KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA BARAMATI (PUNE) M.S.

Mr.Yashwant L. Jagdale Scientist- Horticulture

KVK, Baramati (Pune)

International Conference on

Atmospheric Chemistry &Agricultural Meteorology

Presentation On

Effect of Green House Gases On Crops On

Farm Land.

Green house Gases Causes Global Warming or Climate Change

What is Global warming?

Global warming is the rise in average temperature of the earths atmosphere and Oceans.

The earth Mean temperature has increased about 0.8 degree Celsius since the late 19 th Century with about two- third of the increase occurring after 1980.

Global warming or Climate Change primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels & deforestation and different agricultural Practices.

Introduction

Global warming, caused by the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, has emerged as the most prominent global environmental issue. These GHGs i.e---

I. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

II. Methane (CH4)

III. Nitrous oxide (N2O)

These above three gases which comes due to the different agriculture sectors trap the outgoing infrared radiation from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature and cause for Global warming.

ATMOSPHERIC GASES

• Nitrogen ( N2)

Non –Greenhouse gases (99%)

• Oxygen ( O2)

• Carbon DiOxide

• Nitrous Oxide Greenhouse Gases (1%)

• Methane ( CH4)

Emission of GHGs from agriculture

Carbon Dioxide ( Sources of carbon Dioxide) *Decay of organic matter & forest fires.

*burning of fossil fuels & deforestation .

* land-use changes.

Methane ( Sources of Methane)

* Methane is about 21 times more effective as a heat-trapping gas than CO2.

* Wetlands, organic decay, termites, natural gas and oil extraction,.

*biomass burning, rice cultivation & cattle.

* The primary sources of methane from agriculture include animal digestive

processes, rice cultivation and manure storage and handling

Nitrous oxide ( Sources of Nitrous oxide)

* As a greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide is 310-times more effective than CO2.

* Forests, grasslands, oceans, soils, nitrogenous fertilizers, and burning of

biomass and fossil fuels are the major sources of nitrous oxide,

Share of the GHG emissions of the agricultural sector

Sr. No.

Component Details

Contribution % of Gases

1. Energy Excluding transport

60 %

2. Transport

19 %

3. Industries

9 %

4. Agriculture ( Methane CH4- 4.3 % & Nitrous oxide N2O- 5 %)

9 %

5. Waste

3 %

6. Total %

100 %

Effect of green house gases on crops

Global climatic changes can affect agriculture through their direct and indirect

effects on the crops, soils, livestock and pests.

Direct Effect

The increase in temperature, depending upon the current ambient temperature, can reduce crop duration, increase crop respiration & Evapotranspiration rates.

Affect the survival and distribution of pest populations.

Decrease fertilizer-use efficiencies and increase evapo-transpiration rate so requires more water for crop production.

Horticultural crops are more susceptible to changing conditions than arable

crops. Indirect Effect Indirectly effects on land use due to snow melt, increases sea level causes

reduces the % of Cultivable land & availability of good quality of Water for Irrigation affects on the yield of crops.

Frequency and intensity of seasonal droughts ,floods & Hailstorm.

Soil organic matter transformations, soil erosion, changes in pest profiles.

Therefore, concrete efforts are required for controlling GHGs.

Composition of GHGs in various sectors in India

Green Houses Gases Contribution (%)

Carbon dioxide 55

Methane 15

CFCs 11 & 12 17

Nitrous oxide 6

Others 7

Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential

Particulars Measures Mitigation effect

Crops and farming system management

Improve crop varieties and productivity

Reduces direct and indirect Emissions & increases per kg yield

Improve residue management e.g. avoid biomass burning

Reduces direct emissions

Introduce legumes into grasslands to enhance Productivity

Reduces direct nitrous oxide and indirect emissions

Optimized Rice management (e.g. System of Rice Intensification SRI – not flooded)

Reduces methane (but may increase nitrous oxide; - more research needed)

Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential

Particulars Measures Mitigation effect

Fertilizers, manures & bio mass management

Reduce use and production of synthetic fertilizers

Reduces direct and indirect emissions.

Avoid leaching and volatilization of N from organic fertilizers during storage and application

Reduces Nitrous Oxide Emission

Optimize fertilizer application management e.g. fertilizer application adjusted to crop needs , including right timing for optimum uptake through crops. Use slow-releasing fertilizers

Reduces emissions by 1/3 to 3/4

Optimize compost production (by addition of bulking material)

Reduces emissions by 1/3 to 3/4

Biogas production (methane capture) No emissions besides physical leakage

Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential

Particulars Measure Mitigation effect

Soil- management

Use organic fertilizers (production emissions from organic fertilizers have to be accounted for e.g. compost production)

Increases soil organic carbon, Reduces emissions from synthetic fertilizer production

Optimize crop rotations e.g. use perennials in crop rotations.

Increases soil organic carbon 0.8 T CO2-eq/ha/year

Use of legumes to fix nitrogen use cover crops and intercropping avoid bare fallows

Increases soil organic carbon, reduces emissions

Avoid soil compaction e.g. by avoiding heavy machinery

Reduces nitrous oxide emissions

Agro forestry Increases soil organic carbon. 3-8 T CO2 eq/ha/year

Crop Problems Identified/ Climatic Vulnerabilities

Paddy /

Rice

1.Erratic Rainfall & Water shortage at critical growth

stages

2.Late onset of Monsoon

3.Less availability of farm labour during peak period

due heavy rain.

4. less mechanization

5.Emmission of Methane Gas due to wetland.

Rice Crop -Problems Identified and Technology

Intervention to Overcome the Problems

Contingent crop Demonstration Paddy / Rice

90 % Paddy seedlings got wilted wilted due to no rains/drought.

Intervention KVK assess technology of SRI Plantation of younger 14 days seedling Staggered planting of nursery & transplanting by Mechanical Transplanter

Wilting of paddy nursery due to no. rain

SRI Rice cultivation

Assessment SRI Rice and Machine Transplanting

Nursery

Transplanting

of 21 days

seedling by

hands or

machine

Spacing -

22.5x22.5 cm

Use of Renewable Energy or Solar Power Energy

Wind and Solar Hybrid System Sprayer with Solar Panel

Solar Hybrid System Insect Trap with Solar Panel

Demonstration of Hydroponics

1.Growing of crops lettuce &

cabbage in water ( Stagnated & NFT

( Nutrient Film technique) .

TV Show on ABP Maza Channel

Hydroponics Unit

Thank you