Know Your Evolutionary History

An introduction to phylogeny

Know your music history - Gangsta Rap

N.W.A.

2007

2003

1999

1994

1990

1988

1986

Eazy E †

(RIP)

Snoop

Dogg Ice Cube

Public Enemy

Dr. Dre

Eminem Tupac

Shakur†

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50 Cent

Death RowMack 10

Know your family

history…..

Family Tree

Know your family

history…..

Family Tree

1234

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Know your evolutionary history….

Phylogeny

Common

Ancestor

Clade

Character

(Homology)

Homology Data Table

1. V

ertebra

e

2. C

alc if ied

bo

ne

3. 4

limb

s

4. E

gg

wit h

Am

nio

n

5. P

r on

ou

nc ed

La

rge

6. S

kin

Co

ve rin

g

7. P

r on

ou

nced

Do

r s al

8. E

gg

wit h

min

eral ized

9. B

eak

10

. Ke eled

Brea

stbo

ne

11

. Dia

ph

ragm

12

. Th

or a

ci c ver t eb

rae

Shark 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Perch 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Salamander 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Turtle 1 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 1

Pigeon 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 1 0 0

Cat 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 0 0 0 1 0

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish PerchSalamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish PerchSalamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Egg with Amnion, Large Intestine

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Egg with Amnion, Large Intestine

Mineralized Egg, Beak

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Egg with Amnion, Large Intestine

Mineralized Egg, Beak

Keel

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Egg with Amnion, Large Intestine

Mineralized Egg, Beak

Keel

Shell

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Egg with Amnion, Large Intestine

Mineralized Egg, Beak

Keel

Shell

Diaphragm,

Dorsal

Process

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Calcified Bone

Four Limbs

Egg with Amnion, Large Intestine

Mineralized Egg, Beak

Keel

Shell

Diaphragm

Dorsal

Process

Vertebrate Phylogeny

Dogfish Perch Salamander TurtlePigeonCat

Vertebrae

Vertebrate PhylogenyA hypothesis for our evolutionary history

Dogfish Perch Salamander TurtlePigeonCat

Vertebrae

Human

Vertebrate PhylogenyA hypothesis for our evolutionary history

Dogfish Perch Salamander TurtlePigeonCat

Vertebrae

Human

Vertebrate PhylogenyA hypothesis for our evolutionary history

Dogfish Perch Salamander Turtle

PigeonCat

Vertebrae

Human

What have we learned?• Homology

– Any trait that species have in common, and can betraced to a common ancestor

• Adaptation– Any heritable change in traits that allows an animal to

survive in a new environment.

• Phylogeny– The evolutionary history, or “family tree” of a group of

species

• Hypothesis– A proposed explanation that can be tested by

observation or experiment.

What have we done today?

• Looked at bones

– The skeletal anatomy of 5 different vertebrates

– Their adaptations to their environment.

• Looked at bodies

– The internal anatomy of 6 different vertebrates

– Their adaptations to their environment.

• Built a phylogenetic hypothesis

– A proposal for the evolutionary history of all 6

species - how they are related to each other

– Based on their shared anatomical traits

(homologies)