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Wastewater Treatment Practices in Japan

Lecturer: Hiroya Kotani

Executive Director of International Lake Environment Committee Foundation

14th December 2004

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The three typical events by mine poisoningin Meiji Era Japan (1868-1912)

The Water Pollution Event by Ashio Copper Mine Poisoning

The Air Pollution Event by Hitachi Mine Poisoning

The Air Pollution Event by Besshi Copper Mine Poisong

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The four big cases of Trial onSever Pollution Events in Japan

Minamata Disease (1969)

Niigata Minamata Disease (1967)

Itai-itai Disease (1968)

Yokkaichi Asthma (1967)

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The Four Main Industrial Areas

until 1960s in Japan

Keihin Industrial Area (around Tokyo-Hokohama Metropolitan

areas)

Chukyo Industrial Area (around Nagoya Metropolitan areas)

Hanshin Industrial Area (around Osaka-Kobe Metropolitan

areas)

Kitakyuushuu Industrial Area (around Northern Kyuushuu

Island areas)

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Consolidation of regulatory systems for pollution

control.

Enactment of two laws,

Water Quality Conservation Law and

Industrial Effluence Control Law in 1958.

Establishment of more relevant systems for pollution

control,

Water Pollution Control Law etc. in 1970.

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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (1)

RiverCategory Adaptability pH BOD5 SS DO Coliform

for Water Use Bacteria

/l /l /l MPN/100ml

River AA Note 1, 2-1 6.5 8.5 1 25 7.5 50

River A Note 2-2, 3-1, 6.5 8.5 2 25 7.5 1,000

Swimming

River B Note 2-3, 3-2 6.5 8.5 3 25 5 5,000

River C Note 3-3, 4-1 6.5 8.5 5 50 5

River D Note 4-2, 6.0 8.5 8 100 2

Irrigation

River E Note 4-3, 5 6.0 8.5 10 Non- 2floater

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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )

Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (2-1)Lake (Water volume 10 million )

Category Adaptability pH CODMn SS DO Coliform

for Water Use Bacteria/l /l /l MPN/100ml

Lake AA Note 1, 2-1, 6.5 8.5 1 1 7.5 50

3-1

Lake A Note 2-2, 2-3, 6.5 8.5 3 5 7.5 1,000

3-2,

Swimming

Lake B Note 3-3, 4-1, 6.5 8.5 5 15 5

Irrigation

Lake C Note 4-2, 5 6.0 8.5 8 Non- 2

floater

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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (2-2)

Nutrients on Lake(Water volume 10 million )

Category Adaptability T-N T-Pfor Water Use /l /l

Lake Note 1, 2, 3, 0.1 0.005

4,

Swimming,

Irrigation

Lake Note 2, 3, 4, 0.2 0.01

Swimming,

IrrigationLake Note 2-3(Special), 0.4 0.03

4, Irrigation

Lake Note 3-2, 4, 0.6 0.05

Irrigation

Lake Note 3-3, 4, 1 0.1

Irrigation

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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )

Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (3-1)Sea

Category Adaptability pH CODMn DO Coliform Extract

for Water Use Bacteria by n-hexane/l /l MPN/100ml

Sea A Note 1, 2-1,3, 7.8 8.3 2 7.5 1,000 ND

Swimming,

Industrial water

Sea B Note 2-2,3, 7.8 8.3 3 5 ND

Industrial water

Sea C Note 3 7.0 8.3 8 2

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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )

Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (3-2)Nutrients on Sea

Category Adaptability T-N T-P

for Water Use /l /l

Sea Note 1, 2-1, 3, 0.2 0.02

Swimming,

Industrial water,Sea Note 2-1, 3, 0.3 0.03

Swimming,

Industrial water

Sea Note 2-2, 3, 0.6 0.05

Industrial water

Sea Note 2-3, 3, 1 0.09

Industrial water

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Regulatory Structure of Industrial Waste Water

in Japan

Factories etc. having ability discharging harmful substances :

Permission of Pref. Governor

Factories etc. discharging regulatory substances except harmful ones :

Submission of states to Pref. Governor

Regulatory Standards on Industrial Waste Water :

National Government General Standards in nation widePrefectural Governments (can) Stricter Standards than National ones

( : uwanose = putting on)

Other issues than national ones

( : yokodashi = side drawing)

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Regulatory Standards on Industrial Waste Water

Harmful Substances

/l

Item National Standard Standard in Shiga

Cadmium (Cd) 0.1 0.01

Cyanide (CN) 1 0.1

Organic Phosphorus 1 ND

Lead (Pb) 0.1 0.01Chromium (Cr+6) 0.5 0.05

Arsenic (As) 0.1 0.05

Total Mercury (T-Hg) 0.005 0.005

Alkyl Mercury (R-Hg) ND ND

PCB 0.003 0.003

Tri-chlorinated-ethylene 0.3 0.3

Tetra-chlorinated-ethylene 0.1 0.1

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 0.2 0.2

(cont.)

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Regulatory Standards on Industrial Waste Water (2)

Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life

/l

Item National Standard

Standard in Shiga

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) 5.8 8.6 6.0 8.5Extract by Normal-hexane

Mineral Oil 5 5

Fat and Food Oil 30 20

Phenol 5 1Cupper (Cu) 3 1

Iron (Fe) 10 10

Manganese (Mn) 10 10

Chromium (Cr) 2 0.1

Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100ml) 3,000 3,000Antimony (Sb) 0.05

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 160 15 120

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 160 15 120

Total Nitrogen (T-N) 120 8 80Total Phosphorus (T-P) 16 1 25

Suspended Solid (SS) 200 70 150

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Sources of Waste Water

Point Source Waste Water (Under Handling)

Domestic Waste Water

Industrial Waste Water

Non-point Source Waste Water (No Treatment)

Agricultural Effluent from Paddy Fields

Storm Water from Natural Fields

and Urban Area

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Domestic Waste Water

Urine and Feces

Other Domestic Waste Water

excluding Urine and Feces

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Treating Mechanism of Urine and FecesTraditional Type partially adopted in rural areas

Home Storage Tank Maturing Pit in Agricultural Field

Spread to Agricultural Field as Fertilizer

Traditional Type mainly adopted in rural areas and partially urban areasHome Storage Tank Vacuum up by Tank Lorry U.F. Treatment Plant

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections

Sludge Incineration Burying

or Composting Agricultural Field

Individual House Treating Type by Septic TankSeptic Tank set up in Individual House (Maturing by Aeration and Sedimentation)

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections

Sludge Vacuum up by Tank Lorry U.F. Treatment Plant

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after DisinfectionsSludge Incineration Burying

or Composting Agricultural Field

Note : Domestic Waste Water excluding Urine and Feces from houses adopting these

mechanisms is directly discharged to Public Water Area.

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Treating Mechanism of Domestic Waste

Water including Urine and Feces (1)

Individual House Treating Type by High Performance

Septic Tank

Septic Tank set up in Individual House (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections

Sludge Vacuum up by Tank Lorry U.F. Treatment Plant

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections

Sludge Incineration Burying

or Composting Agricultural Field

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Treating Mechanism of Domestic WasteWater including Urine and Feces (2)

Community Scale Sewerage System through Community Plant

Urban Community Plant

Piping to Urban Community Treatment Plant (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections

Sludge Vacuum up by Tank Lorry Sewage Treatment Plant

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections

Sludge Incineration Burying

Rural Community Plant

Piping to Rural Community Treatment Plant (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)

Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfection

Sludge Composting Agricultural Field

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Treating Mechanism of Domestic WasteWater including Urine and Feces (3)

Sewerage System

Piping to Sewage Treatment Plant (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)

Top Effluent Sand Filtration Discharge to Public Water Area after

Disinfections

Sludge Melting Incineration Construction Materials

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Industrial Waste WaterObjectives of treatment

Toxic substances removal

Adjustment to sound condition

Reduction of extra substances

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Methods for Waste Water (1)Primary treatmentRough Solid

Screening

Suspended Solids

Precipitation

Floatation

Secondary treatment

Soluble organic substances

Activated sludge method

Trickling filter

Oxidation ditch

Contact oxidation methodRotary disc method

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Methods for Waste Water(2)Tertiary treatmentSoluble inorganic substances

Chemical sedimentation method

Coagulating sedimentation

NitrogenBiological denitrification

Ammonia stripping

Ion exchange

Minute solidFiltration

Ultrafiltration

Remained organic substances

Activated carbon adsorptionChemical oxidation

Biological filter

Sterilization

Chlorination

Reverse osmosis method

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bar screen

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grease trap

Oil

Water

Rawwater Effluent

St d d ti t d l d

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Standard activated sludge process

Primarysedimentationtank

Rawsludge

Return

sludge

Finalsedimentation

tank

Aeration tank

Flowequalization

tank

Excesssludge

Rawwater

Effluent

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Trickling Filter

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Rawwater

Effluent

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Oxidation ditch

screen

Flow equalization tank

Rawwater Effluent

sedimentationtank

Oxidation pond

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Contact Oxidationair

Raw water

Effluent

Return of Sludge

finalsedimentationtank

aeration tank

Contact Media

R Di k

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Rotary Disk

Raw water

Effluent

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Coagulating sedimentation

H control Flocculants Coagulant aid

Sludge

Rawwater

Effluent

(rapid) (slow)

final

sedimentationtank

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C id ffl h d

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Cyanide effluents treatment method

First reaction

NaCN + NaOCl NaCNO + NaClH>10.5 ORP 350mv (10 min.)

(CNCl) (Oxidation-reduction Potential)

Second reaction

2NaCNO + 2NaOCl 2NaOCO3 + 3NaCl + N2H:7.5 ORP 650mv (30 min.)

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Chromium waste treatment chromium(VI) compound :soluble (Yellow)

+ H2SO4 (pH: 23)

+ NaHSO3 (ORP:300

reduction

chromium(III) compound (Blue)

+ NaOH (pH: 7.58)

Cr(OH)3

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Hg waste TreatmentOrganic Hg

Oxidizing decomposition (mineralization)

( H2SO4 + KMnO4, 70) (10 mg/L)

Inorganic Hg Sulfide coagulation method (H2S) pH 68

(0.01mg/L) Chelating resin Adsorption

(0.001mg/L >)

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Examples of Waste Water Treatment

Organic substance (Food, Livestock, Domestic )

Screen + Biological treatment

(+ Coagulating sedimentation + Filtration)

Organic substance (Textile, Paper and pulp)Separation of thick, thin waste and not required treatment

Screen(2 Stages) + Coagulating sedimentation+ pH control + Biological treatment

(+ Filtration + Activated carbon adsorption )

Inorganic substance (Concrete foundation)

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Inorganic substance (Concrete foundation)

Gathering all rain water on the plant site+ Polluted water (production process)

Precipitation + Reduction + pH control+ Precipitation Recycle for concrete mixing

Inorganic substance (with Toxic Substance)Separation of alkaline, acid waste water

pretreatment (CN, Cr6+, Hg) + pH control+ Coagulating sedimentation

+ Filtration + Activated carbon adsorption