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Knowledge Representation
Representational adequacy declarative, procedural
Inferential adequacy manipulate knowledge incorporate new knowledge
Types of Knowledge
Simple factsComplex organized knowledgeprocedure - how to knowledgemeta-knowledge
Semantic Data ModelsHigh level model of model of
conceptual modelNot tied to implementation concernsFocus on
expressiveness simplicity concise formality
Semantic Nets
Nodes represent ObjectsLinks or Arcs represent Relationships
“instance of” - set membership “is a” - inheritance “ has a” - attribute descriptors “part of” - aggregation
Semantic NetsAdvantages Disadvantages
Flexibleeasy to understandsupport inheritance“natural” way to
represent knowledge
Hard to deal with exceptions
procedural knowledge difficult to represent
no standards for defining nodes or relationships
Classes, Objects, Attributes, Values - Object Orientation
Classes describe common properties of objects
Objects may be physical or conceptual
Attributes are characteristics of objects
Values are specific measures of Attributes for specific instances
Classes
Specify common properties of instancessupport hierarchical classificationsuperclass / subclass
subclass may be more refined version each subclass inherits operations and
attributes of its ancestors subclass may have its own operations and
attributes
Objects or Instances
Refers to things identified in model of conceptual model may be tangible (equipment, part,
orders, squashed bananas) may be mental constructs
Inheritance
Sharing attributes and behaviors within a class of objects
Person
customer
Employee
SalesPerson Manager
Sale Manager
Encapsulation
Attributes and behaviors (methods) integrated with the classes and objects
Attributes:size, location, appearance
Polymorphism
Each object responds in its unique way to messagesWhen changed method
When needed method
Object-Orientation
Tool for managing complexityemphasis on object structurespecify “what is”mapped directly from semantic net
Rule Representations
Rules are called productionsRule have two parts
condition part, premise -> IF action part ,conclusion-> THEN
The action can add a fact to the knowledge base, start a procedure or display a screen
Rules represent knowledge
Apply O-A-V framework (object-attribute-value)
IF air vehicle is a plane AND plane maximum altitude is 40000 AND plane manufacturer is Boeing THEN ASK Flight Display 15
Representing knowledge
Abstracting with rules translate quantitative to qualitative define technical terms support generalized reasoning
make rules for user easy to understand help user follow decision logic
Rule for understanding
Quantitative to Qualitative qualitative language is easier to
understand interpretation of numerical data make user feel comfortable with decision
logicIf temperature > 200 and humidity is
85% then machine is slightly overheated
Definitional Rules
Help communicate and train usersHelp user understand vocabulary Promotes common agreement on
terms for expert, user and knowledge engineer
IF you want more than one source file of classes THEN use package keyword
Rules support Generalizations
Allow reasoning with from specialization to generalizations
Support classification of objects at higher levels
Support refinements
If pump operation temperature is over 300AND water mixture pH > 5.2THEN replace pump bearing and oil
Surface KnowledgeSurface Knowledge
•Hard to understand•Difficult to learn reasoning strategies•hard to update and expand knowledge base
Hierarchical Classification
Feature abstractions Solution abstractions
Features Recommendations
generalize
Heuristic Match
refine
Abstraction draws out important aspects
Deep knowledge
Hot Pump Low Temp
Poor Oil Viscosity
Lubrication defect
causescauses
Is a
water mixture pH > 5.2temperature is over 300
Reasoning at higher level
Lubrication defectrequires
Maintenance
Fix heatdamage
Replace bearingand oil
Type of
Remedy
Modular style - easy to add, update and delete
natural for many problem domains
uncertain knowledge may be represented
May be difficult to understand
may demonstrate unpredictable behavior
extra effort required to representing structural knowledge
Rules Advantages Disadvantages
Programming by descriptiondescribe the problem’s factsbuilt in inference engine combines
and uses facts and rules to make inferences
Predicate Logic
Prolog Programming
Declaring facts about objects and their relationships -> likes (john,mary)
Defining rules about objects and relationships
Asking Questions about objects
sister-of(X,Y) :- female(X), parents(X,M,F), parent(Y,M,F)
Frames
Similar to objectshelps organize entitiespackages operations (demons)easy to modifyextensible through inheritance
Frame - natural representation
Can accommodate a taxonomy of knowledge
contains defaults expectationsrepresent procedural and declarative
knowledge