Know the basic facts and general operating principle of rocket engines.

Introduction to Space

Exploring SpaceHistory of Rocket Engines

Going into SpaceThe Age of RocketsSputnik: The Russian

MoonArmstrong’s Small StepNASA - Post ApolloSpace Goes InternationalSpace in Your Backyard

Age of Rockets: Early DevelopmentChinese “Fire Arrows” (1045 AD)Expansion across Europe

French – In 1429 ,rockets in use at the siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years War against the English.

By 1500-1600 AD rockets incorporated, albeit on a small scale with most major armies across Europe, Middle East and Asia

War of 1812 (Francis Scott Key: “Rockets Red Glare”)

Improvements in conventional artillery decreased interest in rockets

Age of Rockets: RussiaEarly Russian rocket interest

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) “The Father of Russian Cosmonautics Calculated escape velocity for

interplanetary missions Theorized about the combination of

hydrogen and oxygen for more efficient rockets (propellants for the Space Shuttle’s main engines)

Age of Rockets: United StatesRobert H. Goddard (1882-

1945)Launched first liquid-fueled

rocket in 1926Lacked support from US

government

Age of Rockets: GermanyTreaty of Versailles inspired post-WWI interest in

rockets as an alternative to prohibited heavy artillery

German government’s support of rocket societies played pivotal role in development of the V-1 and V-2 rocket—the world’s first ballistic missile

Age of Rockets: Post WWII

Defeat of Germany resulted in recruitment of German rocket scientists by U.S. and Russia

Wernher Von Braun and 68 captured V-2 rockets became the basis of the U.S. rocket program

V-2 experiments accelerated study of rockets and under-standing of space challenges

Cold War brought development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to deliver nuclear warheads

Sputnik, the Cold War and the Space RaceRussian Launch of Sputnik (4 Oct 1957)

First man-made orbiting satelliteStarting gun for the space race

Rapid succession of research and launches fueled battle for national prestige

The Cold War and the Space RaceNational Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) formed Oct 1958Budget ballooned to keep paceRussia’s Launch of Luna III (Oct 1959)

provided the first photographs of the Moon’s dark side

The Cold War and the Space RaceMercury-Atlas 1 (29 Jul 1960)

Exploded 1 minute after liftoff

Mercury-Redstone 1 (21 Nov 1960)Collapsed shortly after ignition when

engines cut outMercury-Redstone 2 (21 Jan 1961)Launched Ham, the chimpanzee, on

sub-orbital flight

The Cold War: Crewed Spaceflight

Yuri Gagarin12 Apr 1961One orbit of Earth

Gus Grissom and Alan ShepherdMay and July of 1961Sub-orbital flights

Gherman Titov 7 Aug 196117 orbits of Earth

Armstrong’s Small StepSaturn V rocket boosted

Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Ed White to the Moon

July 20, 1969: Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the Moon

NASA – Post ApolloSkylab

Launched 1973Re-entry 1979

Apollo 18 Docking with Soyuz

Space Shuttle

Space Science MissionsLarge, expensive space programs such as

Magellan (1990-94) - VenusHubble Space TelescopeGalileo (1989-1995) – JupiterCassini (2004 - ) - Saturn

Magellan

Galileo Cassini

Clear View of the HeavensHubble Telescope

Improved “view” that increases scientific discovery about our galaxy and those beyond

Images from Hubble Space Telescope

Space InternationalIncreased cooperation between the

United States and the former Soviet Union

US Shuttle docked nine times with Russia’s space station Mir from 1995 to 1998

The proposed US “Space Station Freedom” was revamped as the “International Space Station”Russians brought in as a major partner Unprecedented cooperation among 16

nations

International Space Station

Space In Your Backyard

Commercial investment in space surpassed government spending for the first time in the 1990’s

Commercial uses of GPS soaredCommunications satellites

fueled demand for cell phones and high-speed digital data transmission

ImageryCommercial Space Travel

Know the basic facts and general operating principle of rocket engines.

Introduction to Space