1.

1.1 , () . ( 2.743-82), , , "H" - , " 1", ,"L - " " 0". . . 19480 - 89 , . - , . , , 4 . "" (AND) , * /\. "" (OR), , + \/. "" (NOT), , , . " ~ ". "=". . (1) (2) (3) (4) 0+0=0 1+1=1 1+0=0+1=1 ~1 = 0 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1*1=1 0*0=0 0*1=1*0=0 ~0 = 1 (1') (2') (3') (4')

(1, 2) (1',2') : x + x = x x * x = x. (1, 3) (2',3') : x + 0 = x 0 * x = 0. (2, 3) (1',3') : 1 + x = 1 x * 1 = x. (3) (3') : x +~x = 1 ~x * x = 0. (4) (4') : ~(~x) = x. , , (1,1'), (2,2'), (3,3') (4,4') : ~( x0+x1) = ~x0 * ~x1 ~(x0 * x1) = ~x0 + ~x1 .

(10) ( ). n , : ~(x1 + .. + xn) = ~x1 * . .* ~xn ~(x1 * .. * xn) = ~x1 + .. + ~xn (11) . - , , : x1 op x0 = x0 op x1 - , x2 op x1 op x0 = (x2 op x1) op x0 - x2*(x1+x0) =

1

(x2*x1) + (x2*x0) x2 + (x1*x0) = (x2+x1) * (x2+x0) - , op , , . , , .

1.2 n - () 2n . 0 1. , - . () n N=22n. n=2, N=16. n=3, N=256 . 16 2- , .. . 1 n=2. i- x1 x0.

. "" , . "" , . " " (XOR) , .

1.3

2

, , - ( ). , , . =2,3,4,8. . , , , : x0 * x1 * x2 * x3 * x4 = (x0*x1) * (x2*x3*x4) = (x0*x1) * x2 * x3 * x4, .. , , - (.1).

, "1", , (5) (7).

1.4 () . : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) (, VHDL) 6) . , Y x1 x0, : Y=1, Y=0, x1=x0. . Y ( 2).

3

. (12), . (12) (). mi i- , , 1, , 0. fi - i - . (12) , f(..) n- xi : f(x(n-1),...,xi,. ..,x0) = ~xi*f(x(n-1),...,0,..,x0) + xi*f(x(n-1),..,1,..,x0). xi=0 ~0*f(x(n-1),...,0,..,x0) + 0*f(x(n-1),..,1,..,x0) = f(x(n-1),...,0,..,x0). xi=1 ~1*f(x(n-1),..,1,..,x0) + 1*f(x(n-1),..,1,..,x0) = f(x(n-1),...,1,..,x0), .. xi . n . F=f(x1,x0) . x1 : F= ~x1*f(0,x0) + x1*f(1,x0) . x0, : F =~x1*(~x0*(f(0,0) + x0*(f(0,1)) + x1*(~x0*(f(1,0) + x0*(f(1,1)) = ~x1*~x0*f(0,0) + ~x1*x0*f(0,1) + x1*~x0*f(1,0) + x1*x0*f(1,1). (12.1) (12.1) , . F7-"" F1-"", 1. x1 x0 (00,01,10,11) 0,0,0,1. (12.1) : F1(x1,x0 ) = ~x1*~x0*0 + ~x1*x0*0 + x1*~x0*0 + x1*x0*1 = x1*x0, . , F7-"", , , : 0,1,1,1. , (12.1), F7(x1,x0) = ~x1*~x0*0 + ~x1*x0*1 + x1*~x0*1 + x1*x0*1. x1, F7 = ~x1*x0*1 + x1*(~x0*1 + x0*1). (8), "1" F7 = ~x1*x0*1 + x1. , (~x1+x1) * (x0+x1) = x1+x0. 2, Y = 0*~x1*~x0 + 1*~x1*x0 + 1*x1*~x0 + 0*x1*x0 = ~x1*x0 + x1*~x0 = x1 (+) x0 = F6 ( ).

4

(12) , , : "", "", "", . 1.5 , (). , , , .. , F8( -) F14( - ).

, " - " . , , " " , .

1.6 () , , , - . 1.6.1 - .

5

VT1 VT2 , x0*x1=1, , , ~(x0*x1)=0 . VT2 y=0. x0 x1 , - , .. -. , , n-1 "1", n- "0", n-1 VT1 "" (sink) VT2 n- . VT2 . 1.7 - () (..2. ) .

, , .. , " " (.2 - ) .. y=y0*y1=1 y0=y1=1. " ", y = ~(x0*x1) * ~(x2*x3) ~(x0*x1 + x2*x3) (.2). , , .

1.8 " - - " , - (.3). a,b,..e , -, C E ( ). &1 , (.4). * .

6

, , .. 0. , , 0. Y 0. , () , .. 1 ( ).

1.9 , . "" . . , " ", , , . Z . - Z- .5. , - .

7

~OE=0, VT3 . VT1 VT2 , x0*x1=1, , . VT2 y=0. x0 x1 , - , .. ~OE=0 -. ~OE=1. VT3 VT1 VT2 , . "y" . Z. , . , , , . Z - , . . (Output Enable (~OE)), , , 1, , 0, , .

1.10 (12) ( ) , . . . xi. Y 1, 1 . . :

(12): Y = ~x2*x1*x0 + x2*~x1*x0 + x2*x1*~x0 + x2*x1*x0. (3,5,6,7 - ). .6.

8

4 "" 1 "". - , .

1.11 () . () :

: 1) . 2) . , ( , ). 3) . 4) () 2^i . 5) , . 6) , 1, . 7) . 3 - A,B,C, Ya = x2*x0 (x1 , ). Yb = x1*x0 Y = x2*x1. Y = Ya + Yb + Yc = x2*x0 + x1*x0 + x2*x1. (13)

(.7.) , .6.

9

1.12 "-" "--" (13) (9) : Y =~(~( x2*x0 + x1*x0 + x2*x1)) (14) (14) (.8,) --.

(14) (11) ~( ~(x2*x0) * ~(x1*x0) * ~(x2*x1)) . - (.8, ).

1.13 (.9). .

L H, ( , ), - ( , ). , . .9 t1,0 - t0,1 - . t..0,1 t..1,0 0 1 (.9). t. t... t..0,1 t..1,0. F t... , , t... .

10

. y = a*b + c*a + d = a*(b+c)+d. () (A), - (B) . .10.

, 2t... < 3t... () . / ( (B) ). 1.14 t.. . , . .11. , x0 x1 , .. x0 = ~x1, y = ~(x1 * ~x1) = 1. t.., x0' x0 4t.. "" ( 1..2), t.. - ( 0..1). "".

"" , . F = x1*x2 + ~x1*x0, x2=x0=1 , , ~x1 x1 (. .12).

11

( ) , .. , x2=x0=1, x0*x2=1 F = x1*x2 + ~x1*x0 + x0*x2 1 x2=x0=1. , .

1.15 1. . ? (1=10-9). ( ), . 34 t.. t.. t... t..

2. . : , , .

, , . , , . , , . , , .

12

, , . 3. . 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 1 2 3 4 5

4. ?

x3*x2 + ~x1*x0 + x3*~x2 x1*x0 + ~x2*x1 + ~x0*~x3 ~x0*~x2 + ~x1*~x2 + x3*~x1 ~x1*~x0 + x2*~x1 + ~x3*~x0 x0*x1 + x2*x3 + x3*~x2

2.

. . ().

13

2.1 "" . "" , - XVII. n- C(n-1), C(n-2), ... ,C1,C0 : D = Cn-1*bn-1 + Cn-2*bn-2 + ... + C1*b1 + C0*b0 (15) D - , Ci - i- , b - , b i - ( ) i- n . (BIN), (DEC), (HEX) - (BCD) . BCD 10, , i- 4- . (OCT) . 16- 0 9 , 10 : A(a) = 10, B(b) = 11, C(c) =12, D(d) = 13, E(e) =14. (15), 10010011 = 1*27 + 1*24 + 1*21 + 1*20 = 147 (DEC). 16 , , , 4 (8,4,2,1) Ci. HEX , , , . : 00111011. : : 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 + 0 + 32+ 16+ 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 59(DEC)

(HEX)16- 00111011. : 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 8 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 1

: 16-

0 + 0 + 2 + 1 (3) 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 (11) = 3B(HEX)

HEX 11 B. - , 1998, - 0001 1001 1001 1000. BCD, 19(DEC) = 19(BCD), : 10011(19DEC) 1 1001(19BCD). - .

14

, 11001001(BIN) = [C9(HEX),201(DEC)] = ?(BCD), .. 1100=12 .

2.2 () , . m = 2n, n - . m < 2n. 2n , n - , .. . n=2 m=4, "2 4" OE. / 1, - 0. , x .

y0 3- :

, 1- , y0 : y0 = OE*~a1*~a0. . yi -: y0 = ~(~(OE*~a1*~a0)). .13. "..." (A), - (). 2 .

15

(). ~OE=1 -(0..3) OE=0, a0,a1, ~yi=1, yi=0, .13. t0..t1 t2..t3 "", .. yi "0", "1". t1..t2 ~OE=0(OE=1) yi a1,a0. A1A0=10, , - 3 "1". ~y2=0, y2=1, y2. OE, , .14. OE=1 , ~OE1 = ~OE2 = 0 OE3 = 1.

"3 8" 15337(5557), .15. , , () . ai , , .

16

2.3 , , (). , OE x. , a1a0=10(BIN)=2(DEC), x y2, yi=0. .16. "1 4" .

2.4 .17 "3 8" "4 16", "1 8" "1 16".

~OE=1 OE=0 (.14) yi "1", ai. ~OE=0 ( ), a3. a3=0, (A) , OE (B) a3 1 (. .4), .. (A). a3=1, (B), ~OE (A) . a3 a2..a0, , 0000 ... 0111 (0 ... 7) (A) 1000 ... 1111 (8 ... 15) (B). yi, "4 16" 0 15. .17, , - ( ).

17

2.5 xi y, ai. OE, "0" ( .5). "4 1", 4 log4 = 2 .

x . 7, 128 . .5 4-x 64 ( x0 ... x3) , 64 . 0 , , y=x0, a1=0 a0=0 OE=1, x1 ... x3. : y=x0*OE*~a1*~a0. y . : y = OE(x0*~a1*~a0 + x1*~a1*a0 + x2*a1*~a0 + x3*a1*a0). (16) : -----------------------------------y = ~(OE*x0*~a1*~a0)+ ... +~(OE*x0*a1*a0).(17) (17) , .18,

18

.19. a1a0 = 11(BIN) = 3(DEC), y D3, , OE=1. , , . , "", .. . , , . (16) (12), , fi = xi OE = 1. , "n" "n" , fi.

2.6 () , , . . "4 2" (.20):

. , , ("x" 0 1).

19

, 2+4+8=14 . .21. 0000 . . 24=16 4. 12 () d. ( ), . , , . .22. d 1.

y1 y0: -- -- -------- -- -------

y1 = x0*x1 = x0 + x1 y0 = x0*x2 = x0 + x2.

.23. x3 "", - , , , , , .. . x3, x0 + x1 + x2 + x3 0, , , . , . . 3, 11(BIN) = 3(DEC

20

2.7 () . . . - (.24). .

, .. 0 9 , , . , , , , 0 G. 1 B C .. bi - 2i (8,4,2 1). .25 . A. , A .

. , A, . , .25-1 A. , , .. ~Ya, .

21

, .. . 1010 - , . : ~Ya = x2*~x1*~x0 + ~x3*~x2*~x1*x0.

: Ya = ~(x2*~x1*~x0 + ~x3*~x2*~x1*x0). -- 15334 (.25.). 5142 5141 .

2.8 n- X=(x(n-1),..,x0) Y=(y(n-1),..,y0). : 0 (+) 0 = 0 0 (+) 1 = 1 (+) 0 = 1 1 (+) 1 = 0 1 . (+) - ( F6 ). . : 0 (+) 0 (+) 0 = 0 0 (+) 0 (+) 1 = 1 0 (+) 1 (+) 1 = 0 1 1 (+) 1 (+) 1 = 1 1 . , () . .26, .

22

xi,yi - X Y, ci - , si c(i+1) - . c(i+1) , : c(i+1) = xi*yi + xi*ci + yi*ci. (18)

si .26 . : si = xi*~yi*~ci + ~xi*~yi*ci + xi*yi*ci+ ~xi*yi*~ci = ~yi(xi*~ci + ~xi*ci) + yi(xi*ci + ~xi*~ci) = ~yi(xi (+) ci) + yi(xi*ci + ~xi*~ci). , .

-------------------

------------------

xi*ci + ~xi*~ci = ~(xi*ci) * ~(~xi*~ci) = (~xi+~ci) * (xi+ci) = --------------------------------- --------------~xi*xi + ~xi*ci + ~ci*xi + ~ci*ci = ~xi*ci + xi*~ci = ~(xi (+) ci) = ~F6 = F9. si = ~yi(xi (+) ci) + yi~(xi (+) ci) = 1 yi (+) (xi (+) ci) = yi (+) xi (+) ci. (19)

(18) (19) .27.

23

n- (.28.). , , x0,y0 s(n-1). , 2t.., . : t... = n*2t.. (20) .

- () . . (18) , : x + y = ~x*y + x*~y + xy. - . c1 = x0*y0 + x0*c0 + y0*c0 = x0*y0 + c0(x0 + y0) = x0*y0 + c0(~x0*y0 + x0*~y0 + x0*y0) = x0*y0(0 +1) + c0(~x0*y0 + x0*~y0) =

24

x0*y0 + 0(x0 (+) y0).

(21)

(19) (21) .29.

, . (), gi pi . : c1 = g0 + p0*c0, 2 = g1 + p1*c1 = = g1 + p1*g0 + p1*p0*c0, 3 = g2 + p2*c2 = (22) (23) (24)

= g2 + p2*g1 + p2*p1*g0 + p2*p1*p0*c0, (25) ......, . (22,24) - , .. c3 c2,c2 c1, c1 c0. (23,25) , .. ci , . 1 2 .30.

25

.29 30 , , , xi, yi c(i+1) 3- 3t... ci si, .. t.., : t... = 4t.. . .

2.9

X Y , . F(X==Y), 1, xi=yi i, . X=(x1,x0) Y=(y1,y0). .31, .

F(X==Y) = ~y1*~x1*~y0*~x0 + ~y1*~x1*y0*x0 + y1*x1*~y0*~x0 + y1*x1*y0*x0 = ~y1*~x1(~y0*~x0 + y0*x0) + y1*x1(~y0*~x0 + y0*x0) = ~(x0 (+) y0)*~(x1 (+) y1) = F9(x0,y0)*F9(x1,y1) = ~(F6(x0,y0)+F6(x1,y1)). , ~F6(x,y) = F9(x,y) (. ). .31,. "/", 5551,

26

. .32 , . X = (x7,x6,...,x0) Y=(y7,y6,...,y0) X = 1. .

2.10 ()

, . , P(arity) . , .33.

M2 - " ". 4 : P = ~x3*~x2*F6(x1,x0) + ~x3*x2*~F6(x1,x0) + x3*x2*F6(x1,x0) + x3*~x2*~F6(x1,x0) = F6(F6(x3,x2),F6(x1,x0)) = (x3 (+) x2) (+) (x1 (+) x0). .34.

n- x(n-1), x(n-2),...,x1,x0, x'(n-1),x'(n-2),..., x'1,x'0. P1 = x0 (+) x1 (+) .. (+) x(n1) . P2 = x'0(+) x'1(+) ... (+) x'(n-1) (+) P1. P1 , : P2 = (x0 (+)

27

x'0) (+) (x1 (+) x'1) (+) (x2 (+) x'2)(+)... , , xi=x'i xi (+) x'i =0, P2=0! P2=1. n- .

2.11

1. "", HEX , " ". : 5C 01011100

2. .

y7y6..y1y0 a2,a1,a0 OE3=1,~OE2=0,OE1=1. 00010000 " ".

28

3. .

: , X5=1, 101. ( 101(BIN) = 5(DEC)). y2,..y1,y0 x7,..x1,x0. 110 " ".

4.

: , X6=1, X5=1, X4=1, X2=1, 110. ( = 110(BIN) = 6(DEC)). y2,..y1,y0 x7,..x1,x0. 010 " ".

5.

29

: , ~OE, Xi ~OE=0, .. . , MUX'a . "1" A2,A1,A0 = 100(BIN) = 4(DEC), X4=1, Y=0. , 2,3,4 111. , ( ). 5,6 , ~OE=1 Y ( ), z. " ".

3.

() , . t.. .

30

3.1 0 1 ( ) . , . : - (RS-), - "" (D - ), - (JK - ), - (T - ). , - ( ) ( - 0 1, - 1 0 ). .

3.1.1 RS - S(et) - R(eset) - - Q - ~Q. X 0, S R , S R 1. , S=R=0 . S=R=1 . ( 6).

Q X - , Q , . d . - S,R Qt, Q X. dt. Q(t+dt) .35, .

31

d

RS - : Q(t+dt) = S + ~R*Qt = ~(~S * ~(~R*Q)). (26) .35, . , Qt Q(t+dt) , , . , .36.

B , , .. RS , A - , RS . R=S=1 - , Q ~Q 1, Q*~Q = 0. , . , RS , . RS .37. t.., "-", ~S = 0 - 3, Q , ~Q. t2 - t0 = dt . ~R = 0, ~Q . , dt.

32

RS "" . . .38.

t0 , . t1 ~S,~R 1,1 0,1 1. , Q = 1 , . t1..t2 " - ". t2 (~S = 1, ~R = 0). t3 ~S,~R 1,0 1,1 , .. Q = 0. ( t3) . .

3.1.2 RS - - 1 2 (. 36), RS - ( ). .39.

33

, C=0 Q=~(~Q*1)=Q, ~Q=~(Q*1)=~Q, .. S R, . C=1 , RS-. , "", .. C, . .40.

t4 C = 1 R S. t0...t1 R 1, S = 0, Q 0. t1 t2 R = S = 0 (Q ). t2 R = 0, S = 1 (Q = 1). S t3 , t3 , ..R = 0, S = 1. .

3.1.3 D - D - : D(t) / () L(oad)/L(atch) - : "". C(lock). Q D L = 1 Q(t+dt) = Qt L = 0. :

Q X - , Q , . .41. "" (. - ) . Q(t+dt) = ~L*Qt + L*D + D*Qt = L*D + Qt(~L + D) = L*D + Qt((~L + D)*(~L + L)) = L*D + Qt*((~L + D*~L) + D*L) = L*D + Qt*(~L + D*L) = ~(~(L*D) * ~(Qt*(D*L + ~L))) = ~(~(L*D) * ~(Qt*~(~(D*L) * L))). .41, .

34

~(D*L) * L ~(D*L) * L = (~D + ~L)*L = ~D*L D- RS- , . .42 , ~S ~R ( ).

~S 0, ~R , Q=1 3. 2- . 4, , 3 . . D L . , (~S ~R)

. , ~S=1 ~R=0, , (Q = 0). D- / ~S ~R : Q(t+dt) = S + ~R * (~L*Qt + L*D + D*Qt). (27) RS-, D-. , ~S = 0 (S = 1) ~R = 1 ( "1"), ~S = ~R = 1, RS- "" , D-. .

35

t0 t1 L = 1 ( ~R ~S ) D Q ( D- ). t1 , ~R t2. Q = 0 L = D = 1 t3. t4 ~S = 0. .41 C, , , .

D - "" D- .

3.1.4 D - c D- L(C) . L 0 1. L=0, L=1 , .. (. 7). ~S ~R (.43).

36

Q X - , Q , . D- " - - - " .

. , D- , (.44).

3.1.5 JK- JK- J K, , , . :

37

Q X - , Q , . , (~R) (~S), C 1 0, 15, , .. JK - . JK- ~R ~S: Q(t+dt) = S + ~R ( J*~Qt + ~K*Qt ). (27.1) JK- .45. " - - - ", . JK - .

, RS, J S, K - R. , J = K = 1 (. 8), C, , .46.

38

3.1.6 T - J = K = 1 (. 46) . , , . -, 0, 1, .. . T - , D , JK - . 3.1.7 JK D - K (.471), : J=K=0, J=K=1, J=0 K=1, J=1 K=0 , .. . , C . .47-2 JK T - (J=K=1). , 0.

D- T-, D. Q(t+dt) = D, D D = ~Qt , Q(t+dt) = ~Qt, .. C (.48-1,2).

, , RS- (.48-3), , ~S ~R. .48-1 Fmax D- . C t... = tba (.48-4). t = tab D, C.

39

. , F. < 1 / (t... + t). th - (hold) (), .

3.2

. .

3.2.1 , . , "", . .49 8- . C (Qi=Di), - .

, , (. 50) , ( ). - "". n- D- : D0=DS=x, Di=Q(i-1), i=1,2,...,n-1. DS - .

C , i- t.. (i+1)- . , .. t0,1 t.. . ,

40

. C = 1 DS Q7 DS = x . , , . , . , . , Di, L ~R . ~Ri, ~Si . 9.

Di X - , Di , . ~Ri ~Si : ~Si = ~(L*Di*~R) ~Ri = ~R*(~L + Di). , .51, .

~R , ~R=0, ~Ri=0, ~Si=1 , L,Di C. L Di. ~R = 1, L = 1, Qi = Di C. , , ~R L , ~Ri = ~Si = 1, , . , ( , "" ) (.52).

41

(COM-), 58051, .

3.2.2 , , , . , DSL, DSR, (D0..D2), C, ~R 0 M1,M0, .53.

D- , , , 1 2 , . M1=0, M0=1, D , ( ). DSR . M1=1, M0=0, D , ( ). DSL. M1=M0=1 Qi=Di . M1=M0=0. D- ( ). - . 8- 153313. ( n ) 2^n, n- . 5, 2 , 20.

42

3.2.3 ( ), Di L, C , .

( ), Di , -, L , -, C - . ( ).

3.3 () - , Q, . CR. - , , : Q = (D + SUM(C)) mod M CR = (D + SUM(C)) \ M : Q - , D - , SUM(C) - M - ( , ), CR - , , mod - M, \ - . D = 0 SUM(C) < M, , Q = SUM(C) CR = 0. C M- . : D =17, SUM(C) = 9, M = 8, Q = 26 mod 8 = 2, CR = 3. (T-). , , .. . . () , . - = 2, n = 2^n. i- (i+1)- . 1: CR i- (i+1)- , i- 0- , (i+1)- .

43

Q i+1 i..0 0 9999 DEC + 1

Q i+1 i..0 0 1111 1--->| BIN + 1 | |--->0 -------1 0000 |

-------1 0000

Qi ( . ), - . 2: , , , .

3.3.1 C . = 16 . , JK-

2 , , .. . (J = K = 1). CR (Carry), C . ~R , ~S ".1", "" ~R = 0. "+1". , .

44

: 1) n- Q = Q3Q2Q1Q0 = n, 5, Q = 0101 = 5, 11- - Q = 1011 = 11(DEC), .. . 2) 16- "" , .. =16. 3) 2 (i+1), i - , . 4) , , Q = Q0Q1Q2Q3 = 1111 = 15, .. , , 1. . , , . , . "-1". 5) , 1 0, 0 1 - . : t.. = n * t.., n- . F. < 1/t... .56. .

t... (6,4,0).

45

, .. Fmax. < 1/(t.. + t) F..

3.3.2 . M = 8. , Di C(+1) ~L = 0, ~R.

i- (i+1)- CRi = Qi*..*Q1*Q0*(CE*PE) "". CE ( ) PE ( ) (CE = PE = 1). J K , - (J = K= 0) (J = K = 1). "i" , CR(i-1) = J = K = 1, .. , 1. CR(i-1) = J = K = 0 Qi . , - , CRi JK t... = t.. + t.."", . Fmax < 1/(t... + t). Fmax. = Fmax..

3.3.3

46

R, CR BR . .

, 2 (Q1 = 1 Q0 = 0). , "-1" - , "+1" . "2 1", --, Q0=0. (~Q0 = 1) . T1 . , T0, Q0 = 1 (~Q0 = 0). , .. t1,0 t = t.. + t.., "+1" "-1" 0. T1 . 1 Q1Q0 = 11 = 3, . , "+1" - , "-1" . , .. ~Q0 = 1 T1. t T0, c ~Q0 T1, , "-1" . 10 01, .. 1. 15336 15337, ~L . .

47

. "+1" "-1" "1 2". , U/~D = (Up/~Down) = 1, C , - . .

3.3.4 n - Mi. . CRi F. - QQ N ?

. CR1 = (D1 + F) \ M1 (1 ). , D < M, CR1 = F2 = F \ M1. , CR2 = F3 = F2 \ M2 = F \ (M1* M2) . CRn = F = F\(M1*M2*...*Mn).

48

1- QQ1 = (D1 + N) mod M1, QQ2 = (D2 + CR1) mod M2, QQn = (Dn + CR(n-1)) mod Mn, CRi .

3.3.5 - . , , . . . D tclk = 1., N, D. N=M-1-D ( M-1 = 11..1). , D+1 , T = tclk * D, .. D - 0 = M - 1 - (M - 1 - D) = D.

3.3.6 6 10 ( - ). Qi BCD . : , .

, R . 1) (

49

, 1). N=1997 . QQ0 = 1997 mod 10 = 7. CR0 =1997 \ 10 = 199 , QQ1 = (199 mod 10) = 9 CR1 = 199 \ 10 = 19. BCD = 0000 0000 0001 1001 1001 0111, 001997. ! , - . BCD : N = QQ(n-1) * 10^(n-1) + ... + QQ1 * 10^1 + QQ0 * 10^0. , N : 1 < = N ). 2) ~R=0 3) C (U/~D=1) (U/~D=0). 4) . 5) HEX .6) , 06 = 00000110 (BIN) .. 1( C B). = GFEDCBA. : A.

51

4. () , . () . 4.1 R-2R , . Uo I = Io * 2n.

" 0" R0 = 2R. " 1" R1 = R + 2R||R0 = 2R. || . , Rn-1 = R + 2R||Rn-2 = 2R , Uo, R = 2R||Rn-1 = R, .. R . Io*2n = Uo/R (1) , n-1 , 2R, Rn-1 2R. n-2 .. "" Io*2i, .. 2i. (), (. .64). , , , 5721,2 11081.

di . i- , - . :

52

1) , 2)R . , - dU , . dU = U / ( = ) ,-, . (*) , : Ioc + (Io * 2i * di) = 0 (Io * 2i * di) = -I. Io (1) : -I = (U/(R * 2n)) * ((di*2i)). , U = I * R. I , R = R : n-1 ___ U \ 2n /__ i=0 D = (2i * di) - . n = 10 U = -10.24, U = (10.24/1024)*D (0, 0.01, 0.02 ... 10.22, 10.23). . U*D (2) 2n U = - ---- > (2i * di) = - ---- ,

-U, +U. .

53

4.2

4.3 - . , - , - . " " , . . , , . 10- 10..00(BIN) = - 512(DEC). 01..11(BIN) = 511. 10- 11..11(BIN) = -1(DEC). 00..01(BIN) = 1(DEC). , U , . .

54

4.4 ( ) . 1 ( ). ( ), ( ), - ( ). ( ) . .

10 (. ). "" R. RG1 , R .

t0 RG1 ."1" ( ). RG1 10..00(BIN) = 2^(n-1) = 512. U(n-1) = U * 2^(n-1) / 2^n = U / 2. , U(n-1) U, . t1 (n-2) RG1 : Qn-1,1,0,0,..,0 : (Qn-1) * 2^(n-1) - , , 2^(n-2) = 0100..0(BIN) = 256 - "". U(n-2) = U(n-1) * Q(n-1) + U *2^(n-2) / 2^n = (Uo / 2) * Q(n-1) + U / 4 . U(n-2) U, (n-2)- .

55

n-. ~RDY, . , . T = tclk*n. tclk = t(i+1)-ti . .

5721 11131(..). D : D = |(U * 2^n)| / Uo, D .

4.5 2^n . U(i), , , U U(i).

56

(0 .. Uo) i- , U(i). i "1", "0". , . /, , . , , 1- (n-1)- , , . "1", 0 X2 , Y1 -> X3 , Y2 -> X0 , Y3 -> X1. 6) 1110 , , . : U = -14

5. ()

. , , .. , , . : () () (). , , (RAM, Random Access Memory), - (ROM, Read Only Memory). (Flash) , (Nonvolatile - NV). , , . . , , , . (SRAM), (DRAM), (RG). : - (ROM), - (PROM OTP), - () (EPROM) c (EEPROM,Flash). (PLM, PML, PLA, PAL, PLD, FPGA ..) . () : , , " ", ( ). (). ( ) 2n (1,4,8,16, 32,64..), 8- , , . . : , . 210 = 1024 = 1K. ( ) ( ) Kb KB.

60

"n" "n"- , . , 511- 1 1111 1111(BIN) = 511(DEC) = 1FF(HEX). 16- . 2 n * m, 2n - , m - , 8K * 8 (/ 53717), .. 8192 . 64K, , / 16K * 4, 64K * 1 ..

5.1 D- . 53710 .

: n- (A0 .. An-1), DIO - , - ~OE, - ~CS - ~WE, - ~WR/RD, , , - . EO, DI, WR - //. j , , k- (DCc), n-k (DCr). 2 n-k 2k, .. , , 2k * 2n-k = 2n.

61

, . .

Z . (j-) i- . i = (r * 2k + c) 2n , r c - . (C)hip (S)elect - ~CS, , , . ~CS = 1 ( ), - . . , L- D- - , . - Q , .. EO / DIOi . ~CS = 0, - ~WE ~OE. ~WE = 0. ~OE , EO, 0, . i - , An-1,An-2,...,A1,A0(BIN) = i(DEC), Yr Yc 1 ij DIOj. ~WE=1, ~OE=0 Yr=Yc=1, ~Q ij DIOi. , 2^n j- j- - DIOj. (). () . j- Rj, -ij .

62

, . . Cash-.

5.2 , D- . , , DRAM , SRAM. . , , . k- k- "1 2", k- . , , , - , , - . . . , : 1) , 2) , 3) ( ), 4) . / 5657 256K*1 (218K) 18- 9- "2 1", - 153316.

512 * 512 = 29 * 29, , 9- . / ~R/C S , , A(0..8) = Y(0..8) . ~RAS. ~R/C = 1 A(9..17), ~CAS. ~WE / . - (SIMM, EDO, SDRAM..)

63

. 10, 256M .

5.3 , , . " ". " " 200 . , . , , , . - (EPROM), (EEPROM). "1". . / EPROM 5732 (2 * 8) . Flash- " " 100 , .

5.4 (PROM,OTP) , . .75 .

"i" Yi = 1, . j- fi. (fi=1), , DOj = 0. (fi=0), DOj=1. j- , / . Yi = mi, mi- A0..An-1. -,

64

2^n-1 i=0

n-1 k=0

~DOi =(fi * mi), mi = (/Ak). /Ak = ~Ak, Ak 0 /Ak = Ak, Ak = 1. (12), n- m m- n- ( ).

5.5 (NVSRAM) - NonVolatile Memory, : . EEPROM , SRAM EEPROM /

5.6 () n-, m- (n>m), . n/m - , , , . , 256K , 8 / 1 = 8 5657, .

- .. , .

5.7 2k "k" , "n" An+k-1, . .An+0, An-1, An-2, ... A1, A0. An+k-1 .. An+0

65

2k , . "k 2 k". , 2K*4, 8 256*4 5411 "3 8", .

j- Rj. A10,A9,A8 , 256- (). () A10..A0 = 11000011010 = 61A. , (A10..A8 = 110 =6) . ~Y6 = 0 ~OE1 , 1 1010 = 1A(HEX) = 26(DEC) A7..A0 26- (). () . 2n- () , () , . .

5.8 (). : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) .

' () ,, . , (, , ) . , .. ,

66

(). , , /, . .1.

( ' ) .2 . .

. ( X) () . .2 x1 . , . , . .3 .

/, . (=1), - , - MUX1 .

67

E, "/" . MUX2, . C F(use)1 F(use)2 "2->1" , MUX. .

5.9 : ) - ram rom? ) ( ) ) ?

: 1) : ~CS, ~OE ~WR, (ram). 2) 2^2 . 3) = 2

68

Y , .

: , . X - . : x0*x2 + x0*x1. Y.

: . . , Yi = ~(~b * ~c * ~d * ~e * ~f * ~g * ~h). Yi , , .

69

. ( )! : ~(b + c + d + e + f + g + h)

6.

6.1 () () : - () - - ; - / n- - n- ; - - - ; - - - . , , U = f(U).

U1/Uoh - , -"1". U1/Uoht - , - "1". U0/Uol - , - "0". U0/Uolt - , - "0". U1/Uih - , - "1". U1/Uiht - , - "1". U0/Uil - , "0". U0/Uilt - , - "0". Ucc . / , .

70

6.2 , .

.

6.3 (,N) - (/). /. / ,

71

, .

N 0 1 j. . m,n - .

6.4 , . ( 1554,1564,1594 .) 1533 (AC, HC,ACT,HCT,FCT ALS). , 25 () - . 164,176 561,564 1561 1554 1564 1594 4000A 4000B 74AC 54/74HC ACT FCT 2..6 +U, 3..15 3..18 2..6 2..6 2..6 +U, 155 74 158 74L 131 74H 555 74LS 531 74S 1533 74ALS 1531 74F BCT 5 5 5 FASTr 5 5 5 5 5 5 4000(74C) 3..15;9

ACQ/ACTQ 2..6 FCTx/FCTxT 2..6

..................................................... , . , 1024, , . / 16, 64 . , - ()

72

. , / (. ). . , - ( 1533 1554."".1993.,.24).

+ : , , +- : , OKR : , +5 HCT, R, : , +10 40109,14504 LTC1045, : 74C901/2,4049/50,14504 LTC1045. .

73

6.5 - (), () , U = (U+ - U-) : U = "1" (U+ > U-) U = "0" (U+