Kompostiranje ppt

8/21/2019 Kompostiranje ppt

1/51

Composts What is compost and why use it? What organisms are involved in the composting

process? What chemical changes occur during composting?

What are the optimal conditions for composting Temperature Moisture Oxygen

Does composting kill harmful pathogens (plant

and human) nematodes and weed seeds? !afety regulations

"ompost production systems !mall scale "ommercial


2/51

What is compost – why

use it?Composting is thedecomposition of plantremains and other once-living materials to make anearthy, dark, crumblysubstance that is excellentfor adding to houseplants orenriching garden soil.

#compost improves soil structure, texture, aeration - increases

the soil's water-holding capacity.

#Compost loosens clay soils and helps sandy soils retain water.

#improves soil fertility and stimulates healthy root development

#Organic matter provides food for microorganisms - nitrogen,

potassium, and phosphorus mineralized


3/51

The Science of

Composting "omposting is the natural process in which livingorganisms decompose organic matter intoinorganic matter in the soil$

The organisms feed on the organic material andthrough respiration generate the energy that theyuse for movement growth reproduction orstored energy$

The organism excrete inorganic material that

enriches the soil$

When the organisms die their %odies add to theorganic matter in the compost pile$


4/51

Fresh Organic

Materials Oxygen+

CarbonDioxide

Compost Energy+ +

Microbes,

Moisture,

and Time

Slide credit: Tom Richard, Penn StateUniversity


5/51

#oo little !"

#there will be fewmicroorganisms,

and decompositionwill be slow.

#oo much !"

#some will turn toammonia that will

volatilize, creatingan odor.

Organisms use carbon as a source ofenergy and nitrogen to grow andreproduce.


6/51

Experimental test - effect of C:N ratio on nitrogenretention in compost

Initial C:N ratio

Finalnitrogen

%

Nitrogenconservation

%

1 20 1.44 61.2

2 20.5 1.04 51.9

3 22 1.63 85.24 30 1.21 99.5

5 35 1.32 99.9


7/51

Factors aecting thecompost process

!#. $oisture level also critical

C"!ratio

%eration

&ize and

texture


8/51

$oisture level is also critical

#Optimum moisture content(-)(*

#+eels moist to touch, butwhen sueezed onlyproduces few drops


9/51

Ideal conditions for

compostingParameter OK IdealMoisture 40-65% 45-60%

C:N ratio 20-40:1 25-35:1Oxye! "5% "10%

#em$erature 43-66 C 54-60 C

ul& de!sity 1000 l's(yd 1000 l's(yd

$) 5*5-+*0 6*5-,*0


10/51

The Science of

Composting

"omposting goes through three distinct phases that can%e characteri&ed %y temperatures$

# $esophilic hase (moderate temperature)

# hermophilc hase (high temerpature)

# $esophilic hase (moderate temperature again)


11/51

The Science of

Composting $esophilic hase /(-( ( C0

# 'asts only a few days# xplosive growth of %acteria and fungi# apid %reakdown of solu%le sugar and starches

hermophilic hase /1( ( C0# "an last from several days to several months depending on si&e of

system# Mixed population of heat loving organisms# *igh heat helps %reakdown of proteins fats +tough, plant material

like cellulose# *igh temperature (-.. /") kill weeds and pathogen harmful to

humans# *igher temperature (-0//") kill organism needed for decomposition

$esophilic hase 2 /(-( ( C0 3Curing hase4# "an last several months# 1acteria fungi actinomycetes( mix %etween %acteria and fungus

give +earthy, smell) predominate$ 2nverte%rates active$# !upply of organic material has decreased$ emaining organic

material is slowly %roken down$# 3dditional chemical reactions take place to make remaining organic

material more sta%le


12/51

The Science of Composting:Chemistry 2mportant factors in compost chemistry

"ar%on45itrogen Mix ("65 atio) "ar%on provides energy source and %uilding material

for ./7 of composting organisms8 cells 5itrogen important in formation of proteins nucleic

acids amino acids en&ymes etc$ for organisms

9/:; "ar%on to 5itrogen optimum mix (decreases incuring phase)

1rown and woody⇒ car%on


13/51

The Science of Composting:Chemistry2mportant factors in compost chemistry

Oxygen 5eeded to oxidi&e car%on for energy

Without oxygen will produce rotten egg smell p* 'evel

3cids form as organisms digest organic material andlowers p*

'ower p* encourages fungi and the %reak down of +tough, matter

2f p* too low (=>$.) limits microorganisms8 activity


14/51

Changes in Ammonium!

distillation method" fresh sample


15/51

Changes in Car#on to!itrogen $atio

a! .ulli/a! a!d i!da reer


16/51

Com$osti! time days

0 20 40 60 ,0 100 120 140

C 4 C

2 5 m o

l & - 1 5 o m $ o

s t - C 3

0

100

200

300

400

500

Changes in cation e%change

capacity &ashfree" p' ()

67

P7


17/51

#em$erature

atty aids

N)3

emitted

$)

days


18/51

Compost chemistry p'


19/51

The Science of Composting:*hysics

2mportant factors for compost physics:

Temperature 9 hases

Want to maintain temperature %etween ..40//" Temperature impacted

*eat generated %y organism

*eat lost to environment through conduction convection

and radiation ⇒ shape and si&e of pile Moisture content (specific heat and heat capacity of

water)


20/51

The Science of Composting:*hysics

2mportant factors for compost physics:

article si&e Microorganism activity occurs on surface of

organic material The more surface area for organisms to attack

the @uicker the decomposition ⇒ want smallerparticles

Alip4side: The smaller the particles the moredense and compact the material resulting in pooroxygen circulation


21/51

The main players;$ 1acteria:

maBor decomposers %reakdownsimpler forms of organic material

C$ 3ctinomycetes:degrade complex organics such ascellulose lignin chitin and proteins earthy, smell long +spider we%s,filaments

9$ Aungi:1reak down tough de%ris too dry tooacidic or too low in nitrogen for%acteria to eat


22/51

What do micro#es incompost do? Consume organic matter to grow

&tabilize organic matter %erobic oxidation produces CO2

%naerobic produces reduced compoundsorganic acids, alcohols

$ineralize nutrients Organic to inorganic forms /protein to !50

ransform nutrients !itrification 6 p5 and temperature sensitive

!O7" invertebrates not important in high temperaturecomposting, only in cold


23/51

Compost Quality

Compost Maturity and Nitrogen ReleaseCharacteristics in Central Coast Vegetable

Production July 2002

CA Integrated Waste Management oard

Marc uchanan! Ph"


24/51

Compost +aturity


25/51

Compost +aturity


26/51

Compost ,uality +easures

C:N 'elo 25


27/51

COMPOST QUALITY INDEX for Commercial Productsased o! 13 mo!t8ly sam$les 9or ree! aste 11 9or 'le!d a!d

1 $oultry ma!ure om$ost*


28/51


29/51

0

00

!00

"00

#00

0 $0 00 $0 !00 !$0

I % o r & a % i c N '

e l e a s

e d ( l ) N * a c r e +

Da,s After I%cor-oratio%

C.ec/

ree% 1M23

4le%d 1M253

Poultr,

I%or&a%ic N release 6 S-ri%& a%d summer !000


30/51

2!0

20

0

0

!0

"0

#0

$0

70

;IM MM MM M M M ;M ;IM ;IM MM M M ;M

8 N

i t r o & e % ' e l e a s e d

Com-ost Maturit,

4le%d ree%


31/51


32/51

Growing Issue *ow effective is composting at killing

pathogens? Weeds plant disease organisms

*uman pathogensEEEE


33/51

-.S.A. Composting $egulations

Biosolids, Class A compost (U.S. EPA 40 CFR Part 503)

Timetemperat!re relatio"s#ip (PFRP) Static aerated pile, 3 da$s % 55 C T!r"ed &i"dro&, '5 da$s % 55 C, t!r"ed at least 5 times

ector Attractio" Red!ctio" '4 da$s, 40 C mi"im!m, 45 C aera*e temperat!re

Pat#o*e" testi"* criteria Fecal Coli+orms '000 -P/* TS or Salmo"ella 3 -P/4* TS

USA atio"al 1r*a"ic Pro*ram 205.03 (c) Time temperat!re 55 C 0 C (CFR Part 503)

T!r"ed &i"dro& '5 da$s &it# at least 5 t!r"s 6"essel or static aerated s$stem 55 C 0 C +or 3 da$s

C7 ratio 57' 407' (RCS code 3' composti"* +acilit$)


34/51

o!e $ro$erly it or&s 'ut a!

less i!te!si/e reimes or& too<

" 55 C

8hy turn windrows at least 9 times in 9 days:

revent regrowth of &almonella !on-uniform heating urn cooler material into insulated center


35/51

!/S0 Compost Tas1 Force

"omposting regulations too prescriptive

Manage compost to reach .. " for 9 days

Fermicompost 3ero%icity maintained %y adding thin layers every ;49 days

G/4H/7 moisture ;C months for outdoor windrows > months for wedge systems

or indoor containers C months for vertical flow reactors

rocessed manure *eat to 0. " for ; hour

Dry to = ;C7 moisture

5egative for !almonella and fecal coliforms


36/51

Animal pathogendestruction Meet current time4temperature standards

Will not eliminate all weed seeds or all plant pathogens

3ttain sanitation target for particular end4use

@uality assurance testing Ise technology that is financially attaina%le

"omposting process

"ontain and treat leachate xclude vectors 3void pathogen regrowth conditions 3void recontamination of product


37/51

Compost production

systems !mall scale

Compost pilesneed to be at

least one cubicto hold theheat fromdecomposition


38/51

Passi/e om$osti!


39/51

Commercial composting 'arge scale

assive aeration with turning or activelyaerated systems


40/51

eedsto& o!ditio!i! - ri!di!


41/51

+oisture management most important

factor to sta#ili2e #iological and


42/51

Proessi! = tur!ed i!dros


43/51

*/a!ierselom$ost*om(* **($rodutie*8tm

Com$ost 'la!&ets to moderate moisture


44/51

Composting windrow

CO2

O2Cool

Hot

Graphic credit: Tom Richard, Penn StateUniversity

urning helpsaeration andto movematerial from

edge into hotcenter region


45/51

Composting – Staticforced air

Cool

Hot

CO2

O2

Graphic credit: Tom Richard, Penn StateUniversity

#%ir forces heatoutwards

#&ome systemscan switchdirection to keepbase core athigh enoughtemperature

#%lso helpscontrol odor


46/51

Proessi! - 9ored aeratio!


47/51

)ot ammo!ia &ills>>>


48/51

Co!tai! treat lea8ate

Com$ost 'la!&ets = 'eare mo/i! 9rom 9res8 to uri!


49/51

*/a!ierselom$ost*om(* **($rodutie*8tm

Com$ost 'la!&ets 'eare mo/i! 9rom 9res8 to uri!

C t it8 40 50% i t


50/51

Cure om$ost it8 40-50% moisture

to $romote om$etiti/e miroora!isms a!d

a/oid salmo!ella rerot8


51/51

CASFS Farm compostpiles 3445

Documents

Kompostiranje ppt