interference RNA (RNAi) technology. Unit-IV Applications of biotechnology: Production of recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies. The role of genetic engineering in medicine, gene therapy, gene subtraction, forensic science, archaeogenetics; DNA finger printing, chromosome

walking, studies of transcriptome and proteome; Biosafety measures of genetically modified plants. Unit-V Industry and plant biotechnology: Biosynthesis of plant compounds-Enzymes, Food and food additives from- Breeding strategies for enhancing the active principles in plants. Reference Books 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Rozdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue culture: (Theory and Practice/a revised edition) 2. Anditti, J. 1977. Clonal propagation of orchids by means of tissue culture-a manual. In: J.Anditti (ed), Orchid Biology – Reviews and Perspectives. Cornell University Press, USA. PP.203-293. 3. Walker, M and Rapley, R. 2006. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IVth Edition), Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi/Bangalore, India. 4. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Watson, J.D. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 5. Brown, T.A. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis (Vth Edition), Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK. 6. Primrose, S.B. 2001. Molecular Biotechnology, Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi/Bangalore, India. 7. Cooper, G.M. and hausman, R.E. 2007. The Cell a Molecular Approach (IV th Edition), Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, ASM Press, Washington D.C. 8. Benjamin Lewin, Genes VIII, Prentice hall. EMESTER – IV Paper-IV (a): Plant Pathology (Elective) Unit-I 1. Concept of disease in plants; Definitions of plant disease; Historical development of Plant Pathology. 2. Methods of studying Plant disease; collection, preservation, isolation of pathogens and proving Koch postulates. 3. Symptoms caused by plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. 4. Classification of plant diseases.

Unit-II 5. Entry of pathogens into the host

6. Role of enzymes, toxins and phytoalexins in plant pathogenesis 7. Physiological changes in diseased plants 8. Factors effecting outbreak of plant disease epidemics 9. Plant disease indexing 10.Plant disease forecasting Unit-III 11. Detailed study of symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and control of the following fungal diseases of plants: late blight of potato, damping-off of vegetables, Taphrina leaf spot of turmeric, powdery mildew of cucurbits, ergot of bajra, black stem rust of wheat, smuts of Sorghum, blast of rice, tikka disease of groundnut, red rot of sugarcane. Unit-IV 12. Detailed study of the following bacterial and viral diseases: bacterial leaf blight of rice, angular leaf spot and black arm of cotton, citrus canker, brown rot of potato, little leaf of brinjal, tobacco mosaic diseases, tungro disease of rice. Unit-V 13. Principles of plant disease control: Plant quarantine, seed treatment, cultural practices, chemical control, development of disease resistant varieties. 14. Biological control of plant diseases. Reference Books 1. Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology, Academic Press, London. 2. Tar, S.A.J. 1972. Principles of Plant Pathology. 3. Singh, R.S. 1991. Plant diseases, 6th Edn., Oxford & IBH Co., New Delhi. 4. Singh, R.S. 1988. Principles of Plant Pathology, 3rd Edn., Oxford & IBH Co., New Delhi. 5. Mehrotra, R.S. 1980. Plant Pathology, Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi. 6. Rangaswami, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India, 4th

Edition, Printice Hall of India Publications. SEMESTER-IV Paper- IV (b): Industrial Microbiology (Elective) Unit-I Introduction to fermentation processes: The concept and range of fermentation processes, component parts of fermentation process. Microbial production of commercially important metabolites (an overview): Antibiotics, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, organic feed stocks, single-cell protein. Fermentors: Basic functions, body construction, aeration and agitation systems,

maintenance of aseptic conditions, valves and steam traps, types of fermentors. Unit-II Screening of microorganisms for the production of commercially valuable products: Primary and secondary screening procedures. Strain improvement of industrially important microorganisms: Conventional and modern genetic engineering approaches. Preservation of commercially useful microbial cultures: Storage at reduced temperatures, storage in dehydrated form. Design of culture media for industrial fermentations: Sources of energy, carbon and nitrogen, minerals, growth factors, buffers, addition of precursors and metabolic growth regulators, oxygen requirements, antifoams. Unit-III Fermentation processes: Batch, fed-batch, semi-continuous and continuous fermentation systems, dual and multiple fermentations. Recovery and purification of fermentation products (Downstream process): Separation of microbial cells from liquid fraction (filtration, centrifugation, flocculation), cell disruption, solvent extraction, chromatography, membrane processes, drying of the product. Unit-IV Treatment of industrial effluents: Physical, chemical and biological (aerobic and anaerobic) treatments, disposal of effluents. Economics of fermentation process. Fermentative production of Antibiotics : Penicillin, Tetracyclins Enzymes : Amylases and Proteases Unit-V Industrial production of recombinant proteins (riboflavin, streptomycin, tPA) Large scale production and purification of therapeutics (streptokinase,epidermal growth factor, insulin). Reference books: 1.Biotechnology-A text book of Industrial Microbiology. W.Crueger and A.Cruegar, 2000. 2. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. A.L.Demain and J.E.Davices(Eds.), 1999. 3. Principles of fermentation technology. P.F.Stanbury, A.Whitaker and S.J.Hall, 1997. 4. Concepts in Biotechnology, D.Balasubramanian, C.F.A.Bryce,

M.Sc BOTANY DEGREE EXAMINATION FIRST SEMESTER ( Model paper) PAPER-I(Biology & Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria,Algae &Fungi) Time:3Hrs Max.Marks:70M Answer ONE question from each unit. All questions carry equal marks UNIT-I I) a) Give a brief account of discovery, general properties & structure of Viruses. OR 14M b)Write an essay on Bacteriophages. UNIT-II II) a) Describe the mode of Genetic recombination in Bacteria. OR 14M b) Write an essay on the general characters of Actinomycetes & Mycoplasmas. UNIT-III III) a) Describe about the economic importance of Algae. OR 14M b) Write an essay on structure & reproduction in Xanthophyta & Cyanophyta. UNIT-IV IV) a) Explain about the importance of Fungi in Agriculture & Industry. OR 14M b) Desribe about Mushroom cultivation. UNIT-V IV) a) Explain about the Economic importance of Bacteria.. OR 14M b) Write about the Economic importance of Fungi.

M.Sc BOTANY DEGREE EXAMINATION FIRST SEMESTER( Model paper) PAPER-II(Biology& Diversity of Bryophytes,Pteridophytes,Gymnosperms&Plant fossils) Time:3Hrs Max. marks:70M Answer ONE question from each unit. All questions carry equal marks UNIT-I I) a)Describe the evolutionary trends in Sporophyte of Bryophytes OR 14M b)Explain the range of thallus organisation in Hepaticopsida. UNIT-II II) a) Desribe the morphology,anatomy & reproduction of Lycopsida. OR 14M b) Write an essay on Evolution of stele in Pteridophytes. UNIT-III III) a) Describe about the female gametophyte of Gymnosperms. OR 14M b) Write an essay on the salient features of Coniferopsida. UNIT-IV IV) a) How do you determine the age of plant fossils. OR 14M b) Explain about the objectives of Palaeobotany & add a note on the process of fossilisation. UNIT-V V) a) Give a comprehensive account of Pteridospermales. OR 14M b) Give an account of fossil Algae & fossil Bryophytes.

M.Sc BOTANY DEGREE EXAMINATION FIRST SEMESTER( Model paper) PAPER-III(Taxonomy of Angiosperms)) Time:3Hrs Max. marks:70M Answer ONE question from each unit. All questions carry equal marks UNIT-I I) a) Write an essay on the history of plant classification OR 14M b)Give an account of principles, rules, & recommendations of Plant Nomenclature UNIT-II II) a) Desribe the Salient features of Takhtajans system of classification & add a note on its merits & demerits OR 14M b) Write an essay on Heirarchial system of classification UNIT-III III) a) What is an Herbarium ? How it is prepared? What are its uses? Name three important herbaria in India & Abroad OR 14M b) Write an essay on Embryology in relation to Taxonomy UNIT-IV IV) a) Explain the role of Floras , Monographs, Journals & computers in the progress of Taxonomy OR 14M b) Explain about major Botanical gardens of the world & India UNIT-V V) a) Give a comprehensive account of Chemotaxonomy OR 14M b) Give an account of Cladistics.

M.Sc BOTANY DEGREE EXAMINATION

FIRST SEMESTER (MODEL PAPER)

PAPER –IV (Plant resource cultivation and conservation)

TIME :3Hrs Max.marks -70M

Answer one question from each unit .All questions carry equal marks .

UNIT -1

1.a) Give an account of diversity of microbes.

(OR) 14M

b) Write an essay on remote sensing and add a note on its applications.

UNIT -II

2.a) Describe the botany , cultivation and economic importance of rice.

(OR) 14M

b) Write an essay on vegetable crop tomato studied by you .

UNIT -III

3. a) Write an essay on timber yielding plants studied by you .

(OR) 14M

b) Describe the medicinal uses of withania and emblica.

UNIT -IV

4.a) Explain the role of IUCN and WWF in conservation.

(OR) 14M

b) Give an account on the activities of BSI and NBPGR.

UNIT – V

5.a) By using insitu conservation practices how do you protect sanctuaries and national parks.

(OR) 14M

b) Give an account on the exsitu conservation with special reference to gene banks .