KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

1. Knowledge Hierarchy2. Categories of Knowledge3. Types of Knowledge4. Steps of Knowledge

Process5. KM Definition6. History of KM7. Purpose of KM8. Success Factors of KM9. IDeA’s Case

Data

Information

Knowledge

Wisdom

Important Notions The Knowledge Hierarchy

Data is a fact that alone is not significant, as it doesn’t relate to other data.

Information is data that is related and is therefore in context.

Knowledge is the application of information.

Wisdom is complete understanding of the effects and outcomes of knowledge.

Important NotionsWhat is

answered? How is it used?

Data What?Simple glossary,

lists, codes

Information

What?+

Who,when and where?

Simple Processes and Procedures

Knowledge

Who, what, when, where?

+ How and why?

Policies

Wisdom Who, what,

when, where, how and why?

Policies, Processes, and

Procedures

Important NotionsCategories of Knowledge

Explicit Knowledge is easy to articulate, communicate and store.

Its content is codified. It is located in “tools” like computers. It can be communicated through information technology and other archives.

Tacit Knowledge is difficult to articulate, communicate and store.

It is non-codified. It is located exclusively in the human mind. It is based on their experience. It involves such intangible factors as personal belief, perspective and values. It will form the invisible part of organizational knowledge. It includes organizational culture, experience, feelings, confidence,

relationship.

Japan Model of Knowledge

Types of Knowledge

Externalized Knowledge; Knowledge is complex and initially tacit. But, it can be externalized and embedded in a company's products and

processes. One of the aspects of tacit knowledge is the cognitive dimension that

comprises beliefs, ideals, values, and mental models. This cognitive component should be extracted to retain context and fullness of

the captured explicit knowledge.

Multilocational Knowledge; Knowledge might be in the organization and outside of it. KM includes activities relating to the integration of this knowledge from

different sources in different forms and maintaining it.

Migratory Knowledge; Migratory knowledge is knowledge that is independent of its owner or creator. The ability to transfer knowledge from one person or organization to another

without losing its context and meaning is an important point.

Fundamental Steps in the Knowledge and Learning Process;

Knowledge Acquisition is the process of developpment and creation of insight, skills and relationships.

Knowledge Sharing comprises disseminating and making available what is already known.

Knowledge Utilization appears when learning is integrated into the organization. All knowledge which is present in the company can be applied, at least in part, to new situations.

What is Knowledge Management?

An informal survey identified over 100 published definitions of knowledge management, and of these, at least 72 could be considered very good.

Clearly, KM is a multidisciplinary field of study that covers a lot of ground.

Applying knowledge to work is integral to most business activities.

What is Knowledge Management? Knowledge management is the name of a concept

in which a company gathers, organizes, shares, and analyzes its knowledge in terms of resources,

documents, and people skills.

It involves data mining and some methods of operation to push information to users.

A knowledge management plan involves a survey of corporate goals and a close examination of the tools, required for addressing the needs of the company.

Historical Approach

The industrial era in the 1800s; Evolution of transportation technologies in

1850; Evolution of communications in 1900; Computerization beginning in the 1950s; Virtualization in the early 1980s.

Main apparition of the notion of knowledge management with evolution of computerization.

History and Development of KM Pioneers

Peter Drucker in the 1970s; Karl-Erik Sveiby in the late 1980s; Nonaka and Takeuchi in the 1990s;

Economic, social and technological changes were transforming the way that companies worked.

Globalisation emerged; New opportunities; Competition increased.

By the early 1990s, knowledge management was accepted as “the” new business practice.

It began to appear in more and more business journals and in academic world.

By the mid-1990s, managing knowledge became a mainstream business objective for all companies.

Main Purpose of KM

To share perspectives, ideas, experience and information;

To ensure that these are available in the right place at the right time;

To improve efficiency by reducing the need to rediscover knowledge.

Purpose in Business

Delivering and making transparent customer value; Using information and knowledge to identify and

react to customer needs.

Producing innovative products and services;Promoting innovation in the product development process, analyzing trends in the market and

adjusting development processes.

Increasing organizational effectiveness;Improving the responsiveness of the business

through organizational learning, faster planning and decision making.

Success’ Factors of KMThe Four Pillars of Bixler

Leadership: A strong leader can ensure that knowledge management issues are well understood, the KM project is well-designed and implemented, and that it is used as originally intended.

Organization: To be successful, the framework and strategy of a knowledge management initiative must be aligned with an organization’s

operational processes.

Technology: Technology provides the infrastructure that supports knowledge management initiatives within the enterprise. The lack of the

appropriate tools, technology, and infrastructure can lead to failure the most well planned KM initiative.

Learning: Learning can be described as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or instruction. Organizational learning can

be achieved by increasing internal communications, creating learning communities, etc.

KM Technologies The internet and web technology;

It makes knowledge sharing, exchange and transformation possible with a quick, high-efficiency and low-cost method in all over the world.

Database technology and datawarehouse;Information and knowledge must be saved on a database. Because of the many types of knowledge in stored format, a comprehensive data warehouse platform is important.

Multimedia technology;It offers overall solutions for knowledge conversion, transfer and exchange (books, videos, audio recording, electronic documents..).

Communication technology;With the development of communication technology, it has became easier to acquire knowledge. It also enhances the capability of knowledge transfer and exchange.

Software technology;From knowledge desktop to knowledge services, all stages are implemented by software technology.

IDeA’s Case IDeA is an improvement and development agency in England. It works for government. Its goal is to improve people’s lives and to meet the changing

needs of citizens. It uses tools and particularly knowledge management.

Knowledge banks: online services and resources which hold information, learning and support.

Knowledge network: a group of people who share a common interest working together in a specific area of knowledge.

Knowledge café: a group of people have an open, creative conversation in an informal environment on a topic of a mutual interest.