AP European History Unit TestWorld War II and the Early Cold War

DirectionsThe 45 questions below can be answered on this test or by writing your answers on a separate sheet.

Questions 1-2 Relate to the Passage Below"Below us the Thames grew lighter, and all around below were the shadows - the dark shadows of buildings and bridges that formed the base of this dreadful masterpiece. Later on I borrowed a tin hat and went out among the fires. That was exciting too; but the thing I shall always remember above all the other things in my life is the monstrous loveliness of that one single view of London on a holiday night - the city stabbed with great fires, shaken by explosions, its dark regions along the Thames sparkling with the pin points of white-hot bombs, all of it roofed over with a ceiling of pink that held bursting shells, balloons, flares and the grind of vicious engines. And in yourself the excitement and anticipation and wonder in your soul that this could be happening at all. These things all went together to make the most hateful, most beautiful single scene I have ever known."

American War Correspondent, Ernie Pyle, 1941

1. What was the historical context of the excerpt above?a. The Luftwaffe attack on London.b. The firebombing of Dresdenc. The beginning of the British RAF counter-attack against Berlind. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor

2. The Bombing attack featured in the primary source was the result ofa. Operation Barbarossa b. Operation Sea Lion c. Operation Torch d. Operation Downfall

Questions 3-6 Relate to the Passage Below"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone - Greece with its immortal glories - is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place."

Winston Churchill, Sinews of Peace Speech, 1946

3. In the line “from Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended Across Europe" to what is Churchill referring?

a. Soviet Red Army control of Eastern Europe b. Chinese threats to invade the Korean Peninsula c. The division of Berlin into zones of control d. Communist revolutions in Latin America

4. Which of the following Cold War policies was a direct result of the situation described in Churchill's speech?a. The Truman Doctrine pledging aid to countries struggling against oppression.b. The drafting of the United Nations Charter in San Franciscoc. The North Korean Invasion of the South initiating the Korean Ward. The return of Winston Churchill as Prime Minister

5. Which of the following events led directly to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?a. The passage of the 1947 National Security Actb. The inauguration of the Marshall Plan in 1947c. The Berlin Crisis of 1948-1949d. The creation of the Warsaw Pact

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6. Which of these best describes the Marshall Plan?a. The U.S. will aid Europe with humanitarian aid and financial backing for its reconstruction.b. The U.S. will airlift supplies to Berlin despite the closure of that city to civilian traffic.c. The U.S. will aid any nation struggling against oppressors from within or from without.d. The U.S. will send military forces into the Middle East to forestall the spread of communism.

Questions 7-8 Relate to the excerpt below"Göring came down first and strode into his cell, his face pale and frozen, his eyes popping. 'Death!' he said as he dropped on the cot and reached for a book. His hands were trembling in spite of his attempt to be nonchalant. His eyes were moist and he was panting, fighting back an emotional breakdown. He asked me in an unsteady voice to leave him alone for a while. When Goering collected himself enough to talk, he said that he had naturally expected the death penalty, and was glad that he had not gotten a life sentence, because those who are sentenced to life imprisonment never become martyrs. But there wasn't any of the old confident bravado in his voice. Goering seems to realize, at last, that there is nothing funny about death, when you're the one who is going to die."

Dr. G. M. Gilbert, American Psychiatrist7. What is the historical context of the excerpt?

a. The Fall of Berlin and the arrest of Nazi officialsb. The surrender of Nazi officials to American and British forcesc. The Nuremberg Trialsd. A interview with Nazi officials conducted by the American media.

8. Many of the lower rank Nazis who faced “crimes against humanity” charges claimed a. That they would happily commit acts of genocide againb. That they were only following orders.c. That they forced to commit atrocities or face death themselvesd. That they were deeply sorry for what they had done

Questions 9- 10 Relate to the passage below“Comrades! In the Party Central Committee’s report at the 20th Congress and in a number of speeches by delegates to the Congress, as also formerly during Plenary CC/CPSU [Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union] sessions, quite a lot has been said about the cult of the individual and about its harmful consequences. After Stalin’s death, the Central Committee began to implement a policy of explaining concisely and consistently that it is impermissible and foreign to the spirit of Marxism-Leninism to elevate one person, to transform him into a superman possessing supernatural characteristics, akin to those of a god. Such a man supposedly knows everything, sees everything, thinks for everyone, can do anything, is infallible in his behavior. Such a belief about a man, and specifically about Stalin, was cultivated among us for many years. The objective of the present report is not a thorough evaluation of Stalin’s life and activity. Concerning Stalin’s merits, an entirely sufficient number of books, pamphlets and studies had already been written in his lifetime…..At present, we are concerned with a question which has immense importance for the Party now and for the future – with how the cult of the person of Stalin has been gradually growing, the cult which became at a certain specific stage the source of a whole series of exceedingly serious and grave perversions of Party principles, of Party democracy, of revolutionary legality.”

Nikita Khrushchev, Twentieth Congress of the CPSU February 24-25 1956

9. In the source when Khrushchev mentions, grave perversions of Party principles, of Party democracy to what is he likely referring?

a. The process of collectivizing farming during the 1930sb. The idea of “exporting the revolution to Greece and Turkey in the 1940sc. The idea of purges and show trials beginning in the 1930sd. The acceptance of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement in the late 1930s

10. Stalin’s power and “cult of personality” most hinged around which of these?a. The use of the KGB, or state police to rigidly enforces his dictumsb. The creation of the Little Red Book, a compendium of his famous sayings.

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c. The destruction of the Russian Orthodox Churchd. The creation of the Warsaw Pact

Questions 11- 13 Refer to the Image Below

11. The famous image above was related to which of the following eventsa. The building of the Berlin Wall by the Soviet Unionb. The Berlin Airliftc. The surrender of Nazi Germanyd. The Liberation of Paris by Allied forces

12. The events of the above image led directly to which of the following?a. The surrender of German troops at Stalingradb. The creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organizationc. The start of the Korean Ward. The evacuation of children from Auschwitz

13. When the Soviets ordered the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, why did the west react differently?a. The Soviet Union disguised its construction.b. The Soviet Union’s military strength was far too great to threaten a war.c. There were fewer cargo plans in Western Europe than in 1948-49d. The East Germans were not short on supplies.

Questions 14- 17 Relate to the Passage Below"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone - Greece with its immortal glories - is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish

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Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place."

Winston Churchill, Sinews of Peace Speech, 1946

14. In the line “from Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended Across Europe" to what is Churchill referring?

a. Soviet Red Army control of Eastern Europe b. Chinese threats to invade the Korean Peninsula c. The division of Berlin into zones of control d. Communist revolutions in Latin America

15. Which of the following Cold War policies was a direct result of the situation described in Churchill's speech?a. The Truman Doctrine pledging aid to countries struggling against oppression.b. The drafting of the United Nations Charter in San Franciscoc. The North Korean Invasion of the South initiating the Korean Ward. The return of Winston Churchill as Prime Minister

16. Churchill’s line "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent” is likely a direct reference to

a. The creation of the massive aid package known as the Marshall Planb. Stalin’s abrogation of the Yalta and Potsdam Agreementsc. Stalin’s continuation of Hitler’s Final Solutiond. The creation of the Warsaw Pact

17. While Churchill references western support for Greece, what other nation would the U.S. soon by aiding in the same region?

a. Spain b. Turkey c. Italy d. Hungary

Questions 18- 20 Relate to the Image Below

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1950 French Communist Party translation: “No, France will not be a colonized country! Americans stay in America!”

18. The attitude exemplified by the poster was likely LEAST influenced by which of the following?a. Soviet influence over western European communists b. The Marshall Planc. The creation of NATO d. The creation of the UN

19. The creators of the above poster also likely opposed which of the followinga. Greater involvement of women in politics and educationb. The expansion of welfare programsc. The French desire to control Algeria after the ward. The expansion of Soviet influence in Easter Europe

20. The political sentiment expressed in the poster would have had the greatest influence on which of the following:a. The collapse of the Soviet Unionb. The development of the European Unionc. The increase in the number of “guest workers” in Europed. The student rebellions of 1968

Questions 21-24 Relate to the Map Below

21. Which of the following best describes the military objective of Operation Torch during World War II?a. The Allies needed to secure vast oil resources in Moroccob. The Allies hoped to use North Africa as a Southern and Western base against German Atlantic U-Boatsc. The Allies planned to use North Africa as a staging area for the invasion of Sicily and Italy.d. The Allies planned to directly attack Vichy French forces in Marseilles and Toulon.

22. An unstated objective likely postulated by Winston Churchill would likely have involved

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a. The availability of oil resources b. Britain’s line of communication to Indiac. Vichy French control of Senegal d. The fears over spreading terrorism

Question 23 –24 Relate to the Passage Below“What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, “This was their finest hour.”

Winston Churchill, House of Commons speech, June 18, 1940

23. What factor best explains the sudden collapse of French forces in the summer of 1940?a. The Nazi Army was vastly superior in every way to the French military.b. The French had been too willing to rely upon static lines of defensec. The French had no air force and, as a result, had no air superiorityd. The French army immediately evacuated to North Africa

24. Based upon your knowledge of the period what branch of the British military gave that nation “Its finest hour?”a. The Royal Navy b. The Royal Air Force c. The British Army d. The Coast Guard

Questions 25- 27 Relate to the following source"Stalin then brought up the question of reparations in kind and in manpower, but said he was not ready to discuss the manpower question. The latter, of course, referred to forced labour. Since the Russians were using many thousands of prisoners in what was reported to be virtual slave camps, they had little to gain by discussing the matter. Stalin then had Deputy Foreign Commissar Maisky elaborate on the Russian view of the reparations question.The proposal in brief was: Reparations in kind should include factories, plants, communication equipment, investments abroad, etc., and should be made over a period of ten years, at the end of which time all reparations would have been paid. The total value of the reparations in kind asked by the Soviet was 10 billion dollars, to be spread over the ten-year period. The German heavy industries should be cut down and 80 per cent. removed in a period of two years after the surrender.

Allied control should be established over German industry, and all German industry that could be used in the production of war material should be under international control for a long period.Churchill objected to the 10 billion-dollar figure, and he and Roosevelt agreed that a reparations committee should be appointed to study the issue. Roosevelt made it clear that the United States would not make the financial mistakes that followed World War I. He added that America would not want any manpower, any factories, or any machinery. It might want to seize German property in the United States, which at that time was estimated not to exceed 200 million dollars. Reparations presented a very complicated problem, and the appointment of a special commission seemed to be the only possible way to arrive at any kind of recommendation that could be accepted."

William Leahy, chief of staff to the commander in chief of the United States, wrote about Yalta in his autobiography, I Was There (1950)

25. Following the Second World War, Germany wasa. divided into two zones of occupation: east and west.b. separated into twenty small security districts policed by the United Nations.

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c. divided into four zones of occupation under U.S., British, French, and Russian administration.d. dismembered and replaced by three new smaller states determined by the ethnicity of their inhabitants.

26. Based upon the excerpt, in what form did the Soviets demand "reparations?"a. Reparations should be made in the form of a onetime cash payment of $10 billion.b. Reparations should be made in material seized from the Germansc. Reparations should be paid to the international Monetary fund in a Soviet accountd. Reparations were not demanded as this had been a leading cause of WWI

27. What was the eventually the manner in which the Soviets settled the reparation issue?a. The Red Army occupied Eastern Europe.b. They submitted the question to UN arbitrationc. Once East Germany was established as a communist state they paid the reparationsd. The US paid the reparations on behalf of Germany

Questions 28-30 Relate to the Passage below" It was customary for the speakers at such ceremonies to exchange the texts of their speeches beforehand, so, the day before the main ceremony we sent the text of my speech to Brezhnev as well as to all the other leaders. In the speech, I cited the basic tenets of my proposed reform program. I used cautious formulations and employed the habitual jargon, but the ideas were undiluted. It was important to me that they would be articulated in Brezhnev's presence, which would make them automatically more acceptable to my opponents in the Presidium.Instead of talking about five-year plans and other perennial themes, Walter Ulbricht opened the conference by saying that at issue was the situation in Czechoslovakia. I got so angry at the knavish way Brezhnev had fooled me that I was tempted to walk out, but I forced myself to calm down and wait.After Ulbricht's [East Germany] opening sermon, Brezhnev spoke, succeeded by Wladyslaw Gomulka, [Poland] Janos Kadar [Hungary], and Todor Zhivkov, the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Each had a thick file of clippings from the Czech and Slovak press, which he occasionally culled for a suitable quotation to illustrate his exasperation. With varying intensity, they attacked us for "losing control" over our situation and permitting a diversity of opinion that, in their view, bordered on "counterrevolution." Mixed in were the usual references to "outside threats to the socialist camp."I noted with regret that the harshest criticism came from Gomulka, with Ulbricht only a little less arrogant. Brezhnev put on the face of the worried parent, but he was as stinging as Gomulka or Ulbricht in what he actually said.I noticed that Brezhnev was flanked not only by senior members of his Politburo but also by several marshals and generals of the Soviet Army. This was quite unusual at a conference that was not a formal Warsaw Pact meeting, and I realized they were instruments of none too subtle intimidation."

Alexander Dubcek, Hope Dies Last (1992)

28. What is the historical context of the document?a. The establishment of the Democratic Republic of Germany in 1949b. The aftermath of the "Prague Spring" in 1968c. The aftermath of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956d. The celebration of Leonid Brezhnev's rise to the Chairmanship.

29. Why might it be surprising that Gomulka's criticism was the harshest?a. Poland had been the first to fall under Soviet domination.b. Gomulka had attempted a liberalization movement.c. Gomulka had been highly critical of Brezhnev's policies.d. Poland had taken the lead in forming the Warsaw Pact

30. The decision to intervene in Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union was known as a. The Great Purge b. The Brezhnev Doctrinec. The Prague Spring d. The Defenestration of Prague

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Question 31 – 32 Relate to the Poster Below

31. The image above most likely relates to which of the following?a. The Creation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization b. The Creation of the United Nationsc. The Creation of Atlantic Charter d. The Creation of the Marshall Plan

32. What was the Soviet reaction to the above organization?a. The Soviets invaded Hungary and Czechoslovakiab. The Soviets formed the Warsaw Pactc. The Soviets agreed being part of the Security Councild. The Soviets announced the “perestroika” policy

Questions 33 – 36 Relate to the Passage Below“A union such as I am suggesting is already coming into effect in the Benelux countries. The Scandinavian countries, as well as France and Italy, are contemplating similar measures. I therefore believe that these countries will welcome the union between France and Germany that I am proposing. They will surely be prepared to join such

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a union. If Great Britain really sees herself as a European power, she could occupy the place inside the framework of the United Nations of Europe that corresponds to her position and strength.The union I am proposing would also provide an incentive to the Marshall Plan. France and Germany would be the first countries to reach the goals envisaged by the fathers of the Marshall Plan and would smooth a path for the other participants. In this way the American people would see some real returns for the billions of dollars they have given to Europe, because there would be a genuine and significant contribution from within to the reconstruction and unification of Europe.”

Konrad Adenauer was interviewed by Joseph Kingsbury-Smith (21st March, 1950)

33. Adenauer suggestions would eventually lead to the creation ofa. The Council on Foreign Relations b. The Council of Economic Cooperationc. The European Union d. The International Monetary Fund

34. Before Adenauer’s plan could see its fruition, which obstacle would have to be overcome?a. The lack of a common currency. b. The economic support of Britainc. The end of fascism and Nazism d. The unification of Germany

35. Based upon the passage, what country seems to present the greatest resistance to Adenauer’s plan?a. Britain b. The United States c. The Soviet Union d. Italy

36. Adenauer represented a political movement in post war Europe that could be best be characterized as a. Liberal parties similar to the U.S. Democratic Partyb. Socialist like the British Labour Partyc. Marxist-Leninist like the old Russian Mensheviksd. Conservative Christian Democrats and Center Parties

Questions 36-39“The 1945 Labour manifesto was in fact a very left-wing document. That is clearer now than it was then. Straight after the war much of the talk of planning and state control echoed wartime rhetoric, and so its full implications were not grasped. In fact, it was a root and branch assault on business, capitalism and the market... The state was regarded as uniquely competent to judge where resources should and should not be employed in the national interest. It was not solely or even primarily on social grounds that nationalization, controls and planning were advanced, but on economic grounds. Harmful monopolies were seen as occurring only in the private sector... Most radical of all, perhaps, was the Labour Party's attitude to land, where it was made clear that compulsory purchase by local authorities was only the beginning of a wider programme.”

Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, 1979-1990

36. What aspect of the Labour Manifesto seemed to be most troubling to Thatcher?a. The state judging the allocation of resources b. Labour’s attitude toward private propertyc. The creation of monopolies d. State planning

37. IN 1945 who became the Labour Prime Minister unseating Winston Churchill?a. Clement Atlee b. Ramsey MacDonald c. John Major d. Tony Blair

38. By the 1950s the Labour Party saw a decline in its support due mostly toa. Their support for many social programsb. Their support for the Commonwealthc. Their calls to continue slashing the military budgetd. Their support for organized labor

39. According to Thatcher, what facilitated the rise of the Labour Party?a. the need for state planning of the economy during the warb. the restlessness of Britain’s youthc. Soviet propaganda

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d. the growth of monopolies

Questions 40 – 42 Relate to the Map Below

40. Which World War II offensive is illustrated on the above map?a. The Normandy Offensive 1944 b. The Battle of France 1940b. Operation Barbarossa 1941 d. The Battle of the Ardennes 1945

41. Which statement best describes the short term result of this battle?a. The Soviet Red Army invaded Poland expelling the Nazisb. The Nazi forces collapsed after initially having the momentum c. Nazi forces were expelled from France and Paris was liberated.d. The Allies liberated Belgium

42. Which statement best describes the long term result of this battle?a. The Nazi western front completely collapsed the Allies invaded German territory.b. Mussolini was executed and Italy made a separate peace.c. The Soviets established control over Eastern Europed. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed

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Question 43-45 Relate to the Passage Below“Shortly after my release (from detention as an enemy alien) I was asked to help Professor Peierls in Birmingham, on some war work. When I learned the purpose of the work I decided to inform Russia and I established contact through another member of the Communist Party. Since that time I have had continuous contact with the persons who were completely unknown to me, except that I knew they would hand whatever information I gave them to the Russian authorities. At that time, I had complete confidence in Russian policy and I believed that the Western Allies deliberately allowed Russia and Germany to fight each other to the death. I had therefore, no hesitation in giving all the information I had, even though occasionally I tried to concentrate mainly on giving information about the results of my own work. There is nobody I know by name who is concerned with collecting information for the Russian authorities. There are people whom I know by sight whom I trusted with my life.”

Klaus Fuchs confession to William Skardon (27th January, 1950)

43. To what crime was Klaus Fuchs confessing?a. Sharing atomic research with the Soviet Union b. Sharing the British Navy’s code with Germanyc. Stealing classified information from the Pentagon d. Attempting to assassinate Winston Churchill

44. In the U.S. allegations similar to those in Britain were aimed ata. Joseph McCarthy b. Julius Rosenberg c. Edward Teller d. Robert Oppenheimer

45. What evidence reveals the success of Soviet spy efforts during the early Cold Wara. The Soviet Navy launched its first submarineb. The Soviets detonated their first atomic bombc. The Soviets launched the first manned space craftd. The Soviets developed the earliest jet fighter plane

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