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Knowledge Creation Tools for the Semantic Web

SRI International and USC/ISI

David Martin (SRI) and Jerry R. Hobbs (ISI)

November 2004

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Knowledge Creation Tools Overall Program Summary

• What is the basic problem you are trying to solve?

– Well-founded tools for characterizing the content and capabilities of SW resources

• What was the technical solution strategy?

– Community-wide ontologies– User-centric tools for construction of and

access to SW resources

• What were the basic elements of the research and program approach?

– Ontologies of services, time, space, security

– OWL-S Editor and NL front-end– Axiomatic semantics of DAML+OIL

& OWL

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Jerry R. Hobbs

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Jerry R. Hobbs

OWL-SDelivery

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Knowledge Creation ToolsTechnical Problem and Approach

• Semantic Web Services via OWL-S

• Ontologies of Time and Space

• Ontology of Security

• Axiomatic Semantics for DAML+OIL and OWL

• Tools– Protégé front-end and OWL-S Editor– Natural Language QA System: QUARK / GeoLogic

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SW Services Ontology Development (Problem)

Challenge: Make the Semantic Web a place that supports activities andtransactions, in addition to knowledge

Objectives:• Enable fuller automation of service use by software agents

• Ideal: full-fledged use of services never before encountered:• Discovery, selection, composition, invocation, monitoring, decomposition

• Useful in the “real world”– Compatible with industry standards– Incremental exploitation

• Enable reasoning/planning about services• e.g., On-the-fly composition

• Integrated use with information resources• Ease of use; powerful tools

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SW Services Ontology Development (Approach)

• OWL-S: An OWL ontology supporting rich, unambiguous characterizations of services, with 3 interrelated sub-ontologies:

– Profile: specifies service advertisements & requests– Process model: specifies control flow, data flow, interactions associated with

an activity– Grounding: specifies details of communications (using WSDL)

• OWL-S supports reasoning about services / processes– Subsumption-based reasoning– Planning techniques – Has spawned much interesting work on service discovery, selection,

composition, enactment, knowledge-based service engineering, etc.• SWSL: superset of OWL-S concepts, drawing on more expressive KR

formalisms (logic programming, FOL)

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Time and Space

• Goal: Marking up temporal and spatial aspects of web resources and support reasoning about temporal and spatial content and capabilities of web sites

• Contributions: – OWL-Time: ontology of topological temporal properties, measures of

duration, clock and calendar, temporal aggregates, event durations from event descriptions

• Entry time ontology for quick and simple applications• Incorporation into OWL-S• On W3C Ontologies web site• Review article rated OWL-Time the best time ontology

– Ontology of regions, bounding boxes, latitude/longitude, distance for QUARK/GeoLogica

– Preliminary work on OWL-Space, including requirements, topological properties

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Security

• Goal: Marking up security aspects (e.g., access control restrictions, data integrity, policies etc.) of web resources and support reasoning about mark-up for purpose of matching, enforcement, etc.

• Contributions: – Ontologies: security mechanisms, credentials, privacy– Security extensions for web services and agents– Policies: authorization and privacy policies for services– Reasoning: Matching algorithm for security mark-up– Implementation/Demos:

• Design, annotation, and implementation of security services (en/decryption, signature services)

• Web service application for matching privacy policies • Web service application for generating OWL credentials used in

enforcing authorization policies

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Axiomatic Semantics

• Specware/SNARK used to validate axioms for DAML+OIL.

• Three inconsistencies, numerous missing axioms, redundant axioms, simplifications discovered.

• Axioms for OWL formulated in Specware language.• Consistency and intended consequences checked

by SNARK.

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Tools: Protégé Front-ends

• DAML+OIL plugin and OWL-S editor for Protégé• OWL-S Editor

– Easy, intuitive development environment for creation and editing of OWL-S services for users that are not experts in OWL-S

– Graphical tool tailored towards the needs of SWS designers– Plugin to Stanford Medical Informatics’ Protégé/OWL editor– Open source software: http://owlseditor.semwebcentral.org– Main Features:

• Visual drag and drop composite process editor• Graphical overview of relationship between service instances• WSDL Import• IOPR Manager• Data flow editing (future)

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Tools: QUARK/GeoLogica

• Application: question answering from English text.• Domain: Geography for intelligence and

geosciences.• Ontology/Theory of regions, bounding boxes,

latitude/longitude, distance, time.• Procedural attachment to Teknowledge ASCS,

Alexandria Digital Library Gazetteer, etc.• Answers to queries extracted from proofs.

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Knowledge Creation ToolsTechnical Progress

• What technical problems or obstacles were there and when/how did you overcome them?

– Consensus and community-wide adoption are difficult to achieve– DAML/OWL language versions and layers were moving targets– Late development of adequate expressivity

• Are there any metrics that are relevant to your program? How did you measure technical progress and success? What were your intermediate goals?

– Challenge applications / guiding case studies– Consensus of DAML community (ontologies)– Broader acceptance in standards community

• OWL-S outreach, W3C submission– Technology transition

• E.g., Fujitsu & FCS adoption of OWL-S– Number of users (tools, ontologies)

• Dozens hundreds• Did you meet your original or revised programmatic goals?

– Yes

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Knowledge Creation Tools Milestones and Accomplishments

• Over the course of the time you have been funded by the DAML program, what have you accomplished year-by-year?– What were the concrete products of your work?

• Ontologies: services, time and space, security• Specifications

– OWL-S submission, axiomatic semantics, security service descriptions (ontological, wsdl)

• Software: DAML+OIL plugin, OWL-S editor, QUARK/GeoLogica, security matching algorithm, security services, privacy policymatcher, DAML/OAA bridge, travelocity demo

• Reports, papers, etc.: 27 papers, over 50 presentations in journals, books, conferences, workshops and invited talks, on AI, NL, KR, and SW

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Knowledge Creation Tools Milestones and Accomplishments

– What was shown in your various demos?• Travelocity demo, QUARK/GeoLogica with access to OWL Web pages,

Validation of DAML+OIL and OWL axioms, Editor for OWL-S and DAML+OIL, security services in OWL-S, matching privacy policies

• Ease of access and knowledge creation– What can you point to of your work in specifications?

• OWL-S releases & W3C submission• SWSL report (forthcoming)• Axioms for geographical space• DAML+OIL and OWL axioms• OWL-Time specification

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Knowledge Creation ToolsTransition/Handoff

• Where are the results of your work available?– Did you influence specs (where?)

• OWL-S releases & W3C submission; W3C SWS workshop is expected• SWSL report (forthcoming)• OWL-Time on OWL-Time and W3C Ontologies Web sites• DAML + OWL axioms (revision), OWL axioms, on SRI and Kestrel DAML web

sites.• Building of OWL-S Editor influenced OWL-S ontology (uncovering

inconsistencies, under-specifications)• Work on OWL-S & SWSL influenced development of rules & FOL markup

– Did you build software (where is it, what is its status)• OWL-S Editor, open-source, http://owlseditor.semwebcentral.org• DAML+OIL Editor, open-source, www.ai.sri.com/daml/DAML+OIL-plugin• Security Services: www.csl.sri.com/~denker/owl-sec (markup)• OAA/DAML bridge agent:

http://www.ai.sri.com/~oaa/distribution/distribv2/doc/agents/oaa_daml/• Procedural attachments to ASCS Semantic Web service, Alexandria Digital

Library Gazetteer, etc.• Matching algorithms for security and privacy (not publicly

distributed)

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Knowledge Creation ToolsTransition/Handoff

– Book about OWL-S (written elsewhere)• Developing Semantic Web Services, by Alesso & Smith, A.K. Peters,

summer 2004

– Did you write papers (where, how many)• 27 papers, over 50 presentations, in journals, books, conferences,

workshops, invited talks, in AI, NL, KR and SW– Did you contribute to a commercial company?

• Fujitsu– Did you contribute to a DoD pilot or product?

• Participated in The DAML Experiment– How did you change the world? Who is using what you developed?

• OWL-S used by Fujitsu Task Computing initiative, FCS program & related work, many research efforts around the world

• Versions of QUARK/GeoLogica have been exported to NASA (Goddard)and George Mason University for use in an NGA contract.

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Knowledge Creation ToolsRemaining Issues

In progressOWL version of temporal aggregates

Front end to be installedOWL axioms with first-order theorem prover can validate ontologies but only in logical syntax.

Under revision nowSet theory for OWL axioms too weak

Continuing work on OWL-SOWL-S features• Ground to WSDL 2.0• Exceptions/Faults

Final release of OWL-S will have integrated concepts for security/policy

Composition of SWS and policies will be resolved in theoreticalframework

Applying SWRL for policies, tight integration with OWL-S, and effects onservice composition

Continuing work on OWL-S EditorOWL-S editor• IOPR Manager• Data Flow• Multiple KBs

RemediationIssue

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Knowledge Creation ToolsRemaining Issues

• Other funding?OWL-Space

• Initiation of working group at W3C (or other) with OWL-S, SWSL as inputs. (Note: W3C now planning SWS workshop 1st half of 2005.)

• OWL-Time• Standardization of semantic security annotations

Standardization

• Fully transition OWL-S editor into commercial and/or military programs

Real-world tool deployment

RemediationIssue

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Knowledge Creation ToolsSummary

• What is the take-away message from your program?– Summarize your program’s problem, solution, approach, and outputs

• Problem: Knowledge acquisition and use for the Semantic Web• Developed broad, comprehensive ontologies of services, time, security

with wide community consensus• The world wants OWL-S and SWSL:

– Researchers are doing many interesting things with SW services– A few commercial and military users are doing substantial applications– The path to SWS isn’t clear or incremental enough for commercial users – Good opportunities for this in W3C and OASIS.

• OWL Editor makes knowledge entry and use easy• First-order theorem proving has progressed from an object of research to

an effective and practical tool in QUARK/GeoLogica

• Creation of the knowledge that will make theSemantic Web semantic, through community-wideontologies of basic domains and easy-to-useknowledge creation and access tools

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Backup Slides

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Knowledge Creation ToolsPublications

•Waldinger, R., Jarvis, P., and Dungan, J. Program Synthesis for Multi-Agent Question Answering. in International Symposium on Verification (Theory and Practice); Festschrift celebrating Zohar Manna’s 64th Birthday, Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, July 2003. [PDF, Details]

•Waldinger, R. , Jarvis, P., and Dungan, J. Using Deduction to Choreograph Multiple Data Sources, in Semantic Web Technologies for Searching and Retrieving, Sanibel Island, Florida, Oct 2003. [PDF, Details]

•Waldinger, R., Appelt, D. E., Fry, J., Israel, D. J., Jarvis, P., Martin, D., Riehemann, S., Stickel, M. E. , Tyson, M., Hobbs, J., and Dungan, J. L. Deductive Question Answering from Multiple Resources. in New Directions in Question Answering , AAAI, 2003. [PDF, Details]

•Waldinger, R., Jarvis, P., and Dungan, J. Pointing to Places in a Deductive Geospatial Theory, in Workshop on Analysis of Geographical References; Human Language Technology Conference , Edmonton, Canada, pp. 10–17, May–Jun 2003. [PDF, Details]

•Waldinger, R., Reddy, M., Culy, C., Hobbs, J., and Dungan, J. Deductive Coordination of Multiple Geospatial Knowledge Sources, in American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 4-10 2002. [PDF, Details]

•Waldinger, R., Reddy, M., Culy, C., Hobbs, J., and Dungan, J. Deductive Response to Geographic Queries, in GIScience 2002, Boulder, CO, Sep 2002. [PDF, Details]

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Knowledge Creation ToolsPublications 2

• Denker, G., Hobbs, J.R., Martin, D., Narayana, S., and Waldinger, R., Accessing Information and Services on the DAML-Enabled Web. In The Second International Workshop on the Semantic Web -SemWeb'2001, Workshop at WWW10, Hongkong, May 1, 2001

• Denker, G. Towards Security in DAML. Internal Report, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 2002.• Denker, G. Access Control and Data Integrity for DAML+OIL and DAML-S, Technical report, SRI

International, Menlo Park, 2002• Denker, G., Kagal, L., Finin, T., Paolucci, M., and Sycara, K. Security for DAML Web Services:

Annotation and Matchmaking. In Proc. of the 2nd International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2003), Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, 20-23 October, 2003.

• L. Kagal, T. Finin, G. Denker, M. Paolucci, N. Srinivasan, K. Sycara, Authorization and Privacy for Semantic Web Services, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 52-58, 2004

• L. Kagal, M. Paolucci, N. Srinivasan, G. Denker, T. Finin, K. Sycara, Authorization and Privacy for Semantic Web Services, AAAI Spring Symposium, March, 2004

• G. Denker, S. Nguyen, A. Ton, OWL-S Semantics of Security Web Services: A Case Study, ESWS 2004, May, Greece, 2004

• R. Ashri, G. Denker, D. Marvin, M. Surridge, T. Payne, Semantic Web Service Interaction Protocols: An Ontological Approach, ISWC, Japan, Hiroshima, 2004

• L. Kagal, G. Denker, T. Finin, M. Paolucci, K. Sycara, Modeling and Compliance Checking of Security Policies for OWL-S Web Services, Internal Report, 2004

• S. Toivonen, G. Denker, The Impact of Context on Trustworthiness of Communication: An Ontological Approach, ISWC Workshop on Security, Trust, and Reputation, Japan, Nov 2004

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Knowledge Creation ToolsPublications 3

• David Martin, Massimo Paolucci, Sheila McIlraith, Mark Burstein, Drew McDermott, Deborah McGuinness, Bijan Parsia, Terry Payne, Marta Sabou, Monika Solanki, Naveen Srinivasan, and Katia Sycara. Bringing Semantics to Web Services: The OWL-S Approach. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Semantic Web Services and Web Process Composition (SWSWPC 2004), San Diego, California, July 2004.

• Sheila A. McIlraith and David L. Martin. Bringing Semantics to Web Services. IEEE Intelligent Systems, pp. 90-93, January-February, 2003.

• Joanna J. Bryson, David L. Martin, Sheila A. McIlraith, and Lynn Andrea Stein. Toward Behavioral Intelligence in the Semantic Web. IEEE Computer, pp. 48-54, November 2002.

• The DAML Services Coalition (alphabetically Anupriya Ankolenkar, Mark Burstein, Jerry R. Hobbs, Ora Lassila, David L. Martin, Drew McDermott, Sheila A. McIlraith, Srini Narayanan, Massimo Paolucci, Terry R. Payne and Katia Sycara). DAML-S: Web Service Description for the Semantic Web. Proceedings of The First International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), Sardinia, Italy, June, 2002.

• Anupriya Ankolenkar, Mark Burstein, Jerry R. Hobbs, Ora Lassila, David L. Martin, Sheila A. McIlraith, Srini Narayanan, Massimo Paolucci, Terry Payne, Katia Sycara, Honglei Zeng. DAML-S: A Semantic Markup Language For Web Services. Proceedings of The International Semantic Web Working Symposium (SWWS), Stanford, CA, July, 2001.

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Knowledge Creation ToolsPublications 4

• Jerry R. Hobbs. Towards an Ontology of Time for the Semantic Web. Proceedings, LREC, June 2002.

• Jerry R. Hobbs and James Pustejovsky. Annotating and Reasoning about Temporal Information in Text, AAAI Spring Symposium Workshop on Commonsense Knowledge, Stanford, CA, March 2003.

• Feng Pan and Jerry R. Hobbs. Time in OWL-S. AAAI Spring Symposium Workshop on Commonsense Knowledge, Stanford, CA, March 2004.

• Jerry R. Hobbs and Feng Pan. An Ontology of Time for the Semantic Web. Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, September 2004.

• Feng Pan and Jerry R. Hobbs. Temporal Aggregates. submitted to the Workshop on Knowledge Representation for Natural Language Processing, FLAIRS 2005.

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(Program Name)SW Services Outreach

• Presentations (partial list)– Semantic Web for Military Users (SWS Tutorial)– Intelligent Service Integration (AAAI 2002)– openNet meeting, July 2004– SWS panels at WWW2001, WWW2004– Semantic Web App’s for National Security (forthcoming)– Semantic Technology conference (forthcoming)– EUROLAN tutorial on NL and the Semantic Web, Aug 2003

• Workshops organized– Web Services and Agent-Based Systems (WSABE)

(at AAMAS 2003, 2004)– SWS2004 at ISWC– SWS workshop at WWW2005 (forthcoming)

• Other– W3C workshop on Constraints & Capabilities for WS