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KIRIBATI JOINT IMPLEMENTATION PLANfor Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP)
2014-2023
© Government of Kiribati, 2014All rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved.
Original text: English
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management / developed by the Government of Kiribati
1. Climatic changes - Kiribati.2. Climatic changes - Management - Kiribati.
3. Climatic changes - Environmental aspects - Kiribati.4. Climate change mitigation - Kiribati.
I. Title II. Kiribati III. Secretariat of the Pacific Community
577.220 99593 AACR2
ISBN: 978-982-00-0695-9
Cover illustration: Duane Leewai, Graphic Artist & Rimon Rimon, Office of the President Photos pages 11, 30, 36, 49: Carlos Iacovino, SPREP, 2013
Photos pages 14, 15, 28, 50, 56: Hanna Sabass, SPC/GIZ CCCPIR, 2013Photos pages 12, 17, 19, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 46, 60: Office of the President (OB)
The development of the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management was initiated and coordinated by the Office of te Beretitenti and driven by the Kiribati National Expert Group (KNEG). The KJIP development was supported by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program
(SPREP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the SPC/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region (CCCPIR) program on behalf of the Federal German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The KNEG received additional technical assistance from the Australia’s Aid Program (Ausaid), the European Union (EU) and the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID).The editing was funded by the EU African, Carribean and Pacific Natural Disaster Facility through EDF9. Layout
and printing funded by the SPC/GIZ CCCPIR program, on behalf of the BMZ.
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data 2Foreword 5Acknowledgements 6List of Abbreviations 7Executive Summary 8
1 Background 131.1 Key geographical and geological features 131.2 Environment and Biodiversity 151.3 Current climate and climate variability 151.4 Economy 171.5 Communications and transport 181.6 Government and governance 19
2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Context 202.1 The changing climate of Kiribati 202.2 Hazard profile for Kiribati 242.3 Vulnerability and Impacts 262.4 The current status of mainstreaming climate change and disaster risk management in sectoral policies and strategies 36
3 Development of the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 373.1 Rationale and guiding principles for the KJIP 373.2 KJIP in the context of national development priorities 373.3 KJIP linkages to relevant regional and international frameworks 383.4 KJIP development methodology 383.5 Costing methodology 39
4 The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 404.1 Vision and goal 404.2 Strategies and key actions 404.3 KJIP indicative costs 44
5 KJIP Implementation Arrangements 455.1 Institutional arrangements 455.2 Financing strategy 475.3 Communication strategy 475.4 Monitoring and evaluation 48
Glossary 50References 56Annex 1: KJIP Detailed Action Matrix 61
Contents
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
List of tablesTable 1: Financial costs (rounded) 11Table 2: Climate trends in Kiribati observed over a period from 1950 to 2009 21Table 3: Climate projections for Kiribati over the 21st century 23Table 4: Climate change projections of parameters 24Table 5: Climate change projections of variables with different emission scenarios 24Table 6: Sensitivity and impacts - environment 28Table 7: Sensitivity and impacts - economic development, trade and commerce 29Table 8: Sensitivity and impacts - - infrastructure 30Table 9: Sensitivity and impacts - fresh water and sanitation 31Table 10: Sensitivity impacts - fisheries and food security 32Table 11: Sensitivity and impacts - agriculture and food security 33Table 12: Sensitivity and impacts - health 34Table 13: Sensitivity and impacts - education and human resources 35Table 14: KJIP development methodology 39Table 15: Overview of KJIP strategies and anticipated results 42Table 16: Overall costs by strategy 44
List of figuresFigure 1: Map of Kiribati 13Figure 2: Average positions of the major climate features from November to April 16Figure 3: Seasonal rainfall and temperature on Tarawa and Kiritimati 16Figure 4: Ownership of transport and communication assets, Kiribati 2010 18Figure 5: Rising global mean surface temperatures 20Figure 6: Observed and projected sea-level change in Kiribati relative to 1990 levels 22Figure 7 Linkages of the KJIP to national frameworks 38Figure 8: The 12 KJIP strategies 40Figure 9 Share of costs per strategy 44Figure 10 Institutional arrangements under the KJIP 45
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Kiribati is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and disasters. Its vulnerability is principally due to geological and physical features as well as inherent socio-economic characteristics. Climate change and disasters can have serious adverse impacts on the environment, the people of Kiribati and their livelihoods. According to climate change projections, these impacts will intensify over time. The Government of the Republic of Kiribati has taken note of this worrying trend. It has therefore considered measures to cope with these impacts as high priorities in its National Development Plan 2012–2015.
The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP) has been developed to reduce the vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks and to coordinate priorities so that every single dollar spent will derive maximum value.
This plan is consistent with the regional and international frameworks on climate change and disaster risk management that the Government of the Republic of Kiribati has ratified.
Kiribati appreciates ongoing and future support, whether financial or technical, from its development partners which will enable the effective implementation of this plan for the enhancement of sustainable development and more resilient communities.
I humbly urge all stakeholders to harmoniously work together in implementing the priorities set out in the KJIP to enhance the resilience of tei-I-Kiribati and the country as a whole.
H.E Anote TongPresident
Foreword
5
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
The preparation of the KJIP was initiated by the Office of te Beretitenti and driven by the Kiribati National Expert Group (KNEG) with representatives from government ministries, private enterprises and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
The KNEG was supported directly by a Regional Support Team, comprising representatives from the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the SPC/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region program on behalf of the Federal German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The KNEG received additional technical assistance from Australia’s Aid Programme , the European Union (EU) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Special gratitude is offered to the Government Cabinet Ministers, ministry secretaries, heads of departments, Parliamentary Select Committee, heads of NGOs and church leaders for investing their time and commitment in the development of the KJIP.
Acknowledgements
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
ADB Asian Development BankANCORS Australian National Centre for Ocean
Resources and SecurityAUD Australian DollarAusaid Australia’s Aid ProgramBMZ Federal German Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and DevelopmentBoM Australian Bureau of MeteorologyBPoA+10 Barbados Program of Action +10CO2 Carbon dioxideCROP Council of Regional Organisations in the
PacificCSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (Australia)DRM Disaster Risk ManagementEDF European Development FundEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEU European UnionENSO El Niño–Southern OscillationFAD Fish Aggregating DeviceFFA Forum Fisheries AgencyFSPKI Foundation of the People of the South
Pacific KiribatiFTC Fisheries Training CentreGDP Gross Domestic ProductGIS Geographic Information SystemGIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbHIFAD International Fund for Agricultural
DevelopmentIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
ChangeITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence ZoneITPGRFA International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and AgricultureKAP Kiribati Adaptation ProjectKCCI Kiribati Chamber of Commerce and
IndustryKDP Kiribati Development PlanKIT Kiribati Institute of TechnologyKJIP Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
KMS Kiribati Meteorological ServiceKNDSAC Kiribati National Disability Survey
Advisory CommitteeKNEG Kiribati National Expert Group on
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
KNSO Kiribati National Statistics OfficeKPA Key Policy AreaKTC Kiribati Teachers CollegeMIA Ministry of Internal AffairsMCIC Ministry of Commerce, Industry and
CooperativesMCTTD Ministry of Communications, Transport
and Tourism Development
MELAD Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development
MFAI Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration
MFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
MFMRD Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development
MHMS Ministry of Health and Medical ServicesMLHRD Ministry of Labour and Human Resources
DevelopmentMOE Ministry of EducationMPWU Ministry of Public Works and UtilitiesMTC Marine Training CentreMw Moment Magnitude (of a Tsunami)MWYSA Ministry of Women, Youth and Social
AffairsNFCCCCA National Framework for Climate Change
and Climate Change AdaptationNDRMP National Disaster Risk Management PlanNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNPBC National Biodiversity Planning
CommitteeOB Office of te Beretitenti (Office of the
President)PIFACC Pacific Islands Framework Action on
Climate ChangePIMS Pacific Islands Meteorological StrategyPIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariatppm parts per millionRST Regional Support TeamSARS Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromSOPAC Applied Geoscience and Technology
Division (SPC)SPC Secretariat of the Pacific CommunitySPCZ South Pacific Convergence ZoneSPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional
Environment ProgramSRDP Strategy for Climate and Disaster
Resilient Development in the PacificTVET Technical and Vocational Education and
TrainingUNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological
DiversityUNCLOS United Nation Convention on the Law of
the SeaUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural OrganizationUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate ChangeUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNISDR United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster ReductionUSAID United States Agency for International
DevelopmentUSP University of the South PacificWHO World Health OrganizationWoI Whole of Island approachWMO World Meteorological Organization
List of Acronyms
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
BackgroundThe Republic of Kiribati is made up of three main island groups: The Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands and one isolated raised limestone island, Banaba (Ocean Island). The groups of islands contain 33 scattered atoll islands, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometers in the central Pacific Ocean. The three main island groups stretch over 800 kilometers from north to south and over 3,210 kilometers from east to west.
The Kiribati 2010 census determined that the total population was 103,058, of whom 50.7% were female and 49.3% male. In all, 48.7% of the population lives in the capital of South Tarawa (in the Gilbert Islands), which has a population density of 3,173 people per square kilometer (KNSO & SPC 2012). The mean age of the I-Kiribati population is 24.9 years and 15.9% of the population is aged five years or younger, reflecting the high birth rate of 31,3 per 1,000 people per year (KNSO & SPC 2012). The latest Kiribati National Disability Survey identified 3,840 people living with disabilities, with 23% of those under the age of twenty (KNDSAC 2005).
The climate of Kiribati is hot and humid year around. This tropical climate is closely related to the temperature of the oceans surrounding the atolls and small islands. However, its seasonal rainfall is highly variable from year to year, mostly due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Kiribati is blessed with a vast ocean territory and great diversity of marine biodiversity, but is limited in its land area and terrestrial resources. The Kiribati economy depends heavily on its rich marine resources for employment, income and subsistence living. However, the resources provided by its limited land and terrestrial biodiversity are also central to the Kiribati way of life.
The public sector dominates Kiribati’s economy. It provides two-thirds of all formal sector employment and accounts for almost 50% of gross domestic product. Kiribati is highly exposed to external economic shocks, particularly surges in food and fuel commodity prices, due to its limited revenue base and high dependency on imports.
Kiribati is categorised by the United Nations as both a ‘Small Island Developing State’ and a ‘Least Developed Country’.
Executive Summary
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Climate change and disaster risk contextAs a result of its inherent characteristics as an atoll nation, a least developed country, and with its fragile economy and environment, Kiribati is extremely vulnerable to climate change and has little capacity to cope with natural and man-made disasters.
Climate variability, driven by the natural phenomena ENSO, intermittently causes extreme weather events. There are also other non-weather related hazards such as oil spills (man-made) or tsunamis (tectonically caused). Coupled with climate change, extreme weather events are predicted to become more frequent. Additionally, existing socio-economic and environmental pressures are intensifying. This highlights how these factors are strongly interrelated in the Kiribati context. It is therefore logical to consider and address climate change adaptation and disaster risk management in a systematic and integrated manner.
Already climate-related hazards such as salt-water inundation, droughts, plagues and epidemics as well as man-made hazards such as fires, oil spills and aircraft accidents pose challenges to the nation’s economy, food and water security, as well as the overall well-being of its people. Climate variability and climate change are already causing and are predicted to continue to cause: increasing surface air and sea temperatures, increasing precipitation throughout the year, more days of extreme rainfall and heat, rising sea-levels and increasing ocean acidification. In addition, although the risks are generally considered minimal, Kiribati could also be affected by a tsunami.
The social, economic and environmental ramifications of the observed and projected climatic changes and hazards are multiplied when overlaid with the high levels of vulnerability of people and their environment.
Climate change and disaster risks are being addressed in policies and strategies relating to population, water and sanitation, health and environment, and are progressively being incorporated into policies and strategies relating to fisheries, agriculture, labour, youth and education. However, only a few sectors have transferred strategic actions to address climate and disaster risks into their annual Sector Operational Plans and Ministerial Plans of Operations and budgeting. A climate change and disaster risk management rapid assessment report on budgetary allocations for 2011, 2012 and 2013 revealed that, over this period, a total of AUD 83 million (about 15.7% of the national budget) was allocated to programs related to climate change while AUD 90 million (about 17% of the national budget) was allocated to disaster risk management programs. Further analyses showed that between 2011 and 2013, the Consolidated Budget and Development Fund committed approximately AUD 82 million to addressing climate change and AUD 89 million to disaster risk management. Such budgetary commitments support the notion that, while measures to address climate change and disaster risks seem to be well integrated into key sectors, these efforts need to be maintained and upscaled in order to improve the resilience of the Kiribati population.
Development of the KJIP The Government of the Republic of Kiribati, following consultation with regional technical advisory organisations, initiated the process of developing a Kiribati Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP) in 2011. This document is designed to complement the National Disaster Risk Management Plan (GoK 2012b) and the National Framework for Climate Change and Climate Change Adaptation (GoK 2013). By identifying tangible, on-the-ground actions for resilience and measures that enable the Government to facilitate these, the plan will guide the implementation of these complementary policies in an integrated approach.
The main rationale for this approach is that a systematic and integrated plan, where tangible actions are identified, will maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of existing capacities and resources as well as ensuring new initiatives are well targeted and have maximum impact. In addition, the development of this plan was seen as a key vehicle for integration of climate change and disaster risks into all sectors, thus promoting a holistic approach that involves the cooperation of Government, civil society and the private sector.
Vision and goal
The vision of the 9 year KJIP (2014-2023) is that:I-Kiribati unique culture, heritage and identity are upheld and safeguarded through enhanced resilience and sustainable development.
The goal of the KJIP is: To increase resilience through sustainable climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction using a whole of country approach
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
The KJIP identifies the following twelve major strategies:
1. strengthening good governance, policies, strategies and legislation;
2. improving knowledge and information generation, management and sharing;
3. strengthening and greening the private sector, including small-scale business;
4. increasing water and food security with integrated and sector-specific approaches and promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems;
5. strengthening health service delivery to address climate change impacts;
6. promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management;
7. delivering appropriate education, training and awareness programs;
8. increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warnings and disaster and emergency management;
9. promoting the use of sustainable, renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency;
10. strengthening capacity to access finance, monitor expenditures and maintain strong partnerships;
11. maintaining the existing sovereignty and unique identity of Kiribati; and
12. enhancing the participation and resilience of vulnerable groups.
Each strategy identifies results and a combination of outcome- and output-based indicators.
KJIP implementation arrangements – governance, coordination, communication and monitoring:The KJIP is building on and intended to strengthen existing implementation, financing and monitoring functions by integrating them with climate change and disaster risk management considerations. In addition, it is designed to strengthen coordination and communication among the Office of te Beretitenti, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration and line ministries as well as civil society and development partners.
The KJIP formalises the role of the newly established Kiribati National Expert Group on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KNEG) to become the main advisory body and coordination mechanism as well as the entry point for climate change and disaster risk management initiatives. Furthermore, it is intended that a KJIP Secretariat will be established, with the main roles of: facilitating KNEG meetings; reviewing and monitoring KJIP implementation together with responsible lead agencies; and communicating with the general public, Parliament, Cabinet, development partners and the international community. The KJIP Secretariat will be under the guidance of the Development Coordinating Committee.
The KJIP vision, goal, strategies and results will be disseminated by all implementing partners through existing information sharing networks, media and forums at international, regional, national and local levels. This work will align with the Kiribati Climate Change and Climate Risk Communications Strategy that is currently being finalized.
The KJIP will be monitored through the Kiribati Development Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (2012) in compliance with the Monitoring and Evaluation Policy. At the ministerial level, the KJIP strategies will be monitored through the annual Ministry Strategic Plans, which will have to incorporate relevant KJIP actions and outcome indicators. The KJIP is understood to be a living document and as such the KNEG can adjust it to meet emerging needs, to be approved by the Development Coordinating Committee.
Funding the KJIPThe implementation of the KJIP is to be financed through already existing strategies, ranging from the national budget to Overseas Development Assistance, including additional climate change funding and disaster related humanitarian aid.
The overall gross indicative value of the resources needed to implement the KJIP over the period 2014-2023 is estimated to be AUD 103,107,161. Of this total, it is estimated that the financial costs constitute 96%, as detailed in Table 1.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Financial costs (in 1,000 AUD) In %
Strategy 1 $6,697 6
Strategy 2 $5,555 5
Strategy 3 $4,932 4
Strategy 4 $4,694 4
Strategy 5 $473 2
Strategy 6 $52,477 50
Strategy 7 $7,478 7
Strategy 8 $4,508 4
Strategy 9 $15,340 11
Strategy 10 $354 2
Strategy 11 $181 1
Strategy 12 $417 2
TOTAL $103,107 100
Table 1: Financial costs (rounded)
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
1.1 Key geographical and geological featuresThe Republic of Kiribati is made up of 33 scattered islands, dispersed over 3.6 million square kilometres in the Central Pacific Ocean. From north to south of the group, the distance is only 800 km, but from east to west, it is more than 3,210 km (see Figure 1). There are three main island groups: Gilbert, Phoenix and the Line Islands consisting of 32 low-lying atolls that rise to no more than 2-3 metres above sea level, apart from Banaba, a raised coral island with a highest point of 81m, which was once a rich source of phosphate.
1: Background
Figure 1: Map of Kiribati
The Kiribati 2010 census determined that the total population was 103,058, of whom 50.7% were female and 49.3% male. This indicates an increase of 11.4% or 10,525 people over the five years since 2005, when the census recorded a population of 92,533. This increase represents an average annual rate of growth of 2.28% (KNSO 2010).
On the capital island South Tarawa (in the Gilbert Group) the population density is one of the highest at 3,173 people per square kilometre. It is here that 48.7% of the population of Kiribati resides, and that the population increased by 24% over the five years between 2005 and 2010 (ADB 2011). On the outer islands of the Gilbert Group the 2010 census recorded a population of 45,299, and another 7,577 in the islands of the Line and Phoenix Groups (MELAD ALD 2012).
More specifically, the populations in the islands of Teraina, Tamana, Butaritari, Kiritimati and North Tarawa increased from 2005 to 2010, whereas populations in Banaba, Makin, Tabuaeran, Nonouti and Onotoa decreased. High rates of population growth in urban centres have placed stress on water and sanitation infrastructure, causing a high incidence of water-borne disease (ADB 2009).
Youth represent more than 20% of the population of Kiribati and this percentage is projected to grow over the next decade (KNSO 2012). The mean age of the population is 24.9 years and 15.9% of the population is aged five years or younger, reflecting the high birth rate of 31,3 per 1,000 people per year (KNSO 2012). The latest Kiribati National Disability Survey identified 3,840 people with disabilities, with 23% of those under the age of 20 years (KNDSAC 2005).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Geographical and Demographical Data
Geographic coordinates4 Lat. 4°N–3°S, long. 157°W–172°E
Total land area2 810,5 km2
Coastline4 1,410,000 km
Exclusive economic zone2 3,6 Mio km2
Geography2 33 islands, 21 inhabited; three island groups: Gilbert Islands, Line Islands and Phoenix Islands & one islolated volcanic island, Banaba
Population1 103,058
Female population1 52,262
Youth1 21,292 (males 10,824; females 10,468)
People with disabilities5 3,840 (males 2,122; females 1,718)
Population forecast (2015)2 110,280
Annual population growth rate2 2.26% (South Tarawa & Kiritimati: 4.1%6)
Population density2 142 people per km2 (South Tarawa: 3,184)
Infant mortality rate2 45 deaths before 1 year of age, per 1,000 life births
Life expectancy at birth2 63.2 (males 59.7, females 67.5)
Labour force participation rate2 59.3 % (male 66.8%, female 52.3%)
Climate3 Hot, humid, tropical
Nationality I-Kiribati
Language te-Kiribati, English
Religion2 Catholic 55.8%, Protestant 33.6%, Mormon 4.6%, Baha‘i 2.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 2%, other 1.7%
Sources: 1KNSO 2012; 2KNSO & SPC 2012; 3KMS & BoM & CSIRO 2011; 4 ADB 2011; 5KNDSAC 2005
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
1.2 Environment and biodiversityKiribati ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) in 1994 as well as the International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) in 2005 and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2004. It has a National Biodiversity Planning Committee (NPBC) which is made up of a multi- disciplinary team comprising of stakeholders from a variety of Government Ministries as well as Civil Society partners.
OceanWith its large ocean territory, Kiribati has a rich marine biodiversity. The Phoenix Group is one of the largest marine parks in the world and in 2010 was added to the list of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites. There are two submerged reef systems in this protected area, the greater part of which is comprised of ocean floor with a water column averaging more than 4,000 metres deep and reaching a maximum at 6,147 metres. It is home to a number of predatory fish, sea turtles, sea birds, corals, giant clams and coconut crabs, most of which have been depleted elsewhere in the region (MELAD ECD 2006).
The relatively rich variety of marine fauna (consisting of approximately 300 to 400 species) continues to provide the people of Kiribati with their main source of protein – fish.
LandIn contrast, the indigenous land-based flora and fauna of Kiribati are among the poorest on earth and there are few, if any, endemic species. Despite the limitations of land, soil and freshwater resources, the people of Kiribati have developed sophisticated subsistence agricultural systems based mainly on coconut, breadfruit, pandanus and swamp taro.
Kiritimati in the Line Group is the largest atoll in the world and holds a diversity of avifauna that is of both regional and international significance. The atoll provides nesting, roosting, feeding and migration sites for over 40 bird species (MELAD ECD 2006).
1.3 Current climate and climate variabilityThe climate data presented here are derived from temperature and rainfall records that were started between 1909 and 1950 up to 2009 and analysed by the Kiribati Meteorological Service (KMS), the Australian Bureau of Meterology (BoM) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, 2011). Kiribati is operating five meteorological stations – in Tarawa for the Gilbert Group, in Kiritimati for the Line Group and in Beru, Kanton and Tabuaeran.
Current ClimateKiribati has a hot, humid, tropical climate with an average air temperature of 28.3°C and average rainfall of about 2100 mm per year in Tarawa (1980–1999; Bell et al. 2011). Its climate is closely related to the temperature of the oceans surrounding the small islands and atolls. Across Kiribati the average temperature is relatively constant year round. From season to season the temperature changes by no more than about 1°C. Kiribati has two seasons – te Au Maiaki, the dry season and te Au Meang, the wet season. The periods of the seasons vary from location to location and are strongly influenced by the seasonal movement of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (see Figure 2; KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011 Vol 2).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Figure 2: Average positions of the major climate features from November to April
The six-month dry season (te Au Maiaki) for Tarawa starts in June, with the lowest mean rainfall in October. The wet season (te Au Meang) starts in November and lasts until April; the highest rainfall occurs from January to March, peaking with a mean of 268 mm in January. The highest rainfall usually occurs when the ITCZ is furthest south and closest to Tarawa; there are also high rainfalls, though to a lesser extent, when the SPCZ is strongest.
The average sea-surface temperature of oceans around Kiribati is 29.2°C (1980–1999). As Kiritimati is 2000 km to the east from Tarawa, its wet season starts at a different time, from January to June, with the wettest months being March and April (see Figure 3). Rainfall in the northeast of Kiribati is only affected by the ITCZ.
Grey bars: mean annual cycle of rainfall. Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011: Kiribati Country Brochure
The arrows show near surface winds, the blue shading represents the bands of rainfall convergence zones, the dashed oval shows the West Pacific Warm Pool and H represents typical positions of moving high pressure systems.’ Source KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011 Vol 1: 37
Maximum temperature Average temperature Minimum temperature Sea surface temperature
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Jan AprJ ul Oct
050
100
150
200
250
300
Mon
thly
rain
fall
(mm
)
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Jan Apr JulO ct
Mon
thly
rain
fall
(mm
)
Kiritimati, Kiribati, 157.48ºW, 1.98ºN
1520
2530
35
Tarawa, Kiribati, 172.92ºE, 1.35ºN
050
100
150
200
250
300
1520
2530
3515
35
Figure 3: Seasonal rainfall and temperature on Tarawa and Kiritimati
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Across Kiribati there is a change in mean monthly rainfall towards the end of the year. There is however, a large variation in mean annual rainfall across Kiribati. A notable zone of lower rainfall, less than 1500mm per year exists near the equator and extends eastwards from 170°E. On average, Tarawa at 1.1416ºN receives just under 2100mm, while the island of Butaritari at 3.1678ºN only 350km to the north, receives around 3000mm (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011). Climate variability The climate of Kiribati, especially rainfall, is highly variable from year to year. Tarawa, for example, receives more than 4000 mm of rainfall in the wettest years, but only 150 mm in the driest. This huge range is similar in Kiritimati and has enormous impacts on water availability and quality, crop production and health.
The main reason for this variability is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Many Kiribati islands lie within the equatorial waters that warm significantly during an El Niño event and cool during a La Niña event. As a result rainfall is much higher than normal during an El Niño and much lower during a La Niña. Maximum air temperatures tend to be higher than normal during El Niño years, driven by the warmer oceans surrounding the islands, while in the dry season minimum air temperatures in El Niño years are below normal. At Kiritimati, El Niño events also bring wetter conditions in both seasons and La Niña events bring drought (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011; Vol. 2).
El Niño is generally associated with above-normal rainfall and strong westerly winds, while La Niña is associated with below-normal rainfall and the risk of drought.
1.4 EconomySmall scaleThe natural resources of Kiribati provide a narrow production base, consisting largely of subsistence agriculture, copra and fish. The very limited natural resource base and infertile soil of atoll islands constrain agricultural development. Kiribati does, however, possess abundant ocean resources – principally fish, seaweed, manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts.
The maritime and fisheries sector offers strong employment opportunities for I-Kiribati. Access agreements currently dictate I-Kiribati crewing requirements and I-Kiribati crew have built a strong regional reputation, particularly among Japanese fleets. It is estimated that approximately 325 I-Kiribati crew are working on Japanese fishing vessels and between 100 and 200 on Korean, Taiwanese and Chinese fleets (MFMRD 2013).
In addition, I-Kiribati are developing expertise and reputations as merchant seafarer with over 600 employed abroad. These maritime positions are now providing significant national income of over AUD 8 million for for Kiribati through remittances. Maritime training for I-Kiribati is a key development field.
The limited employment opportunities within the country have, however, forced skilled nationals to migrate abroad in search of jobs (Mendani et. al. 2008). Youth unemployment or underemployment is particularly high at 54% for those aged 15–24 years – more than double the rate of the broader Kiribati population (KNSO 2012).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Large scaleThe public sector dominates the Kiribati economy. 34% of the paid labour force is employed by government and the government sector accounts for almost 31% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Agriculture and fishing account for 25 % followed by real estate with 12% of the GDP (real GDP in 2006 prices, MFED KNSO 2012 & KNSO & SPC 2012). Remittances and earnings from the Revenue Equalisation Reserve Fund are also important. Tourism plays a fairly modest role in the Gilbert Islands but for the Northern Line Islands, especially Kiritimati, tourism has a high priority (ADB 2009; Hay and Onorio 2006).
Fishery resources are critically important to the Kiribati economy for revenue, employment and income. The combined value of all Kiribati lagoon, coastal and oceanic fisheries is estimated to exceed AUD 110 million per year (MFMRD 2013). The lagoons and rich oceanic waters of Kiribati are home to numerous artisanal and small-scale commercial fisheries, aquaculture operations and commercial joint ventures, as well as foreign distant water fishing fleets that fish in Kiribati’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and primarily land in foreign ports for foreign markets.
Kiribati receives significant support from its development partners, which finances almost all the Government’s development expenditure. External grants in 2010 were estimated at AUD 55.8 million. The Government also borrowed AUD 4 million for development projects in 2010. No donor provides direct budget support at present. The proportion of aid flows that are managed using national procedures is relatively low (MFED 2008).
Kiribati is highly exposed to external economic shocks, particularly surges in food and fuel commodity prices, due to its limited revenue base and high dependency on imports. Progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals is poor, even by regional standards, particularly in relation to certain aspects of health, water and sanitation. It is unlikely that Kiribati will achieve the target of halving poverty by 2015 (Hay and Onorio 2006; World Bank n.d.).
1.5 Communications and transportCommunication services remain limited throughout Kiribati and when they are available they are very expensive. Television service has been re-established recently. The radio is providing the main form of mass communication. There are currently two radio stations as well as a number of weekly print newspapers.
Internet penetration remains relatively weak, with just 4% of households having access to the internet in 2010 (see figure 4). This figure does, however, represent an increase from 2% of houeholds in 2005 (KNSO 2010). While those on the outer islands (almost half of the population) are unlikely to have access to an internet connection, even those based in the capital South Tarawa are constrained by high costs of services.
Economic informationReal GDP (2011)1 AUD 156,681,000Real GDP per capita (2011)1 AUD 1,468Real growth rate (2011)1 3.3%Paid employment in labour force (2010)2 50.2 % (men 55%, women 45%)Unpaid work in labour force (2010)2 19.2 % (men 61%, women 39%) Unemployment rate in labour force (2010 estimate)2 30.6% (men 27.6%, women 34.1%)Not in the labour force (2010)2 40 % (men 33%, women 48%)(Sources: 1MFED KNSO 2012; 2based on KNSO & SPC 2012)
Figure 4: Ownership of transport and communication assets, Kiribati 2010
Source: KNSO & SPC 2012: 75
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Access to telephones is also extremely limited. Just 29.9% of the households in 2010 owned a mobile phone and only 8.4% of households had a landline phone (KNSO & SPC 2012). In 2013 a 3G network was introduced on Tarawa. To some extent, the high costs and lack of access reflect how much the population of Kiribati relies on satellites for communication. However, neighbouring island nations that also rely on satellites have a stronger telecommunications private sector and have managed to keep costs to approximately a quarter of those in Kiribati (World Bank 2012).
In addition to limited access to communication technology, communication between islands, particularly outer islands, is difficult because of extreme geographical constraints including isolation and a lack of access to affordable transport. Only 6.5% of the population own a car, 21% a motorbike and 7.6% a boat of any kind. Bicycles are the main form of land transport, particularly in the outer islands where road infrastructure is limited (KNSO & SPC 2012).
The main island of South Tarawa is connected through commercial flights twice weekly to both Fiji Islands and Nauru. Kiritimati is connected to Fiji Islands once a week and there are domestic services offered by the two operating domestic carriers. These services are, however, limited to the Gilbert Group. Transport from the capital South Tarawa to the biggest atoll and key tourist destination, Kiritimati, requires international transit through Fiji Islands (World Bank 2012). There are also four inter-island ferry and shipping services and a number of small, higher-speed boats available for charter.
1.6 Government and governanceFormerly part of the British territory known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Kiribati became an independent republic in 1979 and now enjoys full membership of the United Nations and all regional organisations. The country is a member of the Commonwealth and adopted a blend of both the British and American parliamentary systems. It is a sovereign, democratic state with a 42-member Maneaba ni Maungatabu (House of Parliament), elected every four years. The Beretitenti (President) is elected nationally from among three or four candidates nominated by the Maneaba from its ranks. The Beretitenti chooses a 12-member cabinet from the Maneaba.
The outer islands are well represented in Parliament, with 35 members representing the outer islands and six members for South Tarawa. Women make up just 4.3% of the members of the Kiribati Parliament, even though they represent 50% of the workforce (UNWomen n.d.).
There are 20 island councils and three urban councils. Members of the island councils have discretionary power through issuing licences for business development and setting prices such as bus fares (KILGA 2013). A number of councils have developed strategic and operational plans, including Betio Town Council, Eutan Council and Abaiang Council, and Teinainono Council has launched its plan.
Disability falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs (MWYSA) although there is neither a dedicated budget nor a dedicated position for it. Neither the Ministry of Education (MoE) or Health and Medical Services (MHMS) has dedicated positions that focus on disability support (UNICEF 2010).
While some women hold significant positions in the public service, historically not many women have been involved in the highest level of decision-making. Women’s voice and issues at the community level are being heard and incorporated into planning where women participated or had their views voiced by the men.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
As a result of its inherent characteristics as an atoll nation and a least developed country, Kiribati is extremely vulnerable to climate change and has very little capacity to cope with natural and man-made disasters.
Climate variability is causing and will continue to cause more frequent and increasingly intense weather events, and climate change will heighten existing socio-economic and environmental pressures. While some natural hazards are not climate related, such as tsunamis or oil spills, they share the common factors of vulnerability (including exposure) and the similar tools used to monitor, analyse and address adverse consequences. Therefore, it makes sense to consider and address disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in a systematic and integrated manner.
While it must be acknowledged that there are barriers to addressing these concepts in a joint approach, the potential benefits of doing so are immense. Both disaster risk management and climate change adaptation and mitigation aim to improve the resilience of communities so an integrated approach will help to advance sustainable national development, making better use of existing national and regional capacities and resources as well as more effectively targeting new initiatives to address multiple hazards and phenomena.
Chapter 2.1 to 2.2 report on the results of an analysis of the observed and predicted climatic changes and existing hazards Kiribati is exposed to. Chapter 2.3 highlights general and sector specific the socio-economic, physical and environmental sensitivities that Kiribati faces, and the observed as well as potential future impacts of its vulnerabilities. Chapter 4 presents responses to these challenges, with strategies and actions that address the vulnerabilities to increase resilience and offer ways of coping with potential impacts.
2.1 The changing climate of KiribatiMost of the global emissions that contribute to climate change originate from burning fossil fuels for transportation, electricity, heating and industry in economically fast-growing and industrialised countries. Since the beginning of the 20th century, global industrial activity has grown by 40 times, and the emission of greenhouse gases has grown by 10 times. In addition, land use changes due to deforestation and agricultural production have contributed to the higher emissions.
Despite all international efforts to reduce emissions, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere increased from around 280 parts per million (ppm) at the beginning of the century to 400 ppm in 2013 (Tans and Keeling 2013). According to scientists, the safe upper limit for CO2 is 350ppm. In addition, methane (CH4) rose from a pre-industrial atmospheric concentration of around 700 parts per billion (ppb) to about 1789 ppb by 2007 (see Figure 5).
2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Context
Figure 5: Rising global mean surface temperaturesSource: NASA and Earth Observatory 2013
The climate of Kiribati is changing and will continue to change in the future. Steadily increasing emissions of greenhouse gases have enhanced the greenhouse effect, causing the climate to warm all around the world, including in Kiribati.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
This trend is of great concern to Kiribati, as the increasing temperatures have a huge range of global implications. Due to the melting of land-based glaciers and ice sheets and the thermal expansion of the ocean, the sea level is rising. Rainfall patterns are changing and extreme weather events will get more frequent and intense. In addition, warmer oceans that take in more carbon dioxide impact on growth and productivity of marine life – in tropical areas, the effects are particularly negative for coral reef habitats.
The following subsections report on changes in climate in Kiribati – both those already observed and those predicted for the future.
Observed trendsTable 2 summarises the trends already observed in variables such as temperature, rainfall, sea level, extreme events and ocean acidification in Kiribati.
Table 2: Climate trends in Kiribati observed over a period from 1950 to 2009
Climate Variable Observed Trends
Air temperature Annual and seasonal mean air temperatures are getting warmer:• Maximum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.18°C per decade.• Annual and seasonal minimum air temperatures have increased slightly more
than the increase in maximum air temperatures.
Sea-surface temperature
Water temperatures have risen since the 1970s:• in the Gilbert Group by approximately 0.15°C per decade;• in the Line Group by approximately 0.1°C per decade; and• in the Phoenix Group by approximately 0.12°C per decade.Since 1950 the rise has been gradual in the waters around the Gilbert Islands, but ithas been variable from one decade to the next in the Line and Phoenix Islands.
Rainfall Annual rainfall has increased:• Annual and wet season rainfall has increased for Kiritimati but there is no trend
in the dry season.• At Tarawa, rainfall data show no clear trends.• At both the above sites, rainfall has varied substantially from year to year.
Droughts The impact of droughts, usually associated with La Niña, can be severe in Kiribati; for example:
• In 1971, 1985, 1998 and 1999 annual rainfall was less than 750mm.• The recent drought from April 2007 to early 2009 severely affected the southern
Kiribati islands and Banaba. During this period, groundwater turned brackish and the leaves of most plants turned yellow.
Cyclones, severe storms and extreme sea levels
• Tropical cyclones rarely pass between the Kiribati islands.• Between 1969/70 and 2009/10 three cyclones passed within 400km of Arorae
Island in western Kiribati and three cyclones within 400km of Caroline Island in eastern Kiribati.
• Storm surges and extreme sea levels occur occasionally.
Sea level Sea level has risen (see figure 6):• Sea level measured by satellite altimeters has risen by 1–4mm per year (global
average is 3.2 +/– 0.4mm per year).• Sea-level rise naturally fluctuates from year to year at levels of about 26cm.
There are also decade to decade variations. These fluctuations over both timeframes are a result of phenomena such as ENSO.
Ocean acidification Ocean acidification has been increasing:• Since the 18th century ocean has been slowly becoming more acidic. The
aragonite saturation state has declined from about 4.5 in the late 18th century to an observed value of about 3.9 ± 0.1 by 2000.
• ‘Based [on] the large-scale distribution of coral reefs across the Pacific and the seawater chemistry, Guinotte et al. (2003) suggested that seawater aragonite saturation states above 4 were optimal for coral growth and for the development of healthy reef ecosystems, with values from 3.5 to 4 adequate for coral growth, and values between 3 and 3.5, marginal. Coral reef ecosystems were not found at seawater aragonite saturation states below 3 and these conditions were classified as extremely marginal for supporting coral growth’ (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 2, p.100).
Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Projections based on Global ModelsThe projections for the climate of Kiribati in future presented here are based on up to 18 global climate models for up to three emission scenarios – low, medium and high – and three 20-year periods – centred on 2030, 2055 and 2090, relative to 1990 (see Figure 6, Table 3, 4 & 5). There is no single projected climate future for Kiribati, but rather a range of possible futures. Projections represent an average change over either the whole of Kiribati or over smaller but still broad geographic regions such as the Line Group. However, projections are not for specific locations such as towns (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 2).
The projections listed in Table 3 are presented along with confidence levels based on expert judgement by scientists who conducted the analysis. The levels range from very high, high and moderate to low confidence.
Figure 6: Observed and projected sea-level change in Kiribati relative to 1990 levels‘The observed sea-level records are indicated in dark blue (relative tidegauge observations) and light blue (the satellite record since 1993). Reconstructed estimates of sea level near Kiribati (since 1950) are shown in purple. The projections for the A1B (medium) emissions scenario (representing 90% of the range of models) are shown by the shaded green region from 1990 to 2100. The dashed lines are an estimate of 90% of the range of natural year-to-year variability in sea level.’Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Climate Variable
Projected changes
Air temperature
Surface air temperature will continue to increase (very high confidence). Under a high emission scenario (see also Table 4):
• Annual and seasonal mean temperature will increase by 0.3–1.3°C for the Gilbert Islands and by 0.4–1.2°C for the Phoenix and Line Islands by 2030 (high confidence).
• Annual temperature increases could be greater than 3°C by 2090 (moderate confidence).
(As there is no consistency in projections of future ENSO activity, it is not possible to projectinterannual variability in temperature.)
Sea-surface temperature
Sea-surface temperature will continue to increase (very high confidence):• Sea-surface temperatures will increase by 0.6–0.8°C by 2035 and by 1.2–2.7°C by 2100
(Bell et al. 2011).(As there is no consistency in projections of future ENSO activity, it is not possible to projectinterannual variability in sea-surface temperature.)
Rainfall Rainfall patterns will change:• Wet season, dry season and annual average rainfall will increase (high confidence).• Anual and seasonal mean rainfall will increase (>5%) by 2030. The majority of models
simulate a large increase (>15%) by 2090 (low confidence).
Extremes There will be more extreme rainfall and very hot days:• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat and warm nights will increase and
cooler weather will decline (very high confidence).• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall will increase (high confidence).
Drought The incidence of drought will decrease (moderate confidence):• In the Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands mild drought will occur approximately seven
to eight times every 20 years by 2030, decreasing to six to seven times by 2090 (low confidence).
• The frequency of moderate drought is projected to decrease from two or three times every 20 years by 2030 to once or twice by 2090 (low confidence).
• Severe drought will occur approximately once or twice every 20 years by 2030, decreasing to once every 20 years by 2055 and 2090 (low confidence).
Sea level Mean sea level is projected to continue to rise (very high confidence):• Mean sea level will rise by approximately 5–15cm by 2030 and 20–60cm by 2090 under
the higher emissions scenario (moderate confidence; see Table 5 and Figure 5).• Interannual variability of sea level will lead to periods of lower and higher regional sea
levels with levels similar to the past.• The sea-level rise combined with natural year-to-year changes will increase the impact of
storm surges and coastal flooding.(Scientists warn that due to the melting of large ice sheets such as those in Antarctica andGreenland, rise could possibly be larger than predicted. But currently not enough is known tomake predictions confidently.)
Ocean acidification
The acidification of the ocean will continue to increase (very high confidence):• The annual maximum aragonite saturation state will reach values below 3.5 by about
2045 in the Gilbert Islands, by about 2030 in the Line Islands, and by about 2055 in the Phoenix Islands. The aragonite saturation will continue to decline thereafter (moderate confidence).
• Ocean pH will decrease by –0.1 units by 2035 and by –0.2 to –0.3 units by 2100 (Bell et al. 2011).
• Coral reefs are projected to degrade progressively with losses of live coral of > 25% by 2035 and > 50% by 2050 due to rising sea-surface temperatures and more acidic oceans (Bell et al. 2011).
Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011; Bell et al. 2011
Table 3: Climate projections for Kiribati over the 21st century
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Table 5: Climate change projections of variables with different emission scenarios
Parameter (relative to 1990 baseline)
Year
2025 2050 2075 2100
Temperature (mean in °C)
28.5 – 29 29 – 30.3 29.7 – 32 30 – 33
Precipitation (mean in mm)
2,171 – 2,322 2,338 – 2,714 2,540 – 3,252 2,683 – 3,702
Sea-level rise (mean in cm)
15 – 18.5 26 – 40.5 38 – 70 50.6 – 107
Source: Warrick et al. 2013
Source: CSIRO 2013
Climate variable and emission scenario
Time Frame
2030 2055 2090
Temperature (change relative to the average of period 1989–1999 Kiribati recorded data) in degrees Celsius (°C)
Low emission 0.2 – 1.2 0.6 – 1.9 1.0 – 2.4
Medium 0.2 – 1.4 0.9 – 2.3 1.6 – 3.5
High 0.3 – 1.3 1.0 – 2.2 2.2 – 3.8
Sea-level rise (change relative to the average of period 1980–1999) in cm
Low 4 – 13 9 – 25 16 – 45
Medium 5 – 14 10 – 29 19 – 57
High 5 – 14 10 – 28 20 – 58
2.2 HazardprofileforKiribatiTraditionally disaster plans have focused on acute impact events, categorised as either ‘natural’ or ‘manmade’. However, chronic events that result from social, economic and environmental pressures have the potential to be as damaging to sustainable development and community vulnerability as acute impact events.
The National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP; GoK 2012b) identifies the following acute impact events threatening Kiribati that arise from ‘natural’ sources.
InundationAs a result of ENSO events, Tarawa already experiences significant natural fluctuations in sea level of about 0.5 metres. These fluctuations will affect the inundation potential of the atoll, particularly when combined with storm surges and the projected increase in sea level. The low-lying places along the atolls have already experienced this.
Inundation is also experienced in the atoll islands as the result of unexpected extreme high tides. The extreme high tides, when they coincide with the spring tide, result in a threshold of >2.8 metres, as in 2010 when wave overtopping damaged infrastructure and properties.
Storm surges have been experienced as well due to strong low-pressure systems that were nearing the Kiribati borders. A number of houses were washed away at Marakei in 2008, providing an example that needs to be considered even though the low pressure resulting in cyclones does not affect the country.
TsunamiThe following general background information provides an overview of potential sources of tsunami threat and the history of tsunami in Kiribati. It is not, however, a comprehensive picture of tsunami hazard and vulnerability for Kiribati. The dispersed nature of the islands and the features of the seabed within the archipelago mean that exposure to tsunami and possible tsunami impacts are likely to vary from island to island and between island groups.
Table 4: Climate change projections of parameters
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Tsunami risk modelling and the limited historical records of tsunami events would suggest Kiribati has a lower tsunami risk relative to other Pacific Island countries and territories closer to subduction trenches, where earthquakes with the potential to generate tsunami can occur. Although the Kiribati population and Government have had no direct experience with tsunami impacts, they are aware of the susceptibility of low-lying atolls to rising sea levels associated with climate change and of the potential for tsunami impact.
Historical stories collected revealed that unusual historical sea behaviour may provide anecdotal evidence of tsunami. Felt earthquakes caused a cracked reef and large rocks deposited on two islands by a series of three ‘magic waves’ to southern islands (Tamana and Makin) and eastern islands (Kiritimati) facing tsunami risk.
Thomas, Burbidge and Cummins (2007) used scenarios for 8.5 Moment Magnitude (Mw) and 9.0 Mw earthquakes to investigate normalised offshore (to a notional depth of 50 metres) wave amplitudes for tsunami caused by earthquakes along subduction zones (see Figure 2 in Section 1.3.1). In this study, Kiribati’s maximum amplitude for all tide gauges for all Mw 9 tsunami was 99cm, with the most significant source region being Peru (amplitude greater than 75cm at 50m depth or single most significant source region if no amplitude exceeds 75cm). For a Mw 8.5 tsunami the maximum amplitude reduced to 49cm but Peru still remained the most significant source region.
The southern end of the South Solomon trench poses a threat to the eastern end of the Gilbert Islands. Only events of very large magnitude pose a significant threat. The islands have not experienced a measurable tsunami from this source in the past 20 years. The central section of the New Hebrides trench and the northern half of the Tonga trench pose some limited threat to Kiribati. Although the tsunami energy is not anticipated to be directed specifically at the island groups, side lobe energy may result in detectable events. The last event that originated on the New Hebrides trench that was detected in Tarawa was in 1994. The Tarawa sea-level gauge has shown no records of tsunami impacting from the Tonga trench.
Since 1994 there have been three small events detected at the Tarawa sea-level gauge from the Kuril and Japan trench. These were 8.3 Mw events on 4 October 1994 and 15 November 2006 and a 9.0 Mw event on February 2012. Two events in 1994 and 2006 resulted in waves less than 10cm in height, while the 2012 event resulted in 20cm height recorded at the Tarawa tide gauge. Most recently, Kiribati has been place under a ‘tsunami warning’ by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre.
DroughtDuring La Niña events, the South Pacific Convergence Zone, which is associated with enhanced cloudiness (high rainfall), is shifted southwest of its normal position (away from the southern islands in Kiribati). As a result cloudiness is reduced, particularly over Nauru and western Kiribati. La Niña has historically been related to less precipitation (rainfall), and sometimes to drought, in the Kiribati region. In contrast, some parts of the Pacific such as Australia experience high rainfall during La Niña episodes.
Past La Niña events have shown that the impacts of droughts can be very severe in Kiribati. For example, in 1971, 1985, 1998 and 1999 annual rainfall was less than 750 mm. The recent drought from April 2007 to
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early 2009 severely affected the southern Kiribati islands and Banaba. During this period, groundwater turned brackish and the leaves of most plants turned yellow. Copra production, the main income source for people in the outer islands, declined. During the 1970–1971 drought, a complete loss of coconut palms was reported at Kenna village on Abemama in central Kiribati (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011).
EpidemicsEpidemics that have threatened the Kiribati population include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002–2004 and H1N1 (‘swine flu’) in 2009. Both epidemics had a global impact, to which the Kiribati authorities responded by strengthening border control. Other epidemics have a stronger relationship with climate change such as water, food and vector-borne diseases and are expected to increase because of climate change.
Maritime disastersMartime disasters are frequent in Kiribati due to the vastness of the ocean separating the islands as well as the population’s heavy dependence on marine resources for daily food needs.
With weather extremes becoming more severe due to climate change, Kiribati is at high risk of experiencing more intense storms and wave events, extreme rainfall, sea-level rise and increased temperatures and associated inundations and damage to buildings and infrastructure, plagues and epidemics, coastal erosion as well shortages of food and fresh water.
The impacts of all these hazards on Kiribati’s economy, environment and livelihoods are analysed in Section 2.3 below.
2.3 Vulnerabilities and ImpactsThe social, economic and environmental ramifications of the observed and projected climatic changes and hazards presented above are amplified when overlaid with the vulnerability of the i-Kiribati people and their environment. This is reflected in Kiribati’s status as a least developed country under Annex 6 of the Cotonou Agreement and in its 11th out of 14 ranking on the Pacific Human Development Index.
Whilst the exposure of Kiribati and its people to climate and disaster risks is described in chapter 2.1, this chapter focuses on the sensitivity of Kiribati as a whole and in its relevant sectors. Furthermore, the present and predicted future impacts of climate change and disaster risks are described in this chapter.
The following factors are contributing to the nation’s vulnerability to climate change and disaster risks, which apply across the various sectors:• A high population and growth rate on South Tarawa in the Gilbert Group (50,182 inhabitants with a
population density of 3,184 persons per square kilometer) as well as on Kiritimati in the Line Islands Group (5,586 inhabitants; GoK 2010 & KNSO & SPC 2012), which is due to: a high proportion of children and youth, high levels of fertility, low rates of contraceptive use, and disparities between the different islands of Kiribati (resulting in internal migration, displacement, and urbanisation) (GoK 2012c).
• In fast-growing urban areas, especially South Tarawa with a growth rate of 4.4% and to a certain extent also North Tarawa and Kiritimati, (KNSO & SPC 2012), the population pressure and lifestyle changes have strained the already limited freshwater resources. In many areas, the freshwater consumption rates are already exceeding the estimated sustainable yield of groundwater sources (such as in the Bonriki and Buota Water Reserves on South Tarawa).
• The increase in non-biodegradable waste usage in urban areas, as well as poor waste and sanitation management, result in limited access to unpolluted land and sea, degradation of land and ocean based ecosystems, and numerous isolated occurrences of diarrhoeal and vector borne diseases.
• Traditional food systems are declining in favour of imported food, and the number of people who preserve and apply traditional knowledge is decreasing.
• In rural outer islands, the people have limited access to employment opportunities, effective transport, communication, and community services such as education and health. These factors, combined with a high dependency on subsistence agriculture and coastal fisheries, make rural communities more vulnerable.
• Government revenue is declining and highly dependent on fisheries revenue (40–50%) with limited capacity to maximise the benefits of these resources (GoK 2012c).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
• Government programs, decision-making processes and budgets are centralised, with decision bottlenecks at all levels from national to local. The public finance management, reporting and monitoring system has been reviewed and changes are being implemented to meet development partner requirements for budget and sector-wide support. The development of an Island Council Strategic Plan will enhance the planning, budgeting and monitoring functions at the local government level.
• There are institutional challenges such as a high staff turnover rates in senior executive positions, limited sector specific training, and a lack of clarity on internal roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, there are constraints on knowledge sharing, coordination and collaboration among ministries as well as with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the private sector, faith-based organisations and development partners. Yet, with the creation of the MWYSA there are increased opportunities for the community, especially women and youth, to participate in broader governance (GoK 2012c).
• There are knowledge, skill level and capacity gaps with regards to climate change adaptation and disaster risks throughout Kiribati society, particularly in the outer islands and among marginalised populations. A key challenge is to translate the climate science and predicted impacts into messages that the i-Kiribati population can relate to. In some instances there are cultural and religious barriers to awareness and action, such as cultural practices of guarding traditional knowledge and religious beliefs.
• Many laws do not take into account sustainable management concerns, climate change predictions and disaster risks. Laws relevant to these topics need to be reviewed in order to mainstream such issues.
• The safety and emergency response capacities of Kiribati are limited. However, with the implementation of the NDRMP, issues such as a lack of a dedicated marine rescue service, the inaccessibility of fire trucks to densely populated areas on South Tarawa, and the lack of evacuation plans for emergencies, will be addressed.
• The low-lying atoll islands are already experiencing severe coastal erosion and inundation due to natural and human causes, leading to a loss of land, public and private buildings, and infrastructure. The Environmental Impact Assessment under the Environment Act may need to be enforced on major projects throughout all of Kiribati’s islands. This would help to curb the removal of mangroves and mining of sand and aggregates that contribute to erosion.
In the long-term, the most serious concern is that sea-level rise will threaten the very existence of Kiribati as a nation. But in the short to medium term, a number of other projected impacts are of immediate concern. Of particular note is the question as to whether the water supply and food production systems can continue to meet the needs of the rapidly increasing population of Kiribati (GoK 2013).
Past La Niña events have shown that the impacts of droughts can be very severe in Kiribati. For example, in 1971, 1985, 1998 and 1999, annual rainfall was less than 750mm. The recent drought from April 2007 to early 2009 severely affected the southern Kiribati islands and Banaba. During this period, copra production significantly declined, depressing the outer island economies which rely on copra as a main income source. The groundwater also turned brackish and the leaves of most plants turned yellow. During the 1970–1971 drought, a complete loss of coconut palms was reported at Kenna village on Abemama in central Kiribati (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011).
The effects of climate change and disasters are felt first and most acutely by vulnerable and marginalised populations, including women, children, youth, people with disabilities, minorities, the elderly and the urban poor (GoK 2012c, Burton, D. et al. 2011). Violence against women and children is a widespread issue within Kiribati society, which can be exacerbated in times of disaster when normal social protection may be missing. In addition, the population is facing stress due to the uncertainty over their livelihood, culture and homeland (GoK 2012c).
Climate variability, climate change and disaster risks, in combination with the factors that make Kiribati particularly vulnerable to them, are affecting the environment and all socio-economic sectors, including agriculture, education, fisheries, freshwater, health, infrastructure, trade and commerce. For an overview of sector-specific sensitivities and existing and potential future impacts in relation to climate change and disaster risks, see Tables 6 to 13 below.
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Table 6: Sensitivity and impacts - environment
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• Low-lying atolls with limited land-based natural resources and biodiversity. High dependency on and demand for coastal and marine resources.
• Narrow and low-lying land, climate variability influencing ocean characteristics and components, thin underground freshwater lens.
• Negative impact of poorly designed infrastructure on the environment due to lack of capacity, understanding natural processes and resources; e.g seawalls causing erosion or causeways harming marine habitats.
• Mining of beach sands and aggregates. • Pests and invasive species.• Low level of communication, education and
public awareness and lack of priority given to conservation and management of biodiversity including habitats at all levels.
• Low level of budget allocation and integration of climate change, disaster risk management, gender, environmental conservation and biodiversity management considerations in development strategies.
• Limited capacity for integrated assessments of risks, including gaps in enforcement of environnmental impact assessments, cost–benefit analyses and feasibility studies.
• Increasing coastal inundation, erosion and loss of land.
• Increasing loss of island biodiversity on land and at sea and degradation of important habitats (such as mangroves, coral reefs).
• Increasing environmental degradation and vulnerability of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and habitats to the additional stressors caused by climate change and hazards.
• Increasing outbreaks of invasive species, pests and diseases.
• Increasing water-, food- and vector-borne diseases.• Potentially high environmental costs of
development or private sector projects that have yet to fully consider environmental and possible disaster and climate change impacts.
• Salinisation of groundwater lens and decline in size of groundwater lens.
Sources: GoK 2012c; MELAD ECD 2006, MELAD 2007; Elrick and Kay 2009; KJIP Consultations 2013
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Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• Limited employment opportunities in country and overseas, especially for youth.
• Lack of access to capital and land for private sector development.
• Private sector environment is not conducive to investement due to excessive licensing and tariffs in current government service regulations and outdated laws.
• Increasing trade deficit.• Increasing household hardship and rates of
poverty.• Potential of oceanic tuna fisheries not fully
capitalised for private sector development.• No insurance coverage available for certain
natural hazards i.e. erosion, loss of land, inundation and flooding (Kiribati Insurance Company). Also gaps in obtaining existing insurances (such as fire).
• Low levels of financial literacy and gaps in training on business development.
• State owned enterprises (which get government subsidies) benefit from unfair competition with private sector.
• Cultural barriers to conducting business: property and wealth traditionally belong to the community whereas private sector business development is building on individualistic profit principles.
• Low quality and insufficient numbers of local private vessels that provide outer islands with basic food and other commodities.
• Private businesses sell low-quality imported food and equipment with short life cycles.
• Negative messages on the impacts of climate change (e.g. ‘Kiribati is sinking’) affecting investment.
• Decline in remittances and GDP, thus reducing capacity to reduce vulnerability and increasing hardship and poverty.
• The outbreaks of fire are threatening businesses in urban areas, especially as fire trucks cannot access densely populated areas.
• Economic losses due to damage caused by fire, erosion, loss of land and flooding. Small retailers might also have to close down.
• Decreasing investment from overseas.• Economic losses for small- and medium-scale
businesses (e.g. in artisanal fisheries, agriculture, handicrafts and food processing) due to decreased productivity of agriculture and coastal fisheries, which in turn increases hardship and poverty.
• Bad weather conditions (such as heavy storms) cause delays of freight ships to Tarawa and smaller trade vessels to outer islands, leading to shortages in basic food commodities (sugar, rice, flour) and economic losses.
• Coral bleaching will make Kiribati less attractive to tourists and foreign investment in the tourism sector.
Table 7: Sensitivity and impacts - economic development, trade and commerce
Sources: GoK 2012c; MFMRD 2013; Elrick and Kay 2009; KJIP Consultations 2013
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• Costs of construction are high, with most materials, tools and equipment needing to be imported and transported long distances.
• Lack of financial resources needed to maintain key infrastructure such as causeways, seawalls, buildings, government houses, health clinics and schools.
• The salty, humid and hot environment leads to rapid deterioration of equipment, while lack of funds means that much plant and machinery is being used beyond its planned economic life.
• Infrastructure such as causeways, seawalls, buildings, government houses, health clinics and schools are sometimes build very close to the sea (both South Tarawa and outer islands).
• Causeways and other coastal infrastructure often do not take into account their potential negative impact on marine ecosystems and coastal fish productivity.
• Lack of access to environmentally safe aggregates and increasing practice of beach mining carried on by individuals, households, communities and building contractors.
• Conflicts around land ownership and demarcation.
• Increasing loss of usable land and existing investments.
• Increasing destabilisation of beaches contribute to erosion (especially in South Tarawa, but potentially also other islands except Banaba).
• Increasing risk of damage and/or loss of major transport facilities (airport, ports).
• Increasing costs and challenges for maintenance.• Increasing risk of damage to government
property with negative impacts on basic services (hospital and health service, school and education, government housing).
• Increasing damage and interruption to roads, causeways and bridges, which might lead to isolation of communities, increased risk of accidents and increased costs for maintenance and repair of cars and road transport.
• Increasing risk of damage to civil society and cultural facilities (private schools, NGOs, churches, maneaba).
• Increasing damage to services water mains, sewerage and electricity.
• Increasing conflicts among private landowners if private buildings have to be relocated.
• Increasing conflicts between private landowners and Government about land demarcation if public infrastructure and buildings such as schools have to be relocated.
Table 8: Sensitivity and impacts - infrastructure
Sources: GoK 2013; GoK 2012c; Elrick and Kay 2009, KJIP Consultation 2013
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• Availability of drinking water is inadequate.• In urbanised areas with high population growth,
demand for fresh water is growing.• Lack of information on or systematic monitoring
of the microbiological quality of water supplies, especially on rural outer islands.
• Industrial contamination, particularly leaking hydrocarbons from diesel power generators.
• Despite regulations, encroachment is a continuing threat to water reserves especially in South Tarawa, Banaba and Tabakea.
• Lack of involvement of local landowners in management of water reserves.
• Lack of regulations for protecting water sources in rural areas or outer islands.
• Traditional practices of defecating on the beach cause algal bloom and ultimately can lead to health problems.
• Risk of plume of sewage from the Betio outfall to enter into the lagoon, and some households on South Tarawa are not connected to the sewerage system.
• Cultural sentiments against composting toilets.
• Continued and increasing contamination of groundwater.
• Increasing water-borne illnesses and high infant mortality rates
• Increasing socio-economic costs of water-borne illnesses (loss of family members, work absences and general lack of wellbeing).
• Continuous and increasing tensions and conflicts between affected communities and the Government because of declaration of water reserves over privately owned land, leading to costly ongoing disputes and vandalism of water infrastructure and groundwater monitoring boreholes.
• Increasing risks of contaminating the Tarawa lagoon with sewage, with impacts on health of people and the marine habitat.
• Frequent, long and severe droughts occurred regularly in the past (e.g. in South Tarawa, Banaba) causing severe shortages of fresh water and dramatic increases in salinity in domestic wells, death of some trees and dieback in others, and increasing demand for potable, reticulated water. Some islands were temporarily abandoned. It is still unclear, though, if and how the frequency and intensity of La Niña events will change.
• Increasing risks that the sea will overtop parts of or even whole islands, causing salinisation of some fresh groundwater.
Table 9: Sensitivity and impacts - fresh water and sanitation
Sources: GoK 2008a; GoK 2008b; SOPAC et al. 2007; White et al. 1999; 2010, et al. 2012, Falkland 2011; KJIP Consultation 2013
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• High dependence on coastal fisheries for subsistence (main protein source).
• Diminishing stocks of reef fish, especially for lagoon and coastal fisheries in South Tarawa, due to population pressure and associated socio-economic and environmental problems.
• A lack of understanding of actual fisheries stock which will make it more difficult to set distant fishing fees for the future.
• Bycatch of commercial oceanic tuna fisheries remains unused for food or for generating income.
• Coastal fisheries are largely unregulated, with existing management arrangements focusing on licensing revenue only and island councils tending to only discuss fisheries in the context of infrastructure concerns (e.g. lights, wharves).
• Design and building of causeways and other coastal infrastructure often do not take into account their potential negative impact on marine ecosystems and coastal fish productivity.
• While women dominate marketing and sales of fish and are engaged in shore-based harvesting and gleaning for marine resources, they are not granted the same status or public recognition as fishermen.
• Transshipment activities in Tarawa have exacerbated alcohol abuse and increased the incidence of prostitution involving young women and teenagers.
• Periodic outbreaks of ciguatera, shellfish contamination and algal blooms.
• Gaps in monitoring of ciguatera outbreaks, other outbreaks and coral reef bleaching and collaborative actions with the Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MHMS).
• The productivity for coral reef fish and invertebrates is projected to decline by 20% by 2050 due to both the direct effects (e.g. increased sea-surface temperature) and indirect effects (changes to fish habitats) of climate change. Population growth is further reducing the potential supply of reef fish per person.
• Higher water temperatures and rainfall and/or increased ocean acidification are expected to progressively reduce the efficiency of culturing seaweed, giant clams, pearl oysters and sea cucumbers.
• Possibly increasing incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning, shellfish contamination and algal blooms.
• Changes to the distribution and abundance of tuna: Concentrations of skipjack tuna will likely be located further to the east than in the past (potentially beneficial).
• Kiribati tuna-based revenue improves during El Niño years but drops during La Niña years.
• Sea-level rise will progressively convert the large areas of intertidal lagoon habitat in Kiribati to subtidal areas, with uncertain effects on the shellfish population.
• Mixed trends in aquaculture: Milkfish farming in earthen ponds is expected to be favoured by higher air temperatures and increased rainfall but the effects of sea-level rise are yet to be determined.
• Potentially increasing damage to infrastructure: More powerful storms, inundations and potential tsunami can damage wharfs and essential infrastructure. This may also increase financial risks for coastal aquaculture due to more frequent damage to equipment.
• Potential increase in social problems such as conflict between subsistence fisheries and commercial fishers over declining fish stocks and the risk of more prostitution and higher HIV rates with increased transshipment.
• Loss of traditional fishing skills and knowledge if marine habitats change and also due to a change in lifestyle.
• Potential discouragement of future national and overseas investors.
Table 10: Sensitivity impacts - fisheries and food security
Sources: MFMRD 2013; Bell et al. 2011; KJIP Consultations 2013
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• Harsh agricultural conditions due to small and remote atoll islands with poor soil conditions, high salinity and limited groundwater supply.
• Limited crop and genetic diversity.• Crop farming mostly for subsistence (trade and
export limited to coconut products: oil and copra).
• High dependency on imported basic food commodities and public outcries when shortages occur (especially rice, sugar and flour).
• Low quality of imported food due to a lack of national food standards.
• Imported equipment and tools are of poor quality and expensive. Lack of vocational and academic training in agriculture.
• Loss of traditional agroforestry systems.• Limited choices of livestock species for
production, poor housing conditions and high imports of livestock products.
• Animal waste is polluting coastal land, contaminating underground water and transmitting diseases and parasites to humans.
• Run-down livestock and agriculture facilities and challenges in the distribution system at the Agriculture and Livestock Division (Tannaea).
• Urban migration.
• Increasing risks that the sea will overtop parts of or even whole islands, causing salinisaton of some fresh groundwater, destruction of infrastructure and the death of crops and livestock.
• Decline in production of food crops (already observed) due to increase in salinity, extreme weather events, spread of pests and diseases.
• Reduced livestock productivity due to heat stress, increased disease susceptibility, lack of fresh water, water-borne diseases, decrease in production of feed, potential damage to livestock infrastructure, inundation.
• Diseases will interact with climate hazards to manifest in different ways. Some current disease problems will be exacerbated due to stress and nutrition-related immune challenges. Shifts in vector populations will change disease prevalence in different areas.
• Loss of traditional agriculture skills and knowledge.
• Poor nutrition and malnutrition.• Increase in noncommunicable diseases due to
change of diet.
Table 11: Sensitivity and impacts - agriculture and food security
Sources: MELAD-ALD 2012; MELAD-ALD & SPC & GIZ 2013; MELAD-ECD 2007; KJIP Consultations 2013
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• Existing high levels of diarrhoeal diseases, infant mortality and malnutrition among children and the elderly.
• Inefficient distribution of fresh water.• Unprotected sources of drinking water (especially wells).• A large proportion of households use the beach, bush, lagoon and
sea for toileting.• Difficulties in avoiding bacterial and chemical contamination
of water reservoirs: coliform counts frequently exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, in both reticulated water supplies and wells.
• Difficulties in maintaining high standards of food hygiene.• Presence of breeding sites for mosquito vector (Aedes aegypti),
including abandoned vehicles and solid waste in proximity to settlements (e.g. South Tarawa).
• Changes in lifestyle, including poorer nutrition and less physical exercise, leading to a higher level of non-communicable diseases.
• Low immune status of the population and gaps in effective health care; access to health services especially limited in outer islands.
• Lack of specialised knowledge to conduct health assessments and treat health problems; e.g. health staff lack capacity to differentiate between food poisoning and ciguatera.
• The health information system is still struggling to provide sufficient, accurate and timely information for decision-making in planning, strategy and policy development. This is also true for disease surveillance and response systems, which are currently not meeting international agreed standards.
• Gaps in data storage and monitoring and collaborative actions with Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development (MFMRD), Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development (MELAD) and Ministry of Public Works and Utilities (MPWU).
• Diminishing water safety and increase in water-borne diseases: Increasing risk of diarrhoeal diseases due to runoff following heavy rains and contamination of drinking water sources. Densely populated areas are at high risk.
• Diminishing food safety and increase in food-borne diseases: As temperatures rise, the risk of enteric infections transmitted by food increases (especially illnesses caused by salmonella, campylobacter and a wide range of enteroviruses). The risk is especially high in crowded conditions.
• High population density increasing risk of rapid transmission of infectious diseases.
• Increase in vector-borne diseases, especially dengue fever. During warmer and wetter conditions, outbreaks increase (already observed during El Niño events and wet season).
• Higher dependence on food imports with low nutrition value leads to increasing noncommunicable diseases.
• Increasing cost of health care.
Table 12: Sensitivity and impacts - health
Sources: GoK, MHMS & WHO 2011; Hales et al. 1999; KJIP Consultations 2013
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts
• In primary education, the net enrolment ratio has fallen from 92% to 84% for boys and from 93% to 87% for the girls between 2008 and 2010.
• More than a quarter of students do not make the transition to upper secondary levels.
• Gaps in professional standards of teachers.• The Ministry of Education (MOE), Marine Training
Centre (MTC), Kiribati Institute of Technology (KIT), Fisheries Training Centre (FTC), Kiribati Teachers College (KTC), schools, teachers and lecturers have insufficient capacities and resources to teach the students on matters relating to climate change (specifically on impacts and adaptation) and disaster risk management.
• Lack of training for police on preparedness and response to disasters, including operation of machinery such as fire trucks.
• Lack of effective early warning systems.• Lack of disability-friendly resources on climate
change and natural hazards and a lack of capacity to cope with and reduce risks among people with disabilities.
• General uncertainty and feelings of helplessness among the population about their country’s future.
• Schools, students, teachers and trainers are affected by climate change and hazards in relation to their safety, food security, access to drinking water, ability to commute and health.
• School infrastructure might have to be relocated due to coastal erosion and retro-fitted to withstand harsher conditions such as drought, heavy rain or heavy storms.
• Increasing maintenance costs for school infrastructure (also due to salt spray and rising temperatures).
• Lower rates of enrolment and secondary education limit opportunities for human resource development and employment (including overseas).
• Potential loss of life and damage due to lack of early warning systems and limited capacity to cope, especially for vulnerable groups (such as children, people with disabilities and women).
Table 13: Sensitivity and impacts - education and human resources
Sources: GoK 2012c; MoE 2012; KJIP Consultations 2013 35
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
2.4 The current status of mainstreaming climate change and disaster risk management in sectoral policies and strategiesClimate change and disaster risks are being addressed in policies and strategies relating to population, water and sanitation, health and environment. Similarly disaster risk management is progressively being incorporated into policies and strategies relating to fisheries, agriculture, labour, youth and education. The new Kiribati Integrated Environment Policy encourages all government programs to collect, manage and use environmental data to safeguard the environment and strengthen resilience to climate change and disasters.
The National Energy Policy incorporates measures to mitigate carbon emissions by promoting renewable energies and energy efficiency.
Only a few sectors have transferred strategic actions to address climate and disaster risks into their annual Sector Operational Plans and Ministerial Plans of Operations and budgeting.
Policies and strategies relating to human resource development, minerals and foreshore development, private sector development, investment, transport, communications, tourism and minerals do not explicitly consider climate change and disaster risks.
Most laws need to be reviewed as, with the exception of the Disaster Management Act 1995, they do not regulate responses to climate change and disaster risks and impacts.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
3.1 Rationale and guiding principles for the KJIPThe Government of the Republic of Kiribati, following consultation with regional technical advisory organisations, initiated the process to develop a joint national action plan on climate change and disaster risk management in 2012. This document is designed to complement the NDRMP (GoK 2012b) and the National Framework for Climate Change and Climate Change Adaptation (NFCCCCA; GoK 2013). By identifying tangible, on-the-ground actions for resilience, along with actions the Government can take to facilitate these, the plan will guide the implementation of these policies in an integrated approach.
The main rationale for this approach is that a systematic and integrated plan, identifiying tangible actions, will maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of existing capacities and resources as well as ensuring new initiatives are well targeted and have the maximum impact. In addition, the development of this plan was seen as a key vehicle for integrating climate change and disaster risks into all sectors, and promoting a whole-of-country approach that involves the cooperation of the Government, civil society and private sectors.
In recognition of the strong need to implement existing policies and to take more and stronger tangible actions to increase resilience, the Government of the Republic of Kiribati decided to call this action plan the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP) and agreed on the following principles:
• The KJIP is to reflect the recently endorsed NFCCCCA and NDRMP and relevant sector policies and strategies of line ministries, and identify actions for implementing them.
• The KJIP has to align to rules and procedures that the Government of the Republic of Kiribati must follow.• Long-term consequences of climate change must be considered.• Because climate change and disasters have negative impacts on welfare of I-Kiribati, the process needs to
be consultative and inclusive of all people, including the most vulnerable and the outer island population.• The KJIP is to be based on priorities identified during the development phase, reflect country priorities
and build on ongoing initiatives.• To build resilience the KJIP needs to be implemented in the next 10 years or so.• Priorities may change over time; hence regular reviews through a sound monitoring and evaluation
framework are important.• Adaptation to climate change is a long-term and ongoing task for Kiribati; hence, after the current KJIP has
been implemented and a final evaluation has been conducted, a follow-up plan should be developed.• The KJIP is to enhance and strengthen the sense of ownership by the Government, private sector, faith-
based organisations, NGOs and communities.
It is expected that, as part of the process of developing and implementing the KJIP:• required funds and resources for climate change and disaster risk management priority actions will be
identified and planned, and required budgets allocated;• access to financial resources and technical assistance will be increased;• local capacities will be built and technologies transferred to plan, write and cost proposals and monitor
implementation;• roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders will be clarified, collaboration and coordination enhanced and
the competition for resources reduced; and• national, sectoral and community priority actions to cope with climate change and reduce disaster risks are
communicated inside and outside of the country.
3.2 KJIP in the context of national development prioritiesThe Kiribati Development Plan (KDP) 2012–2015 is the overarching national development plan detailing national priorities (GoK 2012c). The KDP is linked to the Millennium Development Goals, the Pacific Plan and the Mauritius Strategy for Small Island Developing States (BPoA+10).
The KDP has six broad key policy areas (KPAs). Climate change is incorporated into KPA 4 on environment, providing the link to the KJIP. The key objective of KPA 4 is to facilitate sustainable development by mitigating the effects of climate change through approaches that protect biodiversity and support the reduction of environmental degradation by the year 2015.
The NFCCCCA highligths that climate change has more far-reaching implications than for the environment alone and that it has the potential to impact on all six KPAs of the current KDP (GoK 2013).
Legal functions and responsibility for climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and disaster responses and management continue to be vested in various agencies, as determined by national legislation. However, some laws need to be adjusted to enable agencies to respond effectively to impacts of climate change and disasters.
3 Development of the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
The KJIP contributes to the realisation of the KDP outcomes and provides the implementation plan for the NFCCCCA (2013) and the NDRMP (2012). Figure 7 below shows how it links to these and other national frameworks.
The KJIP is leading in advocating and operationalising an integrated approach to including climate change and disaster risks in national and community development planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluations.
The Government of the Republic of Kiribati sees the KJIP as a means to prioritise actions on climate change and related disaster risks that are highlighted in national communications (see also chapter 3.3) and sector policies and action strategies impacted by climate change and disaster risks.
3.3 KJIP linkages to relevant regional and international frameworksThis KJIP is part of the commitments Kiribati made under the Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change (PIFACC), the Regional Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Management endorsed by the Pacific Leaders in 2005 and the Pacific Islands Meteorological Strategy (PIMS) approved in 2012. The KJIP is consistent with these three inter-related regional frameworks, specifically in terms of the national priorities for actions.
The KJIP is also timely as the region moves towards an integrated regional framework, the Strategy for Climate and Disaster Resilient Development in the Pacific (SRDP), by 2016.
As party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC; ratified in 1992), the Government sees the KJIP as its National Action Plan on climate change. Similarly, the KJIP is contributing to the implementaiton of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015) under the United Nations International Strategy on Disaster Risk Management (UNISDR) and the Climate Services priorities of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). 3.4 KJIP development methodologyThe Office of te Beretitenti (OB) led the development of the KJIP. For this task, it established a Kiribati National Expert Group on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KNEG), encompassing experts from core and line ministries, NGOs, the Kiribati Chamber of Commerce and Industries and other non-state actors.
A Regional Support Team (RST), led by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), supported the KNEG and the development of the KJIP. Other members of the RST were representatives of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) (through the SPC/GIZ Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region program), United Nations Development Program (UNDP – Suva Office), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (Government of Australia).
Figure 7 Linkages of the KJIP to national frameworks
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Table 14 below provides an overview of the steps involved in developing the KJIP from October 2012 to June 2014, along with the steps required following its development into the future.
Table 14: KJIP development methodology
Steps KJIP development tasks Lead responsibility Timeframe
1 Planning for engagement • Country request• Regional partnership planning
• OB• RST
October to December 2012
2 Consultation – Part 1Introductory and advocacy Situation analysis • Information collection• Identification of key problems (hazards context, risk
and vulnerability context, institutional arrangements and policies, stakeholders analysis, existing programs/projects, donor analysis etc).
• KNEG• RST
January to February 2013
3 KJIP strategic action development process• Problem validation process• Problem prioritisation process • Problem–solution tree analysis • Strategy (theme) development• Action matrix development
KNEG supported by RST April to August 2013
4 Costing of KJIP and development of the strategic plan• Institutional arrangements• Results-based monitoring framework• Funding strategy• Communication strategy• Project concepts • Narrative
KNEG supported by RST
April to September 2013
5 National approval process for the KJIP, including consultation on Kiritimati island
KNEG August 2013 to June 2014
6 Country and development partner discussions KNEG supported by RST
Third quarter of 2014
7 KJIP implementation, monitoring and evaluation All Ministries, KNEG, KJIP Secreteriat
August 2014 to 2023
3.5 Costing methodologyThe estimated cost of the KJIP includes both the financial cost of actions and the in-kind contributions made by the Government of the Republic of Kiribati and partners (such as bilateral and multilateral development partners and the Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific – CROP) to execute actions. The estimated costs include ongoing and future investments. The indicative cost was developed using various assumptions that were based on information from local suppliers as well as from government departments.
The following were the assumptions used:• Costs of travel to the outer islands are for air travel only, except where agencies have their own boat in
which cases the cost of fuel and rations are included.• Lump sum estimates are being made on implementation of recommendations of reviews, studies or
assessments.• The cost of technical assistance differs between an overseas and a locally engaged consultants based on (i)
experience and qualifications and (ii) travel costs and per diem. The use of only local rates to estimate the cost of consultants can therefore under-cost an activity if an appropriate local consultant is not available.
• Advertisement costs are being estimated on the 30-minute slots made by the Publication and Broadcasting Authority. In most instances, single messages may be provided at cheaper rates.
• The costings are estimates and the actual cost may be determined during the development of proposals when a relevant donor is being identified and interested in supporting that particular action.
• A number of actions were proposed to recruit short-term project position. If the agency wished the position to be ongoing, it had to seek the necessary support from the Government.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
4.2 Strategies and key actionsTo reduce vulnerabilities and respond to observed and likely impacts of climate change and disaster risks, the KJIP identifies 12 major strategies, as shown in Figure 8.
Strengthening good governance, policies, strategies and legislation1
Improving knowledge and information generation, management and sharing2
Strengthening and greening the private sector, including small-scale business3
Increasing water and food security with integrated and sector-specific approaches and promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems4
Strengthening health-service delivery to address climate change impacts5
Promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management6
Delivering appropriate education, training and awareness programmes7
Increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warnings and disaster and emergency management8
Promoting the use of sustainable renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency9
Strengthening capacity to access finance, monitor expenditures and maintain strong partnerships10
Maintaining the sovereignty and unique identity of Kiribati11
Enhancing the participation and resilience of vulnerable groups12
4.1 Vision & goalThe vision of the 9-year KJIP (2014 – 2023) is:I-Kiribati unique culture, heritage and identity are upheld and safeguarded through enhanced resilience and sustainable development.
The goal of the KJIP is: To increase resilience through sustainable climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction using a whole of country approach
4 The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Figure 8: The 12 KJIP strategies
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Each strategy has one or more key actions, sub-actions, outcomes and performance indicators (outcome- and output-based) to address climate change and disaster risks in response to the identified vulnerabilities and impacts. Table 15 summarises the results of each strategy. For the detailed strategic plan with key actions, sub-actions, results and performance indicators, lead and support agencies and partners associated with each strategy, see Annex 1.
All strategies and actions in the KJIP are inclusive of vulnerable groups, considering gender, youth and children, the elderly and people with disabilities.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Table 15: Overview of KJIP strategies and anticipated results
Strategy 1: Strengthening good governance, strategies and legislation
Results
1.1 All policies, strategies, Sector Operational Plans, Ministry Annual Workplans, Ministerial Plans of Operations, project proposals and monitoring and evaluation systems enable the proactive and inclusive reduction of climate change and disaster risks.
1.2 Appropriate national and sector legislation is providing an enabling environment to enforce climate and disaster risk reduction.
1.3 Climate change and disaster risk management initiatives are coordinated by government departments, island councils, NGOs, faith-based organisations and the private sector in a collaborative manner across sectors.
Strategy 2: Improving knowledge and information generation, management and sharing
Results
2.1 An integrated and up-to-date national database providing all relevant information for resilient development is available and accessible for all.
2.2 Capacities to communicate science and best practices are strengthened by developing and disseminating effective and relevant information, communication and awareness products for decision-making and awareness raising across sectors and at all levels (see also Strategy 7).
2.3 Capacities for data collection, assessment, analysis, interpretation, monitoring and reporting are strengthened across sectors.
Strategy 3: Strengthening and greening the private sector, including small-scale business
Results
3.1 The number of small-scale businesses that process local produce for domestic and export markets (fish produce, agricultural produce, livestock, handicraft) increases.
3.2 The private sector implements greening initiatives (in areas such as tourism, trade, transport, import/export).
3.3 The private sector incorporates climate change and disaster risks into its strategic and business plans (and assesses feasibility of insurance).
Strategy4:Increasingwaterandfoodsecuritywithintegratedandsector-specificapproaches and promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems
Results
4.1 Communities with island councils manage and implement climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures as an integral part of their development efforts and inclusive of vulnerable groups.
4.2 Salt-, drought-, rain- and heat-stress resilient crops, fruit, vegetables and livestock breeds are identified and promoted and communities preserve local food (fruit trees and seafood).
4.3 Communities manage coastal fisheries taking into consideration sustainability of marine resources as well as climate change and disaster risks.
4.4 Communities have constant access to basic food commodities.
4.5 Communities manage their water resources (including during extreme events such as drought, heavy rain and storm surges; see also Strategy 6).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Strategy 5: Strengthening health-service delivery to address climate change impacts
Results
5.1 The public is aware of water safety and proactively reduces the spread of vector-, water- and food-borne diseases.
5.2 Routine systems for surveillance of environmental health hazards and climate-sensitive diseases are strengthened.
5.3 Capacities are enhanced and equipment provided to the MHMS Central Laboratory and Environmental Health Laboratory to test water and food, conduct vector control activities and analyse results.
5.4 I-Kiribati population’s general health status is enhanced to be more resilient to climate-related diseases.
5.5 A national outbreak preparedness and response plan and a sectoral environmental health plan, which incorporate surveillance and response to climate-sensitive diseases, are in place.
Strategy 6: Promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management
Results
6.1 The livelihood of I-Kiribati is improved through public buildings, infrastructure and utilities that are well maintained and resilient to climate change and disasters (climate proofing).
6.2 Land planning and management for all islands that provides clear regulations on land development with competent planning authorities strengthened to implement & enforce land use regulatory frameworks and water regulations (see also Strategy 1).
6.4 Water reserves are protected and communities have access to sufficient and adequate fresh water at all times (including during extreme events such as drought, heavy rain and storm surges; see also Strategy 4) and to improved sanitation facilities.
Strategy 7. Delivering appropriate education, training and awareness programs
Results
7.1 Students and professionals have capacities to take action on adaptation, and risk reduction and coping strategies before, during and after disasters and emission mitigation.
7.2 The I-Kiribati population is well informed and all stakeholders have access to up-to-date and accurate, contemporary and traditional information on climate change and disaster risk management (see also Strategy 2) and communities take voluntary action to reduce climate change and disaster risks.
7.3 The I-Kiribati population (inclusive of vulnerable groups) are well qualified with formal and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) qualifications to get employment outside of Kiribati.
Strategy8:Increasingeffectivenessandefficiencyofearlywarningsanddisasterandemergency management
Results
8.1 Damage to infrastructure and properties, and injuries and loss of life are reduced.
Strategy 9: Promoting the use of sustainable renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency
Results
9.1 Renewable energy has an increased share of the total energy mix.
9.2 Energy efficiency and conservation measures increase.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Strategy10:Strengtheningcapacitytoaccessfinance,monitorexpendituresandmaintain strong partnerships
Results
10.1 Existing coordination and approval mechanisms are strengthened to review proposals from the perspective of climate change and disaster risk reduction, and the national and external finance to support climate change and disaster risk initiatives increases (as reflected in national budgets, overseas development assistance and additional climate change and disaster finance).
Strategy 11: Maintaining the existing sovereignty and unique identity of Kiribati
Results
11.1 The rights of Kiribati over its existing EEZ and the resources within it are protected forever for the people of Kiribati.
Strategy 12: Enhancing the participation and resilience of vulnerable groups
Results
12.1 Members of vulnerable groups are increasingly engaged in climate change and disaster risk management initiatives and their needs are addressed.
4.3 KJIP indicative costsThe overall gross indicative resource costs to implement the KJIP over the period 2013–2023 are estimated to be AUD 103,107,161. Of this total, it is estimated that financial cost constitutes 96% of overall costs while the in-kind contributions constitute 4%. Table 16 below details the estimated costs for each strategy of the KJIP.
Table 16: Overall costs by strategy
Total cost in (AUD) In %
Strategy 1 6,697,308 6
Strategy 2 5,555,248 5
Strategy 3 4,932,242 4
Strategy 4 4,693,577 4
Strategy 5 472,747 2
Strategy 6 52,476,513 50
Strategy 7 7,478,480 7
Strategy 8 4,508,477 4
Strategy 9 15,340,322 11
Strategy 10 354,340 2
Strategy 11 180,532 1
Strategy 12 417,375 2
TOTAL 103,107,161 100
The single greatest cost arises in implementing Strategy 6: “Infrastructure”, which accounts consequently for 51% of the estimated cost of the entire KJIP. Followed by Strategy 9 (11%), Strategy 7 (7%), Strategy 1 (6%), Strategy 2 (5%), Strategies 3, 4, and 8 ( 4%), Strategies 5, 10 and 12 (2%) and Strategys 11 (1%), as shown in Figure 9 below.
Figure 9 Share of costs per strategy
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan is to be implemented through existing mechanisms and aligned to rules and procedures that the Government of the Republic of Kiribati must follow.
The KJIP is building on and intended to strengthen existing implementation, financing and monitoring functions by integrating climate change and disaster risk management considerations. To strengthen coordination and communication among the Office of te Beretitenti, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development (MELAD), Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration (MFAI) and line ministries, as well as civil society and development partners, the KJIP formalises the role of the newly established KNEG to become the main coordination mechanism and entry point for climate change and disaster risk management initiatives. Furthermore, it is intended that a KJIP Secretariat will be established, with the main roles of facilitating KNEG meetings; reviewing and monitoring KJIP implementation together with responsible lead agencies; and communicating with the general public, Parliament, Cabinet, development partners and the international community. The KJIP Secretariat will be under the guidance of the Development Coordinating Committee.
It is expected that the KJIP, the KJIP Secretariat and the KNEG will guide development partners and support the realisation of the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination. The Pacific Islands Forum designed this Compact in 2009 to strengthen coordination and use of all development resources in the Pacific, in line with international best-practice as expressed in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the Accra Action Agenda and Principles on Aid Effectiveness.
5 KJIP Implementation Arrangements
Figure 10 Institutional arrangements under the KJIP
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
5.1 Institutional arrangementsThe newly established KJIP Secretariat under the Office of the Beretitenti will facilitate the coordination, implementation and monitoring of the KJIP through the KNEG, guided by the Development Coordination Committee. Figure 10 provides an overview of the institutional arrangements under the KJIP.
The KJIP SecretariatThe KJIP Secretariat, hosted by the Office of te Beretitenti, will be responsible for coordinating the implementation, monitoring and reporting of the KJIP. It will convene and facilitate meetings of the KNEG and ensure that relevant information is shared with all KNEG members, partners, observers and the public. It will be a focal point for new climate change and disaster risk management initiatives and will act as a guiding partner for the KNEG and its members.
The KJIP Secretariat, through the KNEG, will collate priorities and progress reporting to be tabled to the Development Coordinating Committee, for discussion during biannual donor roundtables, and to Parliament as requested.
Before undertaking any new initiatives relating to climate change and disaster risk management, MFAI, MFED, line ministries, NGOs, faith-based organisations and development partners are asked to inform the KJIP Secretariat and consult with the KNEG.
The KJIP Secretariat will be housed within the Office of te Beretitenti and will compile reports to the Development Coordinating Committee through the Office of te Beretitenti. The KJIP Secretariat does not replace the Development Coordinating Committee Secretariat which is hosted in MFED.
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The Kiribati National Expert GroupThe KNEG will act as a coordination mechanism for climate change and disaster risk management initiatives. In particular, it will:• ensure any initiatives are aligned to national development and KJIP priorities;• guide and coordinate program implementation and monitoring;• develop joint annual work plans on the KJIP and relevant initatives;• provide institutional and advisory support to national agencies, beneficiaries and partners;• help to mobilise current and future resources to support program implementation;• share key results and outcomes annually; and• exchange information and lessons learned regularly.
It can take an overall steering function for the design, implementation and monitoring of climate change and disaster risk management initiatives and also form sub-steering groups for sector-specific measures or integrated approaches targeting outer islands and community level (such as the Whole of Island Approach; WoI). It can be an entry point for new initiatives.
The KNEG is chaired by the Office of te Beretitenti and consists of representatives from MFED, MFAI, MIA and all line ministries, the private sector, NGOs and faith-based organisations.
5.2 Financing strategyThe implementation of the KJIP is to be financed through already existing strategies ranging from national budgets and other internal sources to overseas development assistance, additional climate change funding and humanitarian aid.
National budgets are being and will be used in all areas where climate change and disaster risks are mainstreamed into the budgets of Ministerial Plans of Operations and corresponding projects across sectors. MFED will have a key role in ensuring climate change and disaster risks and response measures are incorporated into project proposals, budgeting, reporting and monitoring procedures. The KJIP Secretariat and the KNEG meetings will increasingly be maintained through national budgets. The implementation of the KJIP is further enabled through in-kind contributions such as staff time. Furthermore, communities, NGOs and faith-based organisations may contribute by cost sharing for similar activities and fund-raising.
Development partners are invited to consider supporting KJIP strategies with programs such as budget support and strategy-wide approaches. The Government of the Republic of Kiribati would like to investigate the feasibility of a National Climate Change Fund. It wishes to acknowledge its partners for their support in enhancing institutional capacities and performance requirements to ensure all ministries have robust management and financial systems in place.
Existing technical and financial assistance mechanisms should be used to support the implementation of the KJIP, including multilateral, international and bilateral development partners, CROP agencies, NGOs and faith-based organisations. Development partners need to consider national priorities and follow national procedures in making decisions on development assistance and also integrate the consideration of climate change and disaster risks into their development aid.
As the KJIP strategies represent both ongoing and new activities, the KJIP Secretariat and the KNEG will work to identify resource gaps to be presented to Kiribati development partners during biannual donor roundtables and respective funding and programming cycles of development partners. (This work includes direct exchange with line ministries.)
5.3 Communication strategyAll implementing partners will disseminate information about the KJIP and its vision, goal and strategies and results through existing information-sharing networks, media and forums at international, regional, national and local levels.
Tangible outputs, such as lessons learned, knowledge products, awareness and education materials, reports and media products, will be produced in most KJIP strategies. This information will also be made available to contribute to national and international best practice.
The Climate Change and Climate Risk Communications Strategy (currently being developed by the Office of te Beretitenti) aims to strengthen awareness, partnerships and practical actions to increase resilience of I-Kiribati in response to the impacts of climate change. In support of the KJIP, the Strategy outlines clear and targeted
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communications initiatives aimed to help the Government to promote priority actions. It identifies the key messages, channels and tools to reach national and community stakeholders, civil society organisations, agencies and development partners. Part of this work involves a media engagement strategy, products to promote the KJIP, a partnership mechanism to promote and build on existing and future opportunities, and a knowledge management system.
5.4 Monitoring and evaluationThe KJIP will be monitored through the KDP Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (2012) in compliance with the Monitoring and Evaluation Policy (expected to be endorsed).
At the ministerial level the KJIP strategies are to be monitored through the annual Ministry Strategic Plans, which will have to incorporate relevant KJIP actions and performance indicators. Detailed baselines and targets for the performance indicators will have to be identified by the respective national stakeholder (government or non-government) that has been identified as responsible lead agency.
The KJIP Secretariat through the KNEG will compile a biannual KJIP Progress Report. As the KJIP is a 10-year plan, it will be reviewed in alignment with the KDP period, with the first one due by 2015 (the second by 2019 and the third by 2023). Progress reports and reviews have to be approved by the Development Coordinating Committee before being endorsed by Cabinet.
The KJIP is understood to be a living document and as such the KNEG can adjust it to meet emerging needs, subject to the approval of the Development Coordinating Committee.
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Glossary
Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. (UNFCCC 2013)
In simpler terms, adaptation is making changes in order to reduce the vulnerability of a community, society or system to the negative effects of climate change, or make the most of potential positive effects. It includes building skills and knowledge, as well as making practical changes, such as strengthening coastal infrastructure, adjusting farming systems, and improving water management. (SPREP 2013)
Aerosol A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size of between 0.01 and 10 micrometres (a millionth of a metre), that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly through acting as cloud condensation nuclei or modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds. (IPCC 2007)
Afforestation Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. (FAO 2010)
Anthropogenic Resulting from or produced by human beings. (IPCC 2013)
Aragonite A form of calcium carbonate that makes up the shells and skeletons of key organisms in reef ecosystems, including reef-building corals. (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium and radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition, the atmosphere contains the greenhouse gas water vapour, whose amounts are highly variable but typically around 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols. (IPCC 2007)
Biodiversity or Biological Diversity
The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. (CBD 2013)
Carbon cycle The term used to describe the flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g. as carbon dioxide) through the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere and lithosphere. (IPCC 2007)
Carbon sequestration The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir. (UNFCCC 2013).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Carbon sink A natural or artificial reservoir that takes up and stores carbon. Trees, plants, oceans, rocks and soils are natural sinks, while landfills are artificial sinks. (SPREP 2012)
Climate The average weather conditions over a long period of time (usually over at least 30 years), based mainly on measurements of temperature, precipitation and wind. (SPREP 2012)
Climate change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the UNFCCC, in its Article 1, defines climate change as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods’. The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and climate variability attributable to natural causes. (IPCC 2013)
In simpler terms, climate change involves changes in the Earth’s climate due to human activities (anthropogenic climate change) or natural processes that are already occurring or predicted to occur. These include increasing air and sea-surface temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and changes in frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones. Anthropogenic climate change is expected to happen much more rapidly than natural changes in the climate, posing an enormous challenge to both natural and human systems. (SPREP 2012)
Climate variability Variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability). (IPCC 2013)
Convergence zone An area where winds flow from different directions toward each other, thus meeting at one point or along one line (like the ITCZ or SPCZ). Convergence zones could be called ‘cloud meeting places’ (BoM, CSIRO, RCCCC 2013). Similarly, in oceanography, where water currents flow toward each other and meet. Horizontal convergence usually forces vertical motion to occur, such as convection (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1).
Coral bleaching The paling in colour which results if a coral loses its symbiotic, energy providing organism. (IPCC 2007)
Cyclone (also typhoon or hurricane)
A violent rotating windstorm that develops over tropical waters warmer than 26.5°C and located between 5° and 15° latitude.
Deforestation The conversion of forest to other land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10% threshold. (FAO 2010)
Deposition The process by which sediments, soil, rock and other matter are laying down / added to a landform or land mass such as a soft beach or coast.
Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. (UNISDR 2009)
Disaster management Component of the social system that involves the planning, organising, leading and controlling of activities related to the managing of disasters in any of its phases and stages. (TAF/OFDA 2008)
Disaster preparedness Policy and administrative decisions and operational activities at all levels to ensure preparedness for, response to and recovery from potential disaster events. (Pacific Disaster Net 2012)
Disaster risk management
The systematic process of using administrative directives, organisations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. (UNISDR 2009)
Disaster risk reduction The minimising of vulnerabilities and disaster risks through prevention and mitigation to avoid or reduce the adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable development. (TAF/OFDA 2008)
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Drought A period of abnormally dry weather long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance. Drought is a relative term, therefore any discussion in terms of precipitation deficit must refer to the particular precipitation-related activity that is under discussion. For example, shortage of precipitation during the growing season impinges on crop production or ecosystem function in general (due to soil moisture drought, also termed agricultural drought), and during the runoff and percolation season primarily affects water supplies (hydrological drought). Storage changes in soil moisture and groundwater are also affected by increases in actual evapotranspiration in addition to reductions in precipitation. A period with an abnormal precipitation deficit is defined as a meteorological drought. A megadrought is a very lengthy and pervasive drought, lasting much longer than normal, usually a decade or more. (IPCC 2013)
In simpler terms, a drought is a long period with no rain during a time when rain would be expected. It results in reduced groundwater, and a shortage of water for drinking, sanitation and watering plants. It is a slow-onset phenomenon – which means it does not happen suddenly, caused by one single event like a storm or cyclone, but emerges gradually over time. (SPREP 2012; IFRC 2013)
Earthquake Sudden break within the upper layers of the earth, whether on land or underwater, causing massive vibration. The resulting vibration on land causes liquefaction, cracks on ground surfaces, collapse of buildings and destruction of life. An underwater earthquake causes displacement of huge volume of water and generates tsunami waves that can travel thousands of miles at high speed. There are two scales for measuring the impact of an earthquake: the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale.
Ecosystem A complex set of relationships of living organisms functioning as a unit and interacting with their physical environment. The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystem are somewhat arbitrary, depending on the focus of interest or study. Thus the extent of an ecosystem may range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately, the entire Earth. (IPCC 2007)
A community of plants and animals, and their relationships and interactions with each other and with their physical environment. (SPREP 2012)
Emergency A situation generated by the real or imminent occurrence of an event that requires immediate attention. A significant or unusual event, requiring the coordinated response of more than one agency. (TAF/OFDA 2008)
Emission The release of a gas into the atmosphere. (SPREP 2012)
ENSO – El Niño Southern Oscillation
The term El Niño was initially used to describe a warm-water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupting the local fishery. It has since become identified with a basin-wide warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere–ocean phenomenon, with preferred time scales of two to about seven years, is known as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is often measured by the surface pressure anomaly difference between Darwin and Tahiti or the sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. During an ENSO event, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducing upwelling and altering ocean currents such that the sea-surface temperatures warm, further weakening the trade winds. This event has a great impact on the wind, sea-surface temperature and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world, through global teleconnections. The cold phase of ENSO is called La Niña. (IPCC 2013)
Epidemic An unusual increase in the number of cases of an infectious disease as a result of changes in climatic conditions or even natural disasters such as tropical storms, floods, earthquakes and droughts. Epidemics may also attack animals.
Erosion The process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth’s surface by wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations.
Flood Significant rise of water level in a river, lake, reservoir or coastal region causing harmful inundation of property and land used by humans. (TAF/OFDA 2008)
Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. (FAO 2010)
Forest degradation The reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services. (FAO 2010)
Fossil fuels Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, including coal, peat, oil and natural gas. (IPCC 2007)
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Global warming The increase in average global temperature that has occurred since industrialisation, due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Since the early 20th century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by 0.8°C, and it is predicted to continue to rise, with the actual amount depending on mitigation measures taken in the coming years. (SPREP 2012)
Greenhouse A glass house in which plants are grown. It is usually used in colder climates to trap heat and moisture for plants, especially vegetables and flowers, to grow better than they would outside.
Greenhouse effect The infrared radiative effect of all infrared-absorbing constituents in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, clouds and (to a small extent) aerosols absorb terrestrial radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and elsewhere in the atmosphere. These substances emit infrared radiation in all directions but, everything else being equal, the net amount emitted to space is normally less than would have been emitted in the absence of these absorbers because of the decline of temperature with altitude in the troposphere and the consequent weakening of emission. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases increases the magnitude of this effect; the difference is sometimes called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The change in a greenhouse gas concentration because of anthropogenic emissions contributes to an instantaneous radiative forcing; surface temperature and troposphere warm in response to this forcing, gradually restoring the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere. (IPCC 2013).
In simpler terms, the greenhouse effect is the heating of the Earth’s surface as a result of certain gases in the atmosphere, which radiate heat back to the Earth. (SPREP 2012)
Greenhouse gases Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of terrestrial radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere itself and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons and other chlorine- and bromine-containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal Protocol. Besides CO2, N2O and CH4, the Kyoto Protocol deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). (IPCC 2013)
Hazard A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. (UNISDR 2009).
In simpler terms, a hazard is the potential for a natural- or human-induced event to occur with negative consequences.
Indicator Quantitative or qualitative factor or variable that provides a simple and reliable basis for assessing achievement, change or performance in a specific condition. (GoK 2012c)
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
A band of high rainfall that stretches across the Pacific just north of the equator. It is an east–west band of low-level wind convergence near the equator where the southeast trade winds of the southern hemisphere meet the northeast trade winds of the northern hemisphere. ITCZ is strongest in the northern hemisphere summer and affects most countries on, or north of, the equator. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. It contains legally binding commitments, in addition to those included in the UNFCCC. Countries included in Annex B of the Protocol (most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and countries with economies in transition) agreed to reduce their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur hexafluoride) by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005. (IPCC 2013)
Mitigation (of disaster risks)
The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. (UNISDR 2009)
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Mitigation (of emissions)
A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. (IPCC 2013).
In simpler terms, mitigation of emissions involves efforts to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, either by limiting the sources or by enhancing the sinks. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently, switching to renewable energy sources such as solar energy and hydro-power, and expanding forests and other sinks to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (SPREP 2012)
Objective A specific statement detailing the desired accomplishments or outcomes of a project at different levels (short to long term). (GoK 2012c)
Ocean acidification A reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period, typically decades or longer, which is caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but can also be caused by other chemical additions or subtractions from the ocean. Anthropogenic ocean acidification refers to the component of pH reduction that is caused by human activity (IPCC 2011, p. 37).
In simpler terms, ocean acidification is an ongoing rise in acidity of ocean and sea waters. This is due to higher levels of dissolved carbon dioxide, which are a direct result of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Acidification is likely to damage ocean ecosystems (SPREP 2012). The pH of Earth’s oceans is decreasing, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Lower pH makes the oceans more acidic (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol 1).
Oil spill Accidental discharge of oil from a ship in the open ocean, with the potential to damage marine life.
Outcome The result achieved in fulfilling the ‘purpose’ of activities, as identified in the hierarchy of objectives. An outcome can also be a change in conditions, or maintenance of a set of conditions, resulting from the interaction of outputs and external factors, which is described so that the direction and extend of any such change can be assessed. (GoK 2012c)
Output The product of one or more activities, intended to contribute to a desired outcome, described so that its quantity, quality and time of completion can be verified, and the inputs used in producing it can be identified, measured and costed. (GoK 2012c)
Performance The degree to which a development intervention or a development partner operates according to specific criteria/standards/ guidelines or achieves results in accordance with stated goals or plans. (GoK 2012c)
Preparedness The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organisations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely imminent or current hazard events or conditions. (UNISDR 2009)
Prevention The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. (UNISDR 2009)
Reforestation Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest. (FAO 2010)
Rehabilitation Restoring people’s lives back to normal after a disaster, including by beginning to repair the physical, social and economic damage.
Renewable energy Energy that comes from sources that are not depleted or can be easily replenished; for example, hydroelectric power, solar energy and biofuels.
Resilience The capacity of a community, society or natural system to maintain its structure and functioning through stress or change. (SPREP 2012)
Result The measurable output, outcome or impact (intended or unintended, positive or negative) of a development situation Strategies. The overall direction and approach to be taken in planning and managing activities to achieve a desired result (GoK 2012c)
Risk The probability that loss will occur as the result of an adverse event, given the hazard and vulnerability.
Runoff That part of precipitation that does not evaporate and is not transpired, but flows through the ground or over the ground surface and returns to bodies of water. (IPCC 2013)
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Salt water intrusion Displacement of fresh water by salt water in coastal areas or estuaries. Salt water enters the underground freshwater lens as an effect of sea-level rise, storm surges, periods of low rainfall and high temperatures and when large quantities of fresh water are removed for human use. Seawater seeps in from the bottom of the lens and eventually mixes with the fresh water to form brackish water, which is unfit for humans to drink and for plants to survive. (SPREP 2012)
Sea-surface temperature
The temperature of the ocean surface. It represents the temperature of the upper few metres of the ocean as opposed to the skin temperature, which is the temperature of the upper few centimetres. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
Sink Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. Forests and other vegetation are considered sinks because they remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. (UNFCCC 2013)
South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ)
A band of high rainfall stretching approximately from Solomon Islands to the east of the Cook Islands. It is a persistent and greatly elongated zone of low-level convergence. It is strongest in the southern hemisphere summer and affects most countries in the South Pacific. A persistent and greatly elongated zone of low-level convergence extending from approximately 140°E near the equator to approximately 120°W at 30°S. The zone is not quite linear, but is oriented more west to east near the equator and has a more diagonal orientation. (northwest to southeast) at higher latitudes. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
Storm surge A sudden rise of the sea as a result of high winds and low atmosphere pressure; sometimes called a storm tide, storm wave or tidal wave.
Sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (UNFCCC)
Target A specified objective that indicates the number, timing and location of that which is to be realized (GoK 2012c)
Thermal expansion The increase in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
Trade winds The wind system occupying most of the tropics that blows from the subtropical high pressure areas toward the equator. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
Tsunami Series of large sea waves generated by sudden displacement of seawater (caused by earthquake, volcanic eruption or submarine landslide); capable of travelling over a long distance.
Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. (UNFCCC 2013; note this definition is in the climate change context only).
In simpler terms, and broadened to include disasters as well, vulnerability is the level of susceptibility of an individual, a community, an organisation or a system to adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters; a measure of its ability, or inability, to cope. (SPREP 2012)
Warm pool (West Pacific warm pool)
An extensive pool of the world’s warmest water, with temperatures higher than 28–29°C ranging from the central Pacific to the far eastern Indian Ocean. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1, p. 250)
Weather The effects of atmospheric conditions, at a specific time and place, in terms of variables such as temperature, rainfall and wind (SPREP 2012). Compared with climate, which is a long-term description, weather describes the current situation or predictions for the next few days. Apart from daily weather, also seasonal and annual weather patterns are described and sometimes referred to as the ‘prevailing climate’.
West Pacific monsoon (WPM)
The West Pacific Monsoon (WPM) moves north to mainland Asia during the northern hemisphere summer and south to Australia in the southern hemisphere summer. The seasonal arrival of the monsoon usually brings a switch from very dry to very wet conditions. It affects countries in the far western Pacific. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)
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ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2009. Kiribati’s political economy and capacity development. Pacific Studies Series. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2011. Country Operations Business Plan – Kiribati (2012–2014).
Bell, J.D., Johnson, J.E. and Hobday, A.J. (Eds). 2011. Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
Burton, D., Mustelin, J and Urich, P. 2011. Children and climate change: Climate change impacts on children in the Pacific: A focus on Kiribati and Vanuatu. Report commissioned by UNICEF.
CBD. 2013. Convention on Biological Diversity. United Nations 1992. Article 2: Use of Terms. http://www.cbd.int/convention/ articles/default.shtml?a=cbd-02.
CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) 2011: The Pacific Climate Change Program. Climate Futures. http://www.pacificclimatefutures.net/main/
Elrick, C. and Kay, R. 2009. Mainstreaming of an integrated climate change adaptation based risk diagnosis and response process into Government of Kiribati: Final Report. Report prepared for the KAP Project, Phase II. Perth: Coastal Zone Management Pty Ltd.
Falkland, A.. 2011. Report on Water Security and Vulnerability to Climate Change and Other Impacts in Pacific Island Countries and East Timor. For Pacific Adaptation Strategy Assistance Program. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. Australian Government.
FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization). 2010. Global Forest resources assessment 2010. Terms and definitions. Working paper 144/E; Forest Resources Assessment Program; Forestry Department FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am665e/am665e00.pdf.
References
56
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
GoK (Government of the Republic of Kiribati). 2008a. National Water Resource Policy: Water for healthy communities, environments and sustainable development. Kiribati: Ministry of Public Works and Utilities.
GoK (Government of the Republic of Kiribati). 2008b. National Water Resources Implementation Plan: Sustainable water resource management, use, protection and conservation – A 10 year plan. Kiribati: National Water and Sanitation Committee under the Ministry of Public Works and Utilities.
GoK (Government of the Republic of Kiribati). 2009. Kiribati National Energy Policy. Kiribati: Ministry of Public Works and Utilities.
GoK, MHMS & WHO (Government of the Republic of Kiribati, Ministry of Health and Medical Services and World Health Organization). 2011. National Climate Change and Health Action Plan for the Republic of Kiribati. Kiribati.
GoK (Government of the Republic of Kiribati). 2012a. Kiribati National Energy Policy: Implementation Plan 2012 – 2020.
GoK (Government of the Republic of Kiribati). 2012b. National Disaster Risk Management Plan (Part 1, Structure and Framework; Part 2, Disaster Management Operational Arrangements; Part 3, Audit & Appendices). Kiribati.
GoK (Government of Kiribati). 2012c. Kiribati Development Plan 2012–2015.
GoK (Government of the Republic of Kiribati). 2013. National Framework for Climate Change and Climate Change Adaptation. Kiribati: Office of the Beretitenti.
Hales, S., Weinstein, P. and Woodward, A. 1999. Ciguatera (fish poisoning), El Niño, and Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures. Ecosystem Health. Vol. 5: 1.
Hay, J.E. and Onorio, K. 2006. Regional: Mainstreaming environmental considerations in economic and development planning processes in selected Pacific developing member countries. Asian Development Bank: Project number 38031.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Synthesis Report Glossary. Accessed June 20th, 2013 at http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/annexessannex-ii.html.
KILGA (Kiribati Logal Government Association) 2013: About Councils. Accessed on March 20th 2013 at http://www.kilga.org.ki/?page_id=2.
KMS, BoM & CSIRO (Kiribati Meteorological Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation). 2011. Climate change in the Pacific: Scientific assessment and new research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports Chapter (6): Kiribati. Kiribati Country Brochure.
KNDSAC (Kiribati National Disability Survey Advisory Committee). 2005. Kiribati National Disability Survey Report. May 2005. Inclusion International, Asia Pacific Region & NZAID Regional Health Program.
KNSO (Kiribati National Statistics Office). 2012. Report on the Kiribati 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Vol 1: Basic Information and Tables.
KNSO (Kiribati National Statistics Office) & SPC (Secretariat of the Pacific Community). 2012. Kiribati 2010 Census. Volume 2: Analytical Report.
Mendani, R. and Mario, R. 2008. Government of Kiribati: Situation analysis report. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat and SOPAC.
MoE (Ministry of Education). 2012. Kiribati Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP) 2012–2015. Government of Republic of Kiribati.
57
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
MELAD-ALD (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development - Agriculture and Livestock Division). 2012. Agriculture and Livestock Division Strategic Plan 2012–2015. Government of Republic of Kiribati.
MELAD-ALD & SPC & GIZ (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development - Agriculture and Livestock Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH). 2013. Draft Kiribati Livestock Production Concept to support Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security.
MELAD ECD (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development – Environment and Conservation Division). 2006. Republic of Kiribati. National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans.
MELAD ECD (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development – Environment and Conservation Division). 2007. National Adaptation Program of Action. Government of Republic of Kiribati.
MFED KNSO (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Kiribati National Statistics Office). 2012. Brief Notes for Kiribati Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Accessed on December 16th, 2013 at http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sample-page/statistic-division.
MFMRD (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development). 2013. Kiribati National Fisheries Policy (KNFP) 2013 to 2025. Supported and sponsored by the Government of Australia through Australia’s Aid Program.
MISA (Ministry of Internal and Social Affairs). 2012. National Youth Policy 2012–2016. Government of Republic of Kiribati.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Earth Observatory. 2013: Global mean surface temperatures. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php. Accessed 20 June 2013.
SOPAC et al. (Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission, Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Environmental Program). 2007. National Integrated Water Resource Management. Diagnostic Report. Kiribati.
SPC & GIZ (Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH) 2013: Draft Learning about Climate Change the Pacific Way.
SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program). 2012. Pacific Climate Change Portal. Glossary. Accessed June 20th 2013 at http://www.pacificclimatechange.net/.
Tans, Pieter and Keeling, Ralph. 2013. NOAA/ESRL. Recent Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO2. www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ & scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/. Accessed on 4 October 2013.
Thomas, C., Burbidge, D. and Cummins, P. 2007. A preliminary study into the tsunami hazard faced by southwest Pacific nations. Geoscience Australia.
UNESCO et al. (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orgnisation & University of Waikato). 2012. Kiribati Climate Change Framework for primary, junior secondary and senior secondary levels.
UNICEF 2010: Pacific Children with Disabilities. A Report for UNICEF’s Pacific Mid Term Review. http://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/Children_with_disabilities_final_report.pdf. Accessed on 6 September 2013.
Warrick, R.; Ye, W.; Li, Y.; Dooley, M.; Kouwenhoven, P.; Urich, P. 2013. SimCLIM: A Software System for Modelling the Impacts of Climate Variability and Change. CLIMsystems Ltd. Hamilton, New Zealand.
White, I. 2010. Tarawa Water Master Plan: Te Ran-Maitira ae Kainanoaki. Future Water Demand. Report prepared for the Kiribati Adaptation Program Phase II Water Component 3.2.1. Australian National University. Canberra.
58
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
White, I., and Falkland, A. 2012. Practical Responses to Climate Change: Developing National Water Policy and Implementation Plans for Pacific Small Island Countries. In Proceedings, Water and Climate: Policy Implementation Challenges. Practical Responses to Climate Change 2012. 1-3 May 2012. Engineers Australia.
White, I., Falkland, A., Crennan, L., Jones, P., Etuati, B., Metai, E., and Metutera, T. 1999. Issues, Traditions and Conflicts in Groundwater Use and Management. UNESCO-International Hydrological Program.
World Bank. (n.d.) Reducing the risk of disasters and climate variability in the Pacific Islands: Republic of Kiribati Country Assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2006. Kiribati: Kiribati Adaptation Project – Implementation Phase (KAP II). Project document on a proposed grant from the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund in the Amount of USD 1.80 Million to the Republic of Kiribati for a Kiribati Adaptation Project – Implementation Phase (KAP II). Document of the World Bank.
World Bank. 2012. Kiribati. Telecommunications and ICT Development Project. Project Appraisal Document. Washington, DC: World Bank. Accessed on December 17th 2013 at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/16561225/kiribati-telecommunications-information-communication-technologies-ict-development-project.
59
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
60
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
1: S
tren
gthe
ning
goo
d go
vern
ance
, str
ateg
ies
and
legi
slat
ion
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncie
sSu
ppor
t ag
enci
esD
evel
opm
ent
part
ners
an
d C
ROP
mem
bers
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
1.1
: All
polic
ies,
stra
tegi
es, S
ecto
r O
pera
tiona
l Pla
ns, M
inis
try
Ann
ual W
orkp
lans
, Min
iste
rial
Pla
ns o
f Ope
ratio
ns, p
roje
ct p
ropo
sals
and
m
onito
ring
and
eva
luat
ion
syst
ems
enab
le t
he p
roac
tive
and
incl
usiv
e re
duct
ion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sks.
Inte
grat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
disa
ster
ri
sk m
anag
emen
t co
nsid
erat
ions
in e
xist
ing
and
new
na
tiona
l sec
tor
stra
tegi
c pl
ans,
min
istr
ies’
pol
icie
s an
d st
rate
gic
plan
s, M
inis
teri
al P
lans
of O
pera
tions
(in
clus
ive
of v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
; ide
ntifi
ed
fram
ewor
ks2 )
.•
Seek
min
iste
rial
app
rova
l for
the
rev
iew
.•
Enga
ge r
elev
ant
reso
urce
per
sonn
el t
o le
ad t
he
revi
ew.
• C
ondu
ct p
ublic
con
sulta
tion
of t
he d
raft
pol
icy
(6 c
omm
unity
con
sulta
tions
mee
tings
– 3
in
Out
er G
ilber
t Is
land
, 1 in
Lin
e an
d Ph
oeni
x, 2
in
Tara
wa)
.•
Fina
lise
draf
t an
d su
bmit
for
endo
rsem
ents
.
Incr
ease
d pe
rcen
tage
of p
olic
ies,
stra
tegi
es, l
egis
latio
n, M
inis
try
Ann
ual
Wor
kpla
ns, a
nd M
inis
teri
al P
lans
of
Ope
ratio
ns a
nd S
ecto
r O
pera
tiona
l Pla
ns
that
hav
e pr
ovis
ions
for
redu
cing
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s, in
clus
ive
of
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s3
Res
pons
ible
M
inis
trie
sA
G O
ffice
, O
B, M
FED
, K
NEG
Aus
AID
, New
Z
eala
nd A
id
Prog
ram
me,
USA
ID,
EU, U
N-
Org
anis
atio
ns,
AD
B,
WB,
GIZ
/BM
Z, e
tc.;
SPC
, SPR
EP
2,56
6,44
2.00
Ann
ex 1:
KJI
P D
etai
led
Act
ion
Mat
rix
All
stra
tegi
es a
nd a
ctio
ns in
the
KJIP
sha
ll be
incl
usiv
e of
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps, c
onsi
deri
ng g
ende
r, yo
uth
and
child
ren,
the
eld
erly,
and
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties.
2 Fra
mew
orks
to b
e re
view
ed; H
uman
Res
ourc
e D
evel
opm
ent P
olic
y, In
tegr
ated
Inve
stm
ent P
olic
y, P
rivat
e Se
ctor
Dev
elop
men
t Str
ateg
y, To
urism
Man
agem
ent P
lan
for
Phoe
nix
Isla
nds
Prot
ecte
d Ar
ea.
Fram
ewor
ks to
be/
in d
evel
opm
ent;
Agric
ultu
re P
olic
y; Ec
o-To
urism
Pol
icy,
Fish
erie
s Im
plem
enta
tion
Stra
tegy
(ba
sed
on K
NFP
) (d
raft)
, Lab
our
Mob
ility
Polic
y (d
raft)
, Min
eral
s St
rate
gic
Plan
, MLH
RD S
trat
egic
Pla
n, N
atio
nal F
ores
hore
Man
agem
ent P
lan,
Nat
iona
l Pan
dem
ic P
lan,
Urb
anisa
tion
Polic
y.3 L
inke
d to
KD
P Pe
rform
ance
Indi
cato
r KP
A 4:
Num
ber
and
stat
us o
f pol
icie
s, se
ctor
pla
ns a
nd le
gisla
tion
inte
grat
ing
disa
ster
risk
man
agem
ent a
nd d
isast
er r
isk r
educ
tion.
61
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
1: S
tren
gthe
ning
goo
d go
vern
ance
, str
ateg
ies
and
legi
slat
ion
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncie
sSu
ppor
t ag
enci
esD
evel
opm
ent
part
ners
an
d C
ROP
mem
bers
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
1.2
: App
ropr
iate
nat
iona
l and
sec
tor
legi
slat
ion
is p
rovi
ding
an
enab
ling
envi
ronm
ent
to e
nfor
ce c
limat
e an
d di
sast
er r
isk
redu
ctio
n.
Rev
iew
and
dev
elop
ena
blin
g le
gisl
atio
n an
den
forc
emen
t m
echa
nism
s to
sup
port
effe
ctiv
e ri
skre
duct
ion,
lega
l res
pons
es t
o im
pact
s (id
entifi
edle
gisl
atio
n4 ).
• Se
ek m
inis
teri
al a
ppro
val f
or t
he r
evie
w.
• En
gage
rel
evan
t re
sour
ce p
erso
nnel
to
lead
the
re
view
.•
Con
duct
pub
lic c
onsu
ltatio
n of
the
dra
ft p
olic
y (6
com
mun
ity c
onsu
ltatio
ns m
eetin
gs –
3 in
O
uter
Gilb
ert
Isla
nd, 1
in L
ine
and
Phoe
nix,
2 in
Ta
raw
a th
e se
cond
for
MPs
).•
Fina
lise
draf
t an
d su
bmit
for
endo
rsem
ent
to
Cab
inet
and
the
n, in
cas
e of
Bill
and
Act
, to
Parl
iam
ent.
See
page
60
Res
pect
ive
min
istr
ies,
Offi
ce o
f A
ttor
ney
Gen
eral
OB,
KN
EGA
ustr
alia
’s A
id P
rogr
am,
New
Zea
land
A
id P
rogr
am,
USA
ID, E
U,
AD
B, W
B,
UN
DP,
WH
O, W
MO
G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n FF
A, S
PC,
SPR
EP e
tc
$3,7
93,1
67.0
0
4 Leg
islat
ion
to b
e re
view
ed; B
iose
curit
y Ac
t, Bi
osaf
ety
Regu
latio
n, D
ecla
ratio
n fo
r Wat
er R
eser
ves,
Disa
ster
Man
agem
ent A
ct, E
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct a
sses
smen
t lic
ensin
g sy
stem
, Fish
erie
s Act
, Fo
resh
ore
and
Land
Rec
lam
atio
n O
rdin
ance
, hea
lth im
pact
ass
essm
ent s
yste
m (
polic
y), L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent A
ct, M
CIC
legi
slatio
n, Pu
blic
Hea
lth O
rdin
ance
, Qua
rant
ine
Ord
inan
ce, r
egul
atio
ns
unde
rpin
ning
levy
for
loca
l agr
icul
tura
l pro
duce
, Tou
rism
Act
. Leg
islat
ion
to b
e de
velo
ped;
Ener
gy B
ill, E
nviro
nmen
t Gen
eral
Reg
ulat
ion,
Kirib
ati M
eteo
rolo
gy B
ill, M
arin
e Po
llutio
n St
anda
rds a
nd o
ther
m
arin
e le
gisla
tion,
Min
eral
s D
evel
opm
ent A
ct, P
rote
cted
Are
as R
egul
atio
n, Pr
otec
ted
Spec
ies
Regu
latio
n.
62
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
1: S
tren
gthe
ning
goo
d go
vern
ance
, str
ateg
ies
and
legi
slat
ions
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncie
sSu
ppor
t ag
enci
esD
evel
opm
ent
part
ners
an
d C
ROP
mem
bers
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
1.3
: Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
man
agem
ent
initi
ativ
es a
re c
oord
inat
ed b
y go
vern
men
t de
part
men
ts, i
slan
d co
unci
ls, N
GO
s, fa
ith-b
ased
or
gani
satio
ns a
nd t
he p
riva
te s
ecto
r in
a c
olla
bora
tive
man
ner
acro
ss s
ecto
rs.
Esta
blis
h an
d st
reng
then
mec
hani
sms
to c
oord
inat
e,co
mm
unic
ate
and
colla
bora
te c
limat
e ch
ange
and
disa
ster
ris
k m
anag
emen
t in
itiat
ives
(K
JIPSe
cret
aria
t, cl
imat
e ch
ange
com
mun
icat
ion
plan
).•
Esta
blis
h th
e K
JIP S
ecre
tari
at (
to c
oord
inat
e th
e K
NEG
and
Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
m
anag
emen
t (D
RM
) in
itiat
ives
) w
ith r
esou
rces
an
d fu
ll eq
uipm
ent
with
in t
he O
B.•
Esta
blis
h m
echa
nism
s fo
r th
e K
JIP S
ecre
tari
at t
o re
gula
rly
repo
rt o
n th
e K
JIP im
plem
enta
tion
to
deci
sion
-mak
ers
and
the
publ
ic.
• Es
tabl
ish
mec
hani
sms
and
proc
esse
s fo
r th
e K
JIP S
ecre
tari
at t
o fo
rmal
ise
its li
nkag
es a
nd
com
mun
icat
ions
with
KN
EG, f
aith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
, pri
vate
sec
tor,
NG
Os
and
com
mun
ity g
roup
s.•
Coo
rdin
ate
and
impl
emen
t th
e C
omm
unic
atio
ns
Stra
tegy
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Dis
aste
r R
isk
Man
agem
ent.
• In
tegr
atio
n of
CC
A a
nd D
RM
issu
es in
to is
land
co
unci
ls s
trat
egic
pla
ns a
nd b
y-la
ws.
All
min
istr
ies,
oute
r is
land
cou
ncils
, th
e K
irib
ati C
ham
ber
of C
omm
erce
an
d In
dust
ries
, NG
Os
and
faith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
hav
e no
min
ated
foca
l po
ints
for
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
man
agem
ent
by 2
014
Num
ber
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sk m
anag
emen
t in
itiat
ives
the
KN
EG
has
take
n a
stee
ring
func
tion
with
.
Num
ber
of is
land
cou
ncils
str
ateg
ic p
lans
an
d by
-law
s in
corp
orat
ing
CC
A &
DR
M
issu
es
OB,
KN
EGM
FED
, pri
vate
se
ctor
, NG
Os,
com
mun
ity
and
vuln
erab
le
grou
ps,
faith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
$305
,338
.31
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t a
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Clim
ate
Ris
ks C
omm
unic
atio
ns P
lans
.•
Dev
elop
a C
omm
unic
atio
ns P
lan
base
d on
wid
e co
nsul
tatio
ns.
• Im
plem
ent
the
Com
mun
icat
ion
Plan
, inc
ludi
ng
capa
city
bui
ldin
g an
d po
tent
ially
equ
ipm
ent.
Con
sulta
tion
repo
rts
Num
ber
of C
omm
unic
atio
n Pl
ans
appr
oved
and
impl
emen
ted
OB
All
min
istr
ies,
KN
EGA
ustr
alia
’s A
id
Prog
ram
, EU
; SP
C (
Glo
bal
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Alli
ance
), SP
REP
$32
,361
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
1
$6,6
97,3
08
5 Lin
ked
to K
DP
KPA
4 In
dica
tor:
Num
ber
of jo
int
clim
ate
chan
ge in
itiat
ives
(pr
ogra
ms,
proj
ects
, com
mitt
ees
etc)
.
63
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
2: I
mpr
ovin
g kn
owle
dge
and
info
rmat
ion
gene
ratio
n, m
anag
emen
t an
d sh
arin
g
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
ible
le
ad a
genc
ies
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.1
: An
inte
grat
ed a
nd u
p-to
-dat
e na
tiona
l dat
abas
e pr
ovid
ing
all r
elev
ant
info
rmat
ion
for
resi
lient
dev
elop
men
t is
ava
ilabl
e an
d ac
cess
ible
for
all.
Dev
elop
a N
atio
nal D
ata
and
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
tre
(incl
udin
g a
geog
raph
ic in
form
atio
n sy
stem
– G
IS)
to c
oord
inat
e, s
hare
and
man
age
info
rmat
ion
rela
ted
to d
isas
ter
risk
and
clim
ate
chan
ge
for
impr
oved
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g an
d in
crea
sed
effe
ctiv
enes
s an
d ef
ficie
ncy
(Cen
tre
to c
over
soc
io-
econ
omic
, env
iron
men
tal a
nd s
peci
es m
igra
tory
da
ta, G
IS a
nd m
aps)
.•
Con
duct
a s
tock
take
of a
vaila
ble
data
base
s, ex
istin
g da
ta s
hari
ng m
echa
nism
s (e
.g. w
ebsi
tes,
publ
icat
ions
), re
spon
sibi
litie
s an
d ne
eds.
• D
esig
n a
conc
ept
for
data
and
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent
base
d on
the
res
ults
of t
he
stoc
ktak
e an
d de
velo
p a
natio
nal d
ata
shar
ing
prot
ocol
for
inte
rnal
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g an
d de
velo
pmen
t ne
eds.
• Es
tabl
ish
the
Nat
iona
l Dat
a an
d In
form
atio
n C
entr
e (p
oten
tially
und
er e
xist
ing
Nat
iona
l St
atis
tics
Offi
ce, l
inke
d to
exi
stin
g na
tiona
l and
re
gion
al p
orta
ls s
uch
as P
acifi
c D
isas
ter
Net
an
d Pa
cific
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Port
al).
• Es
tabl
ish
and
supp
ort
a K
irib
ati N
atio
nal D
ata
and
Info
rmat
ion
Shar
ing
Gro
up.
• Es
tabl
ish
a lin
kage
mec
hani
sm b
etw
een
oute
r-is
land
s an
d na
tiona
l dat
a in
form
atio
n sy
stem
(in
clud
ing
tool
s, in
stru
men
ts a
nd t
rain
ing
on
oute
r is
land
s)•
Esta
blis
h a
form
al c
omm
unic
atio
ns li
nk b
etw
een
oute
r-is
land
cou
ncil,
MIA
and
OB
• R
ecru
itmen
t of
per
sonn
el in
MIA
and
Isla
nd
coun
cils
to
act
as fo
cal p
oint
and
to
prov
ide
and
coor
dina
te m
onito
ring
and
rep
ortin
g of
CC
&
DR
M (
pote
ntia
lly r
evie
win
g an
d de
finin
g Is
land
Pr
ojec
t O
ffice
r TO
R)
A n
atio
nal d
atab
ase
is a
cces
sibl
e an
d pr
ovid
es u
p-to
-dat
e in
form
atio
n
Incr
ease
of d
ata
avai
labi
lity
and
freq
uent
upd
ates
on
clim
ate
chan
ge
and
disa
ster
ris
k in
dica
tors
on
oute
r is
land
s.
The
num
ber
of r
ecru
itmen
ts fo
r C
CA
& D
RM
foca
l poi
nt p
ositi
on
on o
uter
isla
nds
and
in s
trat
egic
m
inis
trie
s
Nat
iona
l St
atis
tics
Offi
ce
(MFE
D)
and
OB
MFM
RD
, MEL
AD
, M
IA, M
PWU
, KM
S, M
CT
TD
, MO
E (a
ll lin
e m
inis
trie
s),
NG
Os,
faith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
, med
ia,
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
, et
c.
All
deve
lopm
ent
part
ners
, es
peci
ally
SPC
(in
clud
ing
Stat
istic
s),
FFA
, SPR
EP,
USP
and
PIF
S w
ith e
xist
ing
data
base
s, on
line
port
als
and
rese
arch
pr
ogra
ms
$200
,854
64
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
2: I
mpr
ovin
g kn
owle
dge
and
info
rmat
ion
gene
ratio
n, m
anag
emen
t an
d sh
arin
g
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
ible
le
ad a
genc
ies
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.2
: Cap
aciti
es t
o co
mm
unic
ate
scie
nce
and
best
pra
ctic
es a
re s
tren
gthe
ned
by d
evel
opin
g an
d di
ssem
inat
ing
effe
ctiv
e an
d re
leva
nt in
form
atio
n,
com
mun
icat
ion
and
awar
enes
s pr
oduc
ts fo
r de
cisi
on-m
akin
g an
d aw
aren
ess
rais
ing
acro
ss s
ecto
rs a
nd a
t al
l lev
els
(see
als
o St
rate
gy 7
).
Dev
elop
and
inte
rpre
t in
tegr
ated
dat
a se
ts fo
rdi
ssem
inat
ion
to s
uppo
rt p
lann
ing
and
deci
sion
mak
ing
at a
ll le
vels
(in
clud
ing
info
rmat
ion
and
awar
enes
s pr
oduc
ts).
• A
naly
se d
ata
sets
bas
ed o
n ne
eds.
• A
men
d th
e fo
rmat
of H
ouse
hold
Inco
me
and
Expe
nditu
re S
urve
ys t
o ef
fect
ivel
y ca
ptur
e da
ta
rela
ted
to c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sk
man
agem
ent.
• D
evel
op a
nd d
isse
min
ate
rele
vant
info
rmat
ion
and
awar
enes
s pr
oduc
ts fo
r a
rang
e of
use
s (s
uch
as a
gric
ultu
ral m
aps)
.•
Equi
p re
sour
ce c
entr
es o
n ou
ter
isla
nds
with
in
form
atio
n pr
oduc
ts a
nd lo
w-c
ost
mea
ns o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n.
Nee
ds-b
ased
wea
ther
and
clim
ate
info
rmat
ion
is a
pplie
d by
a r
ange
of
user
s in
a t
imel
y m
anne
r
OB
and
all
min
istr
ies,
NG
Os,
faith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
As
on p
age
64$1
56,1
80
65
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
2: I
mpr
ovin
g kn
owle
dge
and
info
rmat
ion
gene
ratio
n, m
anag
emen
t an
d sh
arin
g
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
ible
le
ad a
genc
ies
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.3
: Cap
aciti
es fo
r da
ta c
olle
ctio
n, a
sses
smen
t, an
alys
is, i
nter
pret
atio
n, m
onito
ring
and
rep
ortin
g ar
e st
reng
then
ed a
cros
s se
ctor
s.
Stre
ngth
en t
he c
apac
ity o
f the
Kir
ibat
i M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
(K
MS)
to
colle
ct a
nd
man
age
data
and
info
rmat
ion
on w
eath
er a
nd
clim
ate
vari
abili
ty –
esp
ecia
lly s
ever
e w
eath
er a
nd
natu
ral h
azar
d ev
ents
and
impa
cts.
- M
oder
nize
dat
a lo
ggin
g fo
r w
ind,
sol
ar, t
idal
, sea
le
vel ,
sea
sur
face
tem
pera
ture
.•
Rep
lace
wea
ther
and
clim
ate
serv
ices
sta
tions
w
ith n
ewly
est
ablis
hed
ones
.•
Esta
blis
h a
wel
l-equ
ippe
d w
eath
er fo
reca
stin
g of
fice.
• M
obili
se o
n-sh
ift s
taff
24/7
at
the
mai
n of
fice
and
oute
r is
land
s.•
Build
cap
acity
with
wea
ther
fore
cast
ing,
data
an
alys
is a
nd e
quip
men
t m
aint
enan
ce.
• En
hanc
e ou
trea
ch a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n ne
twor
ks.
• Se
t up
an
effe
ctiv
e m
onito
ring
sys
tem
to
impr
ove
earl
y w
arni
ngs
for
all h
azar
ds. R
esea
rch
and
inco
rpor
atio
n of
tra
ditio
nal s
kills
on
seas
onal
and
wea
ther
fore
cast
ing
• R
esea
rch
and
on-t
rial
use
of s
easo
nal f
orec
ast
to p
redi
ct m
ovem
ent
of h
ighl
y m
igra
tory
sp
ecie
s (e
.g T
una
)
The
num
ber
of n
eeds
-bas
ed w
eath
er
and
clim
ate
info
rmat
ion
is a
pplie
d by
a
rang
e of
use
rs in
a t
imel
y m
anne
r
The
num
ber
of w
ell-e
quip
ed w
eath
er
stat
ions
est
ablis
hed
and
oper
atio
nal
24/7
Num
ber
of t
rain
ed a
nd q
ualifi
ed s
taff
Effe
ctiv
e co
mm
unic
atio
n ne
twor
k es
tabl
ishe
d
Ava
ilabi
lity
of s
peci
al w
eath
er
bulle
tin t
o Fi
sher
ies
The
use
of s
easo
nal f
orec
ast
in
pred
ictin
g th
e ho
t sp
ot o
f hig
hly
mig
rato
ry s
peci
es (
e.g
Tuna
spe
cies
) st
artin
g 20
15
KM
S (O
B)M
PWU
, MEL
AD
, M
FMR
D, M
HM
S, M
IA,
oute
r is
land
cou
ncils
, N
GO
s, co
mm
uniti
es,
faith
-bas
ed
orga
nisa
tions
, med
ia,
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
, et
c.
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
(in
clud
ing
Bure
au o
f M
eteo
rolo
gy,
CSI
RO,
CO
SPA
C),
UN
Offi
ce
for
the
Coo
rdin
atio
n of
H
uman
itari
an
Affa
irs;
WM
O, S
PREP
(F
inni
sh–
Paci
fic
Proj
ect)
, SPC
, U
SP e
tc.
$287
,876
66
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
2: I
mpr
ovin
g kn
owle
dge
and
info
rmat
ion
gene
ratio
n, m
anag
emen
t an
d sh
arin
g
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
ible
le
ad a
genc
ies
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.3
: Con
tinue
d
Stre
ngth
en c
apac
ities
to
colle
ct, a
naly
se, m
onito
ran
d m
anag
e en
viro
nmen
tal d
ata
to e
stab
lish
the
stat
e of
the
env
iron
men
t, th
e tr
ends
and
envi
ronm
enta
l out
look
as
a ba
sis
for
deci
sion
mak
ing
and
lear
ning
in c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
initi
ativ
es.
• C
ondu
ct t
rain
ing
on c
olle
ctin
g an
d an
alys
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l dat
a.•
Ensu
re t
he a
vaila
bilit
y of
nec
essa
ry m
onito
ring
an
d as
sess
men
t eq
uipm
ent.
• D
evel
op a
n ac
cess
ible
and
reg
ular
en
viro
nmen
tal o
utlo
ok r
epor
t.•
Rev
iew
, upd
ate
and
man
age
envi
ronm
enta
l dat
a.•
Rev
iew
and
upd
ate
the
envi
ronm
ent
outlo
ok
repo
rt.
• Im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he a
sses
smen
t re
port
re
com
men
datio
ns t
hrou
gh t
rain
ing,
proc
urem
ent
of r
equi
red
mon
itori
ng e
quip
men
t, m
onito
ring
pro
toco
ls a
nd p
rogr
amm
es.
Dat
a m
anag
emen
t an
d m
onito
ring
ca
paci
ty a
sses
smen
t re
port
ava
ilabl
e
Reg
ular
mon
itori
ng a
nd r
evie
w,
outlo
ok r
epor
ts
Envi
ronm
ent
and
Con
serv
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(MEL
AD
)
MPW
U, M
ELA
D,
MFM
RD
, MH
MS,
MIA
, ou
ter
isla
nd c
ounc
ils,
NG
Os,
com
mun
ities
, fa
ith-b
ased
or
gani
satio
ns, m
edia
, te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns,
etc.
All
deve
lopm
ent
part
ners
, SP
REP
, USP
, in
tern
atio
nal
and
regi
onal
en
viro
nmen
tal
NG
Os
$120
,042
67
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
2: I
mpr
ovin
g kn
owle
dge
and
info
rmat
ion
gene
ratio
n, m
anag
emen
t an
d sh
arin
g
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
ible
le
ad a
genc
ies
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.3
: Con
tinue
d
Stre
ngth
en t
he c
apac
ity t
o co
llect
, ass
ess
and
anal
yse
rele
vant
agr
o-m
eteo
rolo
gica
l dat
a an
dim
pact
s on
cro
p yi
elds
, div
ersi
ty a
nd s
easo
nalit
yof
loca
l cro
ps, a
gric
ultu
ral p
ests
and
dis
ease
s,in
vasi
ve s
peci
es, s
oil p
rodu
ctiv
ity a
nd li
vest
ock.
• C
ondu
ct t
rain
ing
on g
ener
atin
g, an
alys
ing,
inte
rpre
ting
and
com
mun
icat
ing
real
tim
e an
d ac
cura
te a
gro-
met
eoro
logi
cal d
ata
and
info
rmat
ion.
• C
ondu
ct n
atio
nal s
urve
ys (
incl
udin
g da
ta
colle
ctio
n on
inva
sive
spe
cies
pre
sent
on
oute
r is
land
s, cr
op y
ield
, div
ersi
ty a
nd s
easo
nalit
y of
cro
ps, a
gric
ultu
ral p
est
and
dise
ases
, soi
l pr
oduc
tivity
and
live
stoc
k) w
ith t
he u
se o
f GPS
•
Ensu
re t
he a
vaila
bilit
y of
nec
essa
ry e
quip
men
t in
clud
ing
glob
al p
ositi
onin
g sy
stem
(G
PS),
soil
heal
th a
naly
sis,
crop
mod
ellin
g so
ftw
are
and
wea
ther
and
clim
ate
fore
cast
ing
equi
pmen
t as
re
late
d to
agr
icul
tura
l nee
ds.
• D
evel
op G
IS t
hat
inte
grat
e w
eath
er/c
limat
e an
d na
tura
l dis
aste
rs in
form
atio
n in
to s
oil t
ype
and
prod
uctiv
ity, i
ncur
sion
s of
pes
ts a
nd d
isea
ses,
crop
and
live
stoc
k di
vers
ity, a
nd s
easo
nalit
y pr
oduc
tion
of fo
od c
rops
.•
Con
duct
res
earc
h, e
spec
ially
mod
ellin
g of
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
coco
nut
prod
uctiv
ity (
copr
a pr
oduc
tion)
.•
Dev
elop
a s
elf-h
elp
serv
ice
for
farm
ers
on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
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isas
ters
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rmat
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and
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aptiv
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veys
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ibat
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ngth
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apac
ity t
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gula
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mon
itor
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ater
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lity,
and
thic
knes
s of
fres
hwat
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nses
in lo
catio
ns t
hat
are
used
for
wat
er s
uppl
ies
(wat
er r
eser
ves)
on
Sout
h Ta
raw
aan
d th
e ou
ter
isla
nds.
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cqui
re m
onito
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equ
ipm
ent
and
trai
n m
onito
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offi
cers
on
the
use
of a
nd s
tand
ard
oper
atin
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oced
ures
for
equi
pmen
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iew
and
str
engt
hen
equi
pmen
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onito
ring
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Con
duct
tra
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g on
ana
lysi
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f dat
a an
d pr
ovid
e su
ppor
t fo
r re
port
ing
on t
he
mon
itori
ng d
ata.
• D
evel
op a
wat
er r
eser
ves
man
agem
ent
plan
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elop
an
annu
al r
epor
t on
sta
tus
of w
ater
le
ns a
nd w
ater
pro
tect
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zone
s.
App
ropr
iate
tra
inin
g pr
ogra
ms
and
eval
uatio
n
Num
ber
of s
taff
trai
ned
and
repo
rts
on m
onito
ring
res
ults
pre
sent
ed t
o C
abin
et
Num
ber
of r
eser
ves
map
ped,
st
ockt
akes
und
erta
ken,
man
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s in
pla
ce a
nd im
plem
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk ManagementSt
rate
gy 2
: Im
prov
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know
ledg
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form
atio
n ge
nera
tion,
man
agem
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and
shar
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Act
ions
and
sub
-act
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Pe
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man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
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genc
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ort
agen
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elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.3
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tinue
d
Dev
elop
a n
atio
nal h
ub fo
r G
IS in
form
atio
n to
impr
ove
deci
sion
-mak
ing
on s
usta
inab
le
deve
lopm
ent
in t
he c
onte
xt o
f dis
aste
r ri
sk
redu
ctio
n an
d cl
imat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
(esp
ecia
lly
min
eral
s, la
nd u
se p
lann
ing
and
man
agem
ent,
and
fishe
ries
pla
nnin
g an
d m
anag
emen
t).
• Es
tabl
ish
a G
IS s
yste
m fo
r th
e M
iner
al D
ivis
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and
Fish
erie
s D
ivis
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cilit
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ta.
• Es
tabl
ish
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detic
ben
chm
arks
’ on
sele
cted
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land
s of
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mon
itori
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oast
al
mov
emen
t la
nd e
rosi
on/a
ccre
tion
in r
elat
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to c
limat
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ange
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sea
-leve
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incl
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iriti
mat
i, Tab
uaer
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nd K
anto
n (p
rocu
re
glob
al p
ositi
onin
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stem
(G
PS)
incl
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ftw
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and
upgr
adin
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ckag
e w
ith
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alla
tion
syst
em, c
onsi
deri
ng c
ompa
tibili
ty
with
exi
stin
g so
ftw
are
and
equi
pmen
t).
• D
evel
op a
web
site
and
sta
ff to
man
age
thes
e m
onito
ring
act
iviti
es in
ord
er t
o pr
ovid
e go
vern
men
t bo
dies
, par
tner
s an
d in
tere
sted
au
dien
ce w
ith r
egul
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pdat
es o
n M
iner
al, L
ands
an
d Fi
sher
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data
and
est
ablis
h a
virt
ual l
ibra
ry
to im
prov
e ac
cess
to
Min
istr
y an
d G
over
nmen
t e-
repo
rts
to a
ssis
t de
cisi
on-m
akin
g.•
Con
duct
mon
itori
ng s
urve
ys u
sing
est
ablis
hed
geod
etic
con
trol
ben
chm
arks
on
sele
cted
is
land
s of
Kir
ibat
i for
mon
itori
ng c
oast
al
mov
emen
t –
land
ero
sion
/acc
retio
n in
rel
atio
n to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd s
ea-le
vel r
ise
– (p
rocu
re
glob
al n
avig
atio
nal s
atel
lite
syst
em p
erfo
rman
ce
syst
em, s
oftw
are
and
upgr
adin
g pa
ckag
e, a
nd
inst
all s
yste
m, c
onsi
deri
ng c
ompa
tibili
ty w
ith
exis
ting
soft
war
e an
d eq
uipm
ent)
.•
Con
duct
and
dev
elop
a K
irib
ati N
atio
nal D
eep
Sea
Min
eral
s R
epor
t.•
Trai
n M
FMR
D s
taff
on d
ata
entr
y an
d an
alys
is
to s
uppo
rt d
ecis
ions
to
achi
eve
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
of n
atur
al r
esou
rces
.•
Esta
blis
h a
virt
ual l
ibra
ry t
o im
prov
e ac
cess
to
Min
istr
y an
d G
over
nmen
t e-
repo
rts
to a
ssis
t de
cisi
on-m
akin
g.•
Prov
ide
ongo
ing
inst
itutio
nal s
tren
gthe
ning
and
su
ppor
t fo
r st
aff m
anag
ing
web
pag
e to
be
able
to
kee
p up
with
cur
rent
rel
evan
t so
ftw
are
etc.
• C
olla
te r
epor
ts fr
om d
iffer
ent
regi
onal
or
gani
satio
ns, g
over
nmen
t m
inis
trie
s et
c.,
conv
ert
to e
-cop
ies
and
add
to t
he v
irtu
al
libra
ry.
• C
olla
te e
xist
ing
GIS
dat
a an
d pl
ace
on M
D G
IS
syst
em.
Spat
ial d
ata
is m
ade
read
ily a
vaila
ble
eith
er a
s w
eb o
r se
rver
bas
ed
appl
icat
ions
Benc
hmar
ks o
n is
land
s ar
e in
pla
ce
that
cou
ld fu
rthe
r be
util
ised
to
dete
rmin
e th
e ex
tent
of c
oast
l er
osio
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cret
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Num
ber
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eep
Sea
Min
eral
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port
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Num
ber
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gs a
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elev
ant
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rts
rele
ased
Min
eral
s D
ivis
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sher
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isio
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s (M
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iona
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ffice
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
2: I
mpr
ovin
g kn
owle
dge
and
info
rmat
ion
gene
ratio
n, m
anag
emen
t an
d sh
arin
g
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
Res
pons
ible
le
ad a
genc
ies
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
2.3
: Con
tinue
d
Esta
blis
h an
d fo
rmal
ise
an in
terd
epar
tmen
tal
natio
nal m
onito
ring
tea
m o
n co
asta
l cha
nges
.•
Und
erta
ke n
atio
nal c
onsu
ltatio
n to
iden
tify
curr
ent
skill
s, ar
eas
of w
ork
and
gaps
in
map
ping
and
mon
itori
ng e
ffort
s.•
Dev
elop
a C
abin
et p
aper
to
seek
app
rova
l for
es
tabl
ishm
ent
of n
atio
nal m
onito
ring
tea
m.
• Es
tabl
ish
a na
tiona
l mon
itori
ng t
eam
to
map
co
ral,
seag
rass
, ben
thic
hab
itats
, wat
er q
ualit
y, ci
guat
era
etc.
• Ex
amin
e ho
w w
ell m
ajor
con
trib
utor
s to
ree
f is
land
sed
imen
t su
ch a
s co
rals
and
fora
min
ifera
w
ill c
ope
with
clim
ate
chan
ge e
ffect
s su
ch a
s in
crea
sed
tem
pera
ture
, sal
inity
and
aci
dity
of
seaw
ater
.•
Con
duct
sur
veys
and
mon
itori
ng o
f mar
ine
life
and
cora
l ble
achi
ng a
t Ph
oeni
x Is
land
s Pr
otec
ted
Are
a6 and
in t
he K
irib
ati I
slan
ds.
• Es
tabl
ish
a na
tura
l mar
ine
scie
nce
labo
rato
ry in
K
anto
n7 . •
Esta
blis
h a
mon
itori
ng a
nd m
appi
ng s
yste
m fo
r ci
guat
era
site
s, an
d st
reng
then
pub
lic a
war
enes
s of
how
to
iden
tify
pote
ntia
l cig
uato
xic
fish
spec
ies
and
loca
tions
.•
Prov
ide
regu
lar
repo
rts
to p
olic
y ad
vise
rs t
o im
prov
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g.•
Tran
slat
e sc
ienc
e an
d ke
y ad
apta
tion
actio
ns
into
aw
aren
ess
mat
eria
ls in
te-
Kir
ibat
i for
th
e w
ider
I-K
irib
ati c
omm
unity
to
incr
ease
un
ders
tand
ing
of t
he im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge
on m
arin
e re
sour
ces.
Num
ber
of m
onito
ring
sur
veys
on
cor
al b
leac
hing
in P
IPA
and
at
leas
t 2
isla
nds
in K
irib
ati (
excl
udin
g A
bem
ama)
pub
lishe
d.
Cig
uate
ra o
utbr
eak
site
s a
re
com
mun
icat
ed t
o Is
land
D
evel
opm
ent
Cou
ncils
and
am
ong
Min
istr
ies
on a
reg
ular
bas
is.
Num
ber
of c
igua
tera
cas
es r
educ
ed
by 1
0% b
y 20
20
Num
ber
of t
hem
atic
isla
nd
map
s sh
owin
g un
ique
hab
itats
an
d ec
osys
tem
s (e
.g. c
oral
ree
f ec
osys
tem
, sea
gras
s, be
nthi
c ha
bita
ts
etc.
).
Scie
ntifi
c re
port
on
the
impa
ct o
f oc
ean
tem
pera
ture
, sal
inity
and
ac
idity
on
cora
ls a
nd fo
ram
inife
ra in
K
irib
ati.
All
oute
r is
land
s ha
ve a
cces
s to
re
leva
nt a
war
enes
s m
ater
ials
on
coas
tal c
hang
es (
eros
ion,
mar
ine
and
land
-bas
ed h
abita
ts)
in t
e-K
irib
ati
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eral
s D
ivis
ion,
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sher
ies
Div
isio
n (M
FMR
D),
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s; M
HM
S, M
ELA
D
(Pho
enix
Is
land
s Pr
otec
ted
Are
a O
ffice
)
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min
istr
ies
Kir
ibat
i de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtne
rs s
uch
as U
SAID
, Ja
pan;
CRO
P m
embe
rs s
uch
as, S
PREP
and
SP
C (
SOPA
C
Div
isio
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arch
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stitu
tions
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Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
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rce:
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nix
Isla
nds
Prot
ecte
d Ar
ea S
AP 2
.7 (
clim
ate
chan
ge).
7 Sou
rce:
Phoe
nix
Isla
nds
Prot
ecte
d Ar
ea S
AP 1
.10
(res
earc
h &
sci
ence
).
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Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
3: S
tren
gthe
ning
and
gre
enin
g th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, inc
ludi
ng s
mal
l-sca
le b
usin
ess
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
com
e/O
utpu
t) 3
.1: T
he n
umbe
r of
sm
all-s
cale
bus
ines
ses
that
pro
cess
loca
l pro
duce
for
dom
estic
and
exp
ort
mar
kets
(fis
h pr
oduc
e, a
gric
ultu
ral
prod
uce,
live
stoc
k, h
andi
craf
t) in
crea
ses.
Stre
ngth
en a
nd a
chie
ve ‘g
reen
ing’
of l
ocal
proc
essi
ng b
usin
ess
to a
dd v
alue
to
loca
l pro
duce
and
deve
lop
smal
l- to
med
ium
-sca
le b
usin
esse
s(u
sing
cro
ps, fi
sh, l
ives
tock
and
han
dicr
aft
and
focu
sing
on
nich
e m
arke
ts).
• Id
entif
y an
d pr
omot
e cr
ops
and
spec
ies
of
lives
tock
, fru
it an
d fis
h th
at a
re m
ore
resi
lient
to
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
.•
Prom
ote
proc
essi
ng o
f and
add
ing
valu
e to
se
lect
ed c
rops
, fru
its, n
uts,
lives
tock
, fish
and
ot
her
prod
ucts
tha
t ar
e re
silie
nt t
o th
e im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge (
this
can
incl
ude
pres
ervi
ng
food
e.g
. dri
ed t
una
or p
roce
ssin
g fo
od li
ke
virg
in c
ocon
ut o
il an
d co
conu
t sa
p su
gar)
. (N
ote:
rev
iew
Kir
ibat
i Han
dicr
aft
and
Loca
l Pr
oduc
e co
mpa
ny’s
capa
city
to
proc
ess
frui
t an
d to
tak
e ov
er t
he o
pera
tion
of t
he fr
uit
proc
essi
ng fa
ctor
y at
Tem
wai
ku.)
• In
vest
igat
e ho
w p
riva
te s
ecto
r ca
n ge
t en
gage
d in
mee
ting
the
dem
ands
for
orga
nica
lly
proc
esse
d fo
od a
nd o
ther
loca
l pro
duct
s (m
arin
e an
d ag
ricu
ltura
l pro
duct
s). P
rocu
re a
nd
deliv
er r
equi
red
and
suita
ble
equi
pmen
t an
d m
achi
nery
for
proc
essi
ng (
e.g.
Dir
ect
Mic
ro
Expe
ller
for
virg
in c
ocon
ut o
il pr
oces
sing
, pot
s fo
r pr
oduc
ing
coco
nut
sap
suga
r, so
lar
drye
rs
for
brea
dfru
it, fi
sh).
• D
evel
op a
nd p
rovi
de t
rain
ing
on p
roce
ssin
g an
d m
arke
ting
of ‘c
limat
e re
silie
nt p
rodu
cts’
(on
Ta
raw
a an
d ou
ter
isla
nds)
.
Inco
me
gene
ratio
n of
loca
l pr
oduc
ers
incr
ease
d by
10
%
thro
ugh
bett
er p
roce
ssed
and
m
arke
ted
prod
ucts
.
Num
ber
of s
mal
l to
med
ium
sca
le
busi
ness
es in
volv
ed in
gre
enin
g of
lo
cal p
roce
ssin
g/va
lue
addi
ng.
Incr
ease
in p
rodu
ctiv
ity o
f cro
ps,
lives
tock
and
fish
farm
ing
Num
ber
and
vari
ety
of lo
cally
pr
oduc
ed a
nd p
roce
ssed
food
and
ot
her
prod
ucts
for
dom
estic
and
ex
port
mar
kets
MEL
AD
, M
FMR
D,
MC
IC,
MLH
RD
KH
LP, M
IA, K
CC
I, pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, NG
Os
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, U
SAID
, New
Z
eala
nd A
id
Prog
ram
, G
IZ/ G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
SPC
, in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os
$2,0
62,6
33
71
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
3: S
tren
gthe
ning
and
gre
enin
g th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, inc
ludi
ng s
mal
l-sca
le b
usin
ess
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
com
e/O
utpu
t) 3
.1: C
ontin
ued
Stre
ngth
en c
apac
ities
of e
xist
ing
expo
rt c
ompa
nies
to in
crea
se e
xpor
t of
loca
lly m
ade
prod
ucts
.•
Impr
ove
capa
citie
s of
exi
stin
g ex
port
com
pani
es
to in
crea
se t
heir
exp
orts
(su
ch a
s K
irib
ati
Cop
ra M
ill C
ompa
ny L
td a
nd K
irib
ati F
ish
Ltd,
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
bus
ines
ses)
.•
Faci
litat
e an
d pr
omot
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of n
ew
proc
essi
ng a
nd m
anuf
actu
ring
bus
ines
ses
to
vent
ure
into
new
pro
duct
s th
at h
ave
nich
e m
arke
ts.
• St
reng
then
the
Kir
ibat
i Han
dicr
afts
and
Loc
al
Prod
ucts
Mar
ketin
g A
utho
rity
(in
cha
rge
of
mar
ketin
g) t
o fa
cilit
ate
dom
estic
mar
kets
(lo
cal
prod
ucts
) an
d ex
port
s.
% in
crea
se in
vol
ume
of e
xpor
ts
Num
ber
of n
ew p
roce
ssin
g an
d m
anuf
actu
ring
bus
ines
ses
esta
blis
hed
MC
ICM
FMR
D, M
ELA
D,
MLH
RD
All
part
ners
$389
,811
Res
ult
(Out
put)
3.2
: Pri
vate
sec
tor
impl
emen
ts g
reen
ing
initi
ativ
es (
in a
reas
suc
h as
tou
rism
, tra
de, t
rans
port
, im
port
/exp
ort)
.
Expl
ore
and
impl
emen
t op
port
uniti
es o
f gre
enin
gim
port
-bas
ed p
riva
te s
ecto
r (e
spec
ially
in S
outh
Tara
wa
and
Kir
itim
ati).
• C
onsu
lt an
d ra
ise
awar
enes
s on
gre
en g
row
th
(incl
udin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sks)
w
ith p
riva
te s
ecto
r to
iden
tify
oppo
rtun
ities
(e
.g. l
ow-im
pact
pro
duct
s, gr
een
tech
nolo
gies
, m
inim
um e
nerg
y pe
rfor
man
ce s
tand
ards
and
la
belli
ng).
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
bus
ines
ses
adop
ting
gree
ning
initi
ativ
es
Num
ber
of e
coto
uris
m b
usin
esse
s (t
hat
also
sup
port
CC
ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M).
Num
ber
of s
elec
ted
gree
n to
uris
m
prod
ucts
bei
ng p
rom
oted
.
KC
CI,
priv
ate
sect
orM
ELA
D, K
NEG
All
part
ners
, in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os,
fore
ign
gree
n bu
sine
sses
$87,
878
Stre
ngth
en a
nd a
chie
ve e
coto
uris
m in
itiat
ives
tha
tsu
ppor
t C
CA
and
DR
M (
e.g
bone
fish
tour
ism
)•
Rev
iew
and
ana
lyse
exi
stin
g an
d ne
w p
oten
tial
tour
ism
des
tinat
ions
and
pro
duct
s (b
uild
ing
on
exis
ting
stud
ies)
.•
Wor
k w
ith t
ouri
sm c
ompa
nies
and
gue
st
hous
es t
o de
velo
p an
d pr
omot
e se
lect
ed g
reen
to
uris
m p
rodu
cts
(for
all i
slan
ds, i
nclu
ding
bo
nefis
hing
on
Kir
itim
ati a
nd N
onou
ti).
• En
cour
age
peop
le t
o es
tabl
ish
ecot
ouri
sm
busi
ness
es, a
nd p
rovi
de g
uida
nce
on t
ouri
st
dem
ands
as
wel
l as
gree
ning
and
mar
ketin
g to
uris
m p
roje
cts.
MC
TT
D,
priv
ate
sect
or
MO
E, O
B, M
IA,
oute
r is
land
cou
ncils
, M
ELA
D a
nd o
ther
co
ncer
ned
min
istr
ies
All
part
ners
, So
uth
Paci
fic
Tour
ism
O
rgan
isat
ion,
SP
REP
, SPC
$768
,227
72
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
3: S
tren
gthe
ning
and
gre
enin
g th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, inc
ludi
ng s
mal
l-sca
le b
usin
ess
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
put)
3.2
: Con
tinue
d
Dev
elop
and
str
engt
hen
loca
l bus
ines
ses
and
artis
anal
fish
erie
s to
cap
italis
e on
the
like
ly in
crea
sein
ski
pjac
k tu
na s
tock
s an
d to
bet
ter
use
byca
tch
for
food
sec
urity
.•
Dev
elop
Tra
nssh
ipm
ent
and
Seco
ndar
y Se
rvic
es
Busi
ness
Pla
n (fo
r ba
itfish
, loc
al m
achi
ne s
hops
, sa
lt et
c.),
cove
ring
pro
hibi
tion
and
enfo
rcem
ent
of a
ll tr
anss
hipm
ents
at-
sea
in E
EZ (
incl
udin
g lo
nglin
e8 ).
• Id
entif
y vi
able
mar
ket
nich
es fo
r tu
na s
peci
es
of le
ss t
han
10 k
g in
wei
ght
and
conc
omita
ntly
de
velo
p vi
able
pro
duct
s pr
oces
sed
from
suc
h tu
na.
• Es
tabl
ish
Bait-
Cat
chin
g U
nits
(Ba
gans
) at
re
leva
nt lo
catio
ns in
lago
onal
isla
nds
to
com
plem
ent
supp
ly o
f bai
t fo
r sm
all-s
cale
ar
tisan
al fi
sher
s to
use
in t
heir
fish
ing
oper
atio
ns t
arge
ting
skip
jack
, yel
low
fin a
nd
bige
ye t
una
spec
ies9 .
• Es
tabl
ish
and
mai
ntai
n ef
fect
ive
and
wel
l-re
sour
ced
Com
pete
nt A
utho
rity
, with
exp
ertis
e an
d re
sour
ces
to d
evel
op a
nd c
ertif
y ch
ain
of c
usto
dy p
roce
sses
(im
port
ant
for
enab
ling
the
expo
rt o
f sea
food
pro
duct
s to
Eur
opea
n m
arke
ts).
• Im
plem
ent
Part
ies
to N
auru
Agr
eem
ent V
esse
l D
ay S
chem
e an
d ot
her
com
mitm
ents
thr
ough
ac
cess
/lice
nsin
g ag
reem
ents
.
At
leas
t 10
Bai
t-C
atch
ing-
Uni
ts
esta
blis
hed
on o
uter
isla
nds
by 2
020.
A C
ompe
tent
Aut
hori
ty is
fully
op
erat
iona
l by
2018
% o
f int
egra
tion
of n
atio
nal
com
mitm
ent
in c
ompl
ianc
e to
PN
A
MFM
RD
Nat
iona
l tun
a fis
hing
ass
ocia
tions
, fis
hers
’ coo
pera
tives
(in
clus
ive
of w
omen
), K
CC
I and
pri
vate
se
ctor
, MC
IC, u
rban
co
unci
ls, a
nd o
ther
s
Kir
ibat
i de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtne
rs s
uch
as A
ustr
alia
’s A
id P
rogr
am,
EU, N
ew
Zea
land
Aid
Pr
ogra
m,
Wor
ld B
ank,
et
c.; C
ROP
mem
bers
su
ch a
s SP
C,
FFA
; Par
ties
to N
auru
A
gree
men
t Se
cret
aria
t
$1,1
22,0
05
8 Sou
rce:
MFM
RD (
2013
).9 S
ourc
e: M
FMRD
(20
13).
73
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
3: S
tren
gthe
ning
and
gre
enin
g th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, inc
ludi
ng s
mal
l-sca
le b
usin
ess
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
put)
3.2
: Con
tinue
d
Dev
elop
Fis
heri
es M
anag
emen
t Pl
ans
for
key
com
mer
cial
spe
cies
, inc
ludi
ng: b
eche
-de-
mer
,aq
uari
um, b
onefi
sh (
spor
t fis
hing
and
sub
sist
ence
),ar
c sh
ells
, gia
nt c
lam
s, se
awee
d et
c., t
o st
reng
then
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent
and
resi
lienc
e an
dco
nsid
erin
g lik
ely
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
disa
ster
ris
ks o
n th
ese
com
mer
cial
res
ourc
es.
• D
evel
op M
anag
emen
t Pl
ans
(incl
udin
g co
nsul
tatio
ns).
• D
evel
op r
egul
atio
ns (
incl
udin
g co
nsul
tatio
ns).
• G
ain
appr
oval
from
Cab
inet
.•
Impl
emen
t M
anag
emen
t Pl
ans
and
enfo
rce
regu
latio
ns.
• (P
oten
tially
res
tore
the
fish
ery
for
arc
shel
l (te
bu
n) in
Tar
awa.
)
Prop
ortio
n of
fish
sto
cks
with
in t
heir
sa
fe b
iolo
gica
l lim
its
Res
tora
tion
of 1
0% o
f ‘te
bun
’ sto
ck
at s
elec
ted
pilo
t M
PA s
ites
(suc
h as
Te
aora
erek
e- N
anik
ai a
nd A
baia
ng)
by 2
017
MFM
RD
MIA
, MEL
AD
, Offi
ce
of A
udito
r-G
ener
al,
isla
nd c
ounc
ils,
and
othe
r re
leva
nt
min
istr
ies,
fishe
rs’
asso
ciat
ion
(incl
udin
g w
omen
)
All
part
ners
, SP
C, F
FA$2
61,2
60
Rev
iew
aqu
acul
ture
act
iviti
es a
nd d
evel
opaq
uacu
lture
dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy t
o m
axim
ise
food
sec
urity
and
to
bene
fit li
velih
oods
.•
Rev
iew
and
con
duct
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
on
exis
ting
aqua
cultu
re c
onte
xt in
Kir
ibat
i to
dete
rmin
e co
nstr
aint
s an
d po
tent
ial f
or e
nhan
cing
ec
onom
ic g
row
th, e
mpl
oym
ent
and
food
se
curi
ty (
incl
udin
g ex
istin
g po
nd in
fras
truc
ture
of
Tar
awa
and
Kir
itim
ati).
• Fo
rmul
ate
natio
nal a
quac
ultu
re d
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegy
.•
Impl
emen
t th
e na
tiona
l aqu
acul
ture
de
velo
pmen
t st
rate
gy b
y 2
015.
Incr
ease
in a
quac
ultu
re p
rodu
ctiv
ity
by 2
0 %
in 2
018.
MFM
RD
MIA
, isl
and
coun
cils
, Ta
iwan
Tec
hnic
al
Mis
sion
, Eco
-Far
m,
Kir
ibat
i Fis
h Lt
d,
fishe
rs’ a
ssoc
iatio
ns
(incl
udin
g w
omen
), pr
ivat
e se
ctor
s
Kir
ibat
i de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtne
rs s
uch
as A
ustr
alia
’s A
id P
rogr
am,
New
Zea
land
A
id P
rogr
am,
FAO
, Tai
wan
G
over
nmen
t, et
c.; C
ROP
mem
bers
suc
h as
SPC
, FFA
; in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os
such
as
Wor
ldFi
sh
$27,
440
74
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
3: S
tren
gthe
ning
and
gre
enin
g th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, inc
ludi
ng s
mal
l-sca
le b
usin
ess
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
put)
3.3
: Pri
vate
sec
tor
inco
pora
tes
clim
ate
chan
ge &
dis
aste
r ri
sks
into
its
stra
tegi
c &
bus
ines
s pl
ans
(and
ass
esse
s fe
asab
ility
of i
nsur
ance
).
Inco
rpor
ate
the
cons
ider
atio
n of
ris
ks a
ndre
spon
ses
to c
limat
e ch
ange
and
haz
ards
into
stra
tegi
c an
d bu
sine
ss p
lans
and
exp
lore
opt
ions
to t
rans
fer
risk
s to
the
thi
rd p
artie
s (m
icro
insu
ranc
e) t
o pr
otec
t lo
cal b
usin
esse
s fr
om lo
ss o
fbu
sine
ss a
nd/o
r pr
ofit
due
to d
amag
e ca
used
by
fire,
inun
datio
ns, s
torm
s, co
asta
l ero
sion
and
tsun
ami.
• D
evel
op g
uida
nce
on in
tegr
atin
g ad
apta
tions
an
d ri
sk-r
educ
ing
mea
sure
s in
to b
usin
ess
oper
atio
n pl
ans
(as
a ba
selin
e).
• C
ondu
ct a
feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
on
intr
oduc
ing
mic
ro in
sura
nce
sche
mes
(po
tent
ially
pro
duct
de
velo
pmen
t, tr
aini
ng a
nd p
rom
otio
n th
roug
h K
irib
ati I
nsur
ance
Cor
pora
tion)
.
Incr
ease
in p
erce
ntag
e of
bus
ines
ses
inco
rpor
atin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
di
sast
er r
isk
in t
heir
str
ateg
ic a
nd
busi
ness
pla
ns in
clud
ing
insu
ranc
e by
20
18
MC
IC,
Kir
ibat
i In
sura
nce
Cor
pora
tion
MFE
D, p
riva
te s
ecto
r, K
CC
I, O
BR
eins
uran
ce
com
pani
es, a
ll pa
rtne
rs
$212
,989
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
3$4
,932
,242
75
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.1
: Com
mun
ities
with
isla
nd c
ounc
ils m
anag
e an
d im
plem
ent
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d di
sast
er r
isk
redu
ctio
n m
easu
res
as a
n in
tegr
al p
art
of
thei
r de
velo
pmen
t ef
fort
s an
d in
clus
ive
of v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
.
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t a
prog
ram
for
com
mun
ityba
sed
inte
grat
ed v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ent,
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
(suc
h as
the
Who
le o
f Isl
and
App
roac
h, W
oI).
• D
evel
op a
nat
iona
l com
mun
ity-b
ased
inte
grat
ed
vuln
erab
ility
ass
essm
ent
fram
ewor
k (in
dica
tors
, su
rvey
app
roac
h, p
lann
ing
and
cost
ing
of
actio
ns),
build
ing
on t
he G
over
nmen
t’s e
xist
ing
vuln
erab
ility
ass
essm
ent
fram
ewor
k (2
011)
.•
Pilo
t ne
w o
r co
ntin
ue a
pply
ing
exis
ting
appr
oach
es o
n se
lect
ed o
uter
isla
nds.
• Es
tabl
ish
loca
l ste
erin
g fu
nctio
n at
out
er is
land
co
unci
l lev
el a
nd fo
cal p
oint
.•
Con
duct
inte
grat
ed a
nd p
artic
ipat
ory
vuln
erab
ility
ass
essm
ents
to
iden
tify
adap
tatio
n an
d di
sast
er r
isk
redu
ctio
n ac
tions
, bui
ldin
g on
ex
istin
g as
sess
men
ts.
• D
evel
op a
loca
l ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M p
lan
and/
or r
espe
ctiv
ely
inte
grat
e id
entifi
ed a
ctio
ns in
to
Isla
nd C
ounc
il St
rate
gic
Plan
s an
d Is
land
Cou
ncil
Ope
ratio
nal P
lans
(an
nual
).•
Rai
se a
war
enes
s an
d co
nduc
t tr
aini
ng o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M, t
arge
ting
oute
r is
land
cou
ncil
mem
bers
, out
er is
land
chi
ef e
xecu
tive
offic
ers
and
trea
sure
rs, a
nd e
xten
sion
offi
cers
, NG
Os,
yout
h an
d w
omen
, pri
vate
sec
tor
and
faith
-ba
sed
orga
nisa
tions
’ rep
rese
ntat
ives
. Ex
chan
ge
info
rmat
ion
on a
nd r
eplic
ate
good
pra
ctic
es o
n fu
rthe
r ou
ter
isla
nds.
• M
onito
r an
d ev
alua
te a
chie
vem
ents
.•
Exch
ange
info
rmat
ion
on a
nd r
eplic
ate
good
pr
actic
es o
n fu
rthe
r ou
ter
isla
nds.
• R
evie
w o
f the
Who
le o
f Isl
and
App
roac
h (W
oI)
(s
elec
tion
crite
ria,
less
ons
lear
nt,..
.)•
Dev
elop
a w
hole
of c
ount
ry p
lan
for
repl
icat
ion
of “
WO
I”
Kir
ibat
i Int
egra
ted
Vuln
erab
ility
Fr
amew
ork
deve
lope
d an
d ap
prov
ed
by 2
014
Num
ber
of Is
land
Cou
ncil
Stra
tegi
c Pl
ans
and
isla
nd c
ounc
il st
eeri
ng
com
mitt
ees
that
con
side
r C
C &
C
CA
and
DR
M
Kir
ibat
i app
roac
hes
to c
omm
unity
-ba
sed
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
(inte
grat
ed
and
sect
or-s
peci
fic)
are
bein
g re
plic
ated
bas
ed o
n le
sson
s le
arne
d an
d be
st p
ract
ice
revi
ews
on a
t le
ast
six
oute
r is
land
s by
201
5
Incr
ease
d sh
are
of o
uter
isla
nd
coun
cil s
trat
egic
pla
ns in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M
(bas
elin
e: in
201
3 A
baia
ng, T
eina
inan
o U
rban
Cou
ncil
and
Betio
Tow
n C
ounc
il ha
ve s
trat
egic
pla
ns, w
ith
Betio
Tow
n C
ounc
il co
nsid
erin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
; tar
get
to h
ave
all
oute
r is
land
cou
ncils
inco
rpor
atin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M
into
the
ir p
lans
by
end
of 2
015)
Bios
ecur
ity A
ct is
inco
rpor
ated
into
th
e is
land
cou
ncils
’ byl
aws
on a
ll ou
ter
isla
nds
by 2
023
(bas
elin
e 20
13:
Aba
iang
is d
one)
Less
ons
lear
ned
and
best
pra
ctic
es
from
who
le-o
f-isl
and
appr
oach
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
are
pu
blis
hed
by 2
016
MEL
AD
, M
FMR
D,
MIA
, MPW
U,
oute
r is
land
co
unci
ls
OB,
KN
EG M
FED
, N
atio
nal S
tatis
tics
Offi
ce, K
irib
ati
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent
Ass
ocia
tion,
N
GO
s, fa
ith-b
ased
or
gani
satio
ns
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, N
ew Z
eala
nd
Aid
Pro
gram
, U
SAID
, GIZ
/ G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
EU, A
DB,
WB,
U
ND
P, SP
C,
SPR
EP, U
SP,
ING
O
$757
,990
76
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.1
: Con
tinue
d
Dev
elop
com
mun
ity-b
ased
pro
tect
ed a
reas
and
prot
ect
spec
ies
at o
uter
isla
nd le
vel.
• D
evel
op o
uter
isla
nd c
omm
unity
-bas
ed
prot
ecte
d ar
eas.
• U
nder
take
con
trol
and
era
dica
tion
mea
sure
s to
co
mba
t in
vasi
ve s
peci
es.
• D
evel
op n
etw
orki
ng a
nd o
uter
isla
nd
coun
terp
arts
with
com
mun
ities
to
enha
nce
loca
l pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in m
aint
aini
ng a
nd r
epor
ting
on
the
stat
us o
f inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s, an
d im
pact
s on
en
viro
nmen
tal p
robl
ems
affe
ctin
g co
mm
unity
-ba
sed
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
and
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s.•
Iden
tify
loca
l cou
nter
part
to
be t
rain
ed o
n en
viro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s to
car
ry o
ut in
vasi
ve a
lien
spec
ies
mon
itori
ng s
yste
m in
out
er is
land
s.•
Inte
grat
e co
mm
unity
-bas
ed p
rote
cted
are
as a
nd
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s in
to o
uter
isla
nd b
ylaw
s.•
Con
serv
e is
land
bio
dive
rsity
thr
ough
con
trol
ling
inva
sive
alie
n sp
ecie
s (m
ynah
bir
d) o
n al
l out
er
isla
nds
(st
artin
g w
ith O
noto
a an
d Ta
b N
orth
).
The
num
ber
of c
omm
unity
-bas
ed
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
and
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s es
tabl
ishe
d on
out
er is
land
s.
The
num
ber
of c
ontr
ols
that
hav
e be
en a
pplie
d to
add
ress
the
issu
e on
in
vasi
ve s
peci
es.
Inva
sive
spe
cies
hav
e be
en g
ener
ally
re
duce
d by
10%
by
2020
.
The
num
ber
of in
vasi
ve s
peci
es
netw
ork
batt
lers
and
out
er is
land
in
vasi
ve s
peci
es r
epor
ters
est
ablis
hed.
The
num
ber
of t
rain
ed lo
cal
coun
terp
arts
tha
t pa
rtic
ipat
ed in
in
vasi
ve s
peci
es m
onito
ring
.
The
Isla
nd c
ounc
il by
law
inte
grat
es
the
prov
isio
ns fo
r co
mm
unity
-bas
ed
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
and
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s by
202
0
Inva
sive
alie
n sp
ecie
s (m
ynah
bir
ds)
are
redu
ced
on O
noto
a &
Tab
-Nor
th
by 1
0% b
y 20
20.
Envi
ronm
ent
and
Con
serv
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(MEL
AD
)
Kir
ibat
i Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent
Ass
ocia
tion,
N
GO
s, fa
ith-b
ased
or
gani
satio
ns, I
slan
d C
ounc
ils, A
LD,
All
deve
lopm
ent
part
ners
, SP
REP
, in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os
$132
,970
77
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.2
: Sal
t, dr
ough
t, ra
in &
hea
t-st
ress
res
ilien
t cr
ops,
frui
t, ve
geta
bles
& li
vest
ock
bree
ds a
re id
entifi
ed &
pro
mot
ed a
nd c
omm
uniti
es p
rese
rve
loca
l fo
od (
frui
t tr
ees
and
seef
ood)
.
Con
duct
agr
icul
tura
l res
earc
h pr
ogra
ms
onsu
stai
nabl
e an
d re
silie
nt fo
od c
rop
and
lives
tock
prod
uctio
n sy
stem
s (in
clud
ing
soil–
wat
erm
anag
emen
t te
chni
ques
in v
eget
able
pro
duct
ion,
grey
wat
er u
se a
nd w
aste
wat
er t
reat
men
t, liv
esto
ckw
aste
man
agem
ent,
pest
and
dis
ease
con
trol
,co
nstr
uctio
n, w
etla
nds)
.•
Upg
rade
the
Agr
icul
ture
and
Liv
esto
ck D
ivis
ion
and
its C
entr
e of
Exc
elle
nce
rese
arch
sta
tions
an
d fa
cilit
ies
for
rese
arch
rel
ated
to
crop
s an
d liv
esto
ck –
Tan
aea,
Aba
tao
and
Buta
rita
ri s
tatio
ns
(incl
udin
g re
sear
ch a
nd d
iagn
ostic
equ
ipm
ent
for
and
staf
f tra
inin
g on
fiel
d re
sear
ch a
nd a
naly
sis)
.•
Iden
tify
sour
ces
and
cond
uct
tria
ls a
nd
expe
rim
ents
on
resi
lient
cro
ps a
nd li
vest
ock
bree
ds a
nd e
valu
ate
them
for
thei
r to
lera
nce
and
resi
stan
ce t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
impa
cts.
• D
evel
op c
apac
ity o
f fiel
d an
d re
sear
ch s
taff
of A
gric
ultu
re a
nd L
ives
tock
Div
isio
n fo
r co
nduc
ting
agri
cultu
ral a
nd c
limat
e ch
ange
re
sear
ch.
• Im
prov
e di
agno
stic
faci
litie
s an
d pe
rson
nel o
f A
gric
ultu
re a
nd L
ives
tock
Div
isio
n to
dea
l with
bo
th c
rop
and
lives
tock
pes
ts a
nd d
isea
ses.
• C
ondu
ct a
tri
al o
n aq
uapo
nic
food
pro
duct
ion
syst
em a
t th
e C
entr
e of
Exc
elle
nce
• Es
tabl
ish
rev
olvi
ng fu
nds
with
in c
omm
unity
ba
sed
coop
erat
ives
for
agri
cultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
Incr
ease
in h
ouse
hold
acc
ess
to
frui
t tr
ees,
root
s an
d tu
ber
crop
s, ve
geta
bles
, chi
cken
and
cro
ss-b
reed
pi
gs t
hat
are
cons
ider
ed r
esili
ent
to
clim
ate
extr
emes
and
sal
inity
by
2016
an
d on
an
ongo
ing
basi
s (b
asel
ine:
ba
sed
on t
he 2
010
Nat
iona
l Cen
sus,
aver
age
acce
ss t
o fo
od c
rops
is s
ix
crop
s pe
r ho
useh
old
and
to li
vest
ock
(pig
s an
d ch
icke
ns)
is s
ix p
igs
and/
or
chic
kens
per
hou
seho
ld; t
arge
t is
to
incr
ease
the
se fi
gure
s by
70%
)
Agr
icul
tura
l cen
tral
and
out
er is
land
s re
sear
ch a
nd m
ajor
pro
duci
ng
stat
ions
are
wel
l equ
ippe
d an
d es
tabl
ishe
d w
ith p
lant
ing
mat
eria
ls
Dia
gnos
tic a
nd s
oil m
ini l
abor
ator
y up
grad
ed a
t ALD
.
ALD
sta
ff co
nduc
ts d
iagn
ostic
s an
d re
sear
ch o
n pe
st a
nd d
isea
ses
and
clim
ate
chan
ge in
rel
atio
n to
cro
p an
d liv
esto
ck.
Eval
uatio
n re
port
on
aqua
poni
c fo
od
prod
uctio
n sy
stem
res
ults
pub
lishe
d.R
evol
ving
fund
s es
tabl
ishe
d
Agr
icul
ture
an
d Li
vest
ock
Div
isio
n (M
ELA
D)
MFE
D, M
FMR
D,
MIA
, Env
iron
men
t an
d C
onse
rvat
ion
Div
isio
n an
d La
nds
(MEL
AD
)
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, U
SAID
, EU
, FA
O, U
ND
P, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n;
SPC
(La
nd
Res
ourc
es
Div
isio
n an
d SO
PAC
); A
CIA
R, I
FAD
, U
SP
$1,1
33,0
98
78
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.2
: Con
tinue
d
Des
ign,
tes
t, im
plem
ent
and
eval
uate
agr
icul
ture
prod
uctio
n sy
stem
s to
est
ablis
h fo
od-s
ecur
eco
mm
uniti
es in
the
face
of c
limat
e ch
ange
s an
ddi
sast
er r
isks
at
com
mun
ity le
vel.
• Id
entif
y an
d se
lect
com
mun
ity p
ilot
site
s hi
ghly
im
pact
ed b
y cl
imat
e ch
ange
.•
Esta
blis
h a
mul
ti-se
nsin
g an
d m
onito
ring
sys
tem
fo
r ac
quir
ing
sign
ifica
nt p
aram
eter
s re
late
d to
ag
ricu
lture
and
clim
ate
chan
ge (
e.g.
tem
pera
ture
, hu
mid
ity, s
olar
rad
iatio
n, s
oil p
H, s
oil m
oist
ure,
le
af w
etne
ss, p
est
and
dise
ase
acco
untin
g, ca
rbon
di
oxid
e co
ncen
trat
ion,
soi
l and
wat
er s
alin
ity).
• C
arry
out
clim
ate
chan
ge v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ents
and
ada
ptiv
e ca
paci
ties
in
agri
cultu
re a
t se
lect
ed fa
rmin
g co
mm
uniti
es.
• D
ocum
ent
trad
ition
al k
now
ledg
e, a
mon
g m
en
and
wom
en, o
f cul
tivat
ion,
pre
para
tion
and
pres
erva
tion
tech
niqu
es fo
r tr
aditi
onal
food
cr
ops
and
frui
t tr
ees.
• D
evel
op c
omm
unity
and
out
er is
land
s aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
and
dem
onst
ratio
n si
tes
to p
rom
ote
clim
ate-
resi
lient
cro
p an
d liv
esto
ck p
rodu
ctio
n sy
stem
s (t
akin
g in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
trad
ition
al
and
cont
empo
rary
kno
wle
dge
and
prac
tices
, su
ch a
s ag
rofo
rest
ry, d
roug
ht/s
alin
ity-r
esili
ent
crop
s an
d liv
esto
ck, s
usta
inab
le m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es).
• Im
plem
ent
iden
tified
act
ions
and
mon
itor
prog
ress
(su
ch a
s pr
omot
ion
and
enha
ncem
ent
of h
ouse
hold
agr
ofor
estr
y sy
stem
s, re
-pla
ntin
g of
tra
ditio
nal a
nd c
limat
e re
silie
nt s
tapl
e fo
od
crop
s (e
.g. c
ocon
ut t
rees
, cas
sava
, sw
eet
pota
to,
etc)
, upg
radi
ng is
land
nur
seri
es, p
ract
ice
of
orga
nic
and
cons
erva
tion
agri
cultu
re,c
ompo
stin
g, m
ulch
ing
and
cove
r cr
ops)
.•
Eval
uate
agr
icul
ture
pro
gram
s to
iden
tify
best
pr
actic
es a
nd le
sson
s le
arne
d.•
Rep
licat
e go
od p
ract
ices
on
all o
uter
isla
nd.
Incr
ease
in p
eopl
e tr
aine
d on
pr
eser
vatio
n on
food
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
hou
seho
lds
pres
ervi
ng t
radi
tiona
l sta
ple
food
s
Rep
orts
, doc
umen
ts, a
nd o
ther
aw
aren
ess
and
prom
otio
nal m
ater
ials
on
tra
ditio
nal k
now
ledg
e of
food
pr
eser
vatio
n te
chni
ques
pro
duce
d an
d pr
omot
ed
Num
ber
of c
omm
uniti
es a
nd
rese
arch
sta
tions
at
OIs
with
m
ulti-
sens
ing
and
mon
itori
ng
syst
em e
stab
lishe
d an
d pi
lote
d (in
co
llabo
ratio
n w
ith K
MS)
Num
ber
of O
Is d
emon
stra
tion
site
s an
d pi
lot
com
mun
ities
pra
ctic
ed
or t
rial
ed c
limat
e-re
silie
nt c
rop
and
lives
tock
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems
esta
blis
hed
(2 s
ites
or c
omm
uniti
es
at e
ach
Isla
nd o
f diff
eren
t gr
oups
/re
gion
s to
pro
duce
per
yea
r)
Agr
icul
ture
an
d Li
vest
ock
Div
isio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t an
d C
onse
rvat
ion
Div
isio
n (M
ELA
D)
MIA
, OB,
KM
S, W
ater
En
gine
erin
g U
nit
(MPW
U),
MFM
RD
, K
NEG
, MC
IC,
MC
TT
D, N
GO
s
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, U
SAID
, EU
, FA
O, U
ND
P, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n;
SPC
(La
nd
Res
ourc
es
Div
isio
n an
d SO
PAC
); A
CIA
R, I
FAD
, U
SP
$1,0
20,5
56
79
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.2
: Con
tinue
d
Impr
ove
agri
cultu
re s
ervi
ces
to p
rom
ote
sust
aina
ble
agri
cultu
re m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
s an
d re
silie
nt c
rops
and
lives
tock
.•
Rep
air
the
chic
ken
faci
lity,
the
feed
sto
rage
she
d an
d th
e pi
gger
y, an
d im
plem
ent
wat
er t
anks
to
enha
nce
prod
uctio
n.•
Dev
elop
and
con
serv
e ad
apte
d lo
cal p
ig a
nd
chic
ken
bree
ds a
nd fe
ed.
• Im
prov
e an
d pr
omot
e an
imal
was
te m
anag
emen
t te
chno
logi
es.
• En
hanc
e liv
esto
ck a
nd c
rop
dist
ribu
tion
mec
hani
sm t
o ou
ter
isla
nds.
• D
evel
op a
nd d
istr
ibut
e liv
esto
ck a
nd a
gric
ultu
ral
man
agem
ent
guid
elin
es.
• Es
tabl
ish
a re
volv
ing
fund
with
in A
gric
ultu
re
and
Live
stoc
k D
ivis
ion
to m
aint
ain
the
lives
tock
fa
cilit
y.
Live
stoc
k pr
oduc
tion
is m
aint
aine
d or
incr
ease
s in
spi
te o
f clim
ate
chan
ge (
with
in s
usta
inab
le li
mits
)
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
live
stoc
k (p
igs
and
chic
kens
) di
stri
bute
d to
OIs
(B
asel
ine
need
to
esta
blis
h by
201
4)
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
chi
cken
and
pi
g pe
ns/h
ouse
s an
d nu
mbe
r of
st
ocks
mai
ntai
ned
for
bree
ding
and
im
prov
emen
t
Agr
icul
ture
an
d Li
vest
ock
Div
isio
n (M
ELA
D)
MIA
, OB,
KM
S, W
ater
En
gine
erin
g U
nit
(MPW
U),
MFM
RD
, K
NEG
, MC
IC,
MC
TT
D, N
GO
s
USA
ID,
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
UN
DP,
FAO
, SPC
(S
OPA
C, L
and
Res
ourc
es
Div
isio
n), I
FAD
(Incl
uded
in
abov
e to
tal)
80
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.3
: Com
mun
ities
man
age
coas
tal fi
sher
ies
taki
ng in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
sust
aina
bilit
y of
mar
ine
reso
urce
s as
wel
l as
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s.
Impl
emen
t C
omm
unity
Bas
ed F
ishe
ries
Man
agem
ent
(CBF
M)
in t
hree
pilo
t co
mm
uniti
es10
to in
crea
se r
esili
ence
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd m
ake
use
of p
oten
tial b
enefi
ts (
such
as
likel
y in
crea
se o
fsk
ipja
ck t
una)
.•
Iden
tify
pilo
t co
mm
uniti
es fo
r C
BFM
.•
Con
duct
fish
erie
s-sp
ecifi
c vu
lner
abili
ty
asse
ssm
ent
to p
lan
adap
tatio
n ac
tiviti
es.
• D
ocum
ent
trad
ition
al k
now
ledg
e on
fish
ing,
navi
gatio
n an
d pr
eser
vatio
n te
chni
ques
.•
Dev
elop
com
mun
ity a
nd o
uter
isla
nds
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
m a
nd d
emon
stra
tion
site
s to
pro
mot
e C
BFM
(ta
king
into
con
side
ratio
n tr
aditi
onal
and
co
ntem
pora
ry k
now
ledg
e an
d pr
actic
es).
• Im
plem
ent
iden
tified
act
ions
and
mon
itor
prog
ress
(su
ch a
s ar
tifici
al r
eefs
, pre
serv
atio
n of
sea
food
, dep
loym
ent
of n
ears
hore
fish
ag
greg
atin
g de
vice
s (F
AD
s), m
anag
emen
t pl
ans,
esta
blis
hmen
t of
mar
ine
prot
ecte
d ar
ea, f
arm
ing
of c
lam
s, et
c.).
• Ev
alua
te C
BFM
pro
gram
s to
iden
tify
best
pr
actic
es a
nd le
sson
s le
arne
d.•
Exch
ange
info
rmat
ion
on a
nd r
eplic
ate
best
pr
actic
es.
Incr
ease
in h
ouse
hold
acc
ess
to
ocea
nic
and
aqua
cultu
re s
eafo
od
At
leas
t th
ree
vul
nera
bilit
y as
sess
men
t on
fish
erie
s re
port
s pu
blis
hed.
Trad
ition
al k
now
ledg
e an
d sc
ient
ific
and
adap
tatio
n m
essa
ges
publ
ishe
d as
aw
aren
ess
mat
eria
ls a
nd d
istr
ibut
ed
to t
arge
t co
mm
uniti
es
Ado
ptio
n of
bes
t pr
actic
es t
o ne
w
iden
tified
site
s
Agr
icul
ture
an
d Li
vest
ock
Div
isio
n (M
ELA
D)
MIA
, OB,
KM
S, W
ater
En
gine
erin
g U
nit
(MPW
U),
MFM
RD
, K
NEG
, MC
IC,
MC
TT
D, N
GO
s
USA
ID,
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
UN
DP,
FAO
, SPC
(S
OPA
C, L
and
Res
ourc
es
Div
isio
n), I
FAD
(Incl
uded
in
abov
e to
tal)
10So
urce
: MFM
RD (
2013
).
81
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
4.3
: Con
tinue
d
Dep
loy
netw
orks
of n
ears
hore
FA
Ds11
to
incr
ease
acce
ss t
o pe
lagi
c fis
h an
d re
duce
pre
ssur
e on
coas
tal fi
sher
ies.
• Id
entif
y FA
D d
eplo
ymen
t pr
iori
ty lo
catio
ns a
nd
FAD
num
ber/
budg
et (
i.e. d
eplo
y an
d m
aint
ain
50–1
00 F
AD
s fo
r fiv
e ye
ars)
and
rat
io o
f ne
arsh
ore
and
deep
wat
er F
AD
s ba
sed
on a
co
untr
y-w
ide
cost
–ben
efit
anal
ysis
.•
Iden
tify
indi
cato
rs a
nd d
evel
op r
esea
rch
plan
to
mon
itor
FAD
impa
cts/
bene
fits
and
impl
emen
t m
onito
ring
of c
atch
es.
• Id
entif
y an
d se
cure
fund
ing
for
cont
inuo
us F
AD
de
ploy
men
t an
d m
aint
enan
ce p
rogr
am, w
ith
cont
ribu
tion
from
acc
ess
agre
emen
t co
nditi
on
fund
ing.
• D
eplo
y an
d m
aint
ain
FAD
s, w
ith m
onito
ring
of
impa
ct in
dica
tors
.
Incr
ease
d ac
cess
of h
ouse
hold
s to
oc
eani
c an
d aq
uacu
lture
sea
food
FAD
dep
loye
d in
at
leas
t 5
loca
tions
ea
ch y
ear.
Mon
itori
ng r
epor
ts o
n FA
Ds
effe
cts
on in
crea
sing
fish
cat
ches
and
m
aint
enan
ce c
osts
pub
lishe
d ev
ery
2cd
year
.
MFM
RD
MIA
, MEL
AD
, isl
and
coun
cils
, MC
IC, O
B,
KN
EG, p
riva
te s
ecto
r (s
uch
as K
irib
ati F
ish
Ltd)
and
NG
Os,
fishe
rs (
men
and
w
omen
, com
mun
ities
an
d ar
tisan
al
fishe
ries
)
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, U
ND
P, EU
, G
IZ /
Ger
man
D
evel
opm
ent
Coo
pera
tion;
SP
C, F
FA,
AN
CO
RS,
Wor
ldFi
sh,
AC
IAR
$385
,170
11 S
ourc
e: M
FMRD
(20
13).
82
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 4
.4: C
omm
uniti
es h
ave
cons
tant
acc
ess
to b
asic
food
com
mod
ities
.
Ensu
re c
onst
ant
avai
labi
lity
of b
asic
food
com
mod
ities
(su
ch a
s ri
ce, s
ugar
and
flou
r) t
oin
crea
se fo
od s
ecur
ity o
n Ta
raw
a an
d ou
ter
isla
nds.
• R
evie
w c
urre
nt n
atio
nal q
uota
for
basi
c fo
od
com
mod
ities
(ri
ce, fl
our
and
suga
r) t
o en
sure
it
mee
ts t
he p
opul
atio
n’s
need
s.•
Neg
otia
te a
bet
ter
ship
ping
rou
te t
hrou
gh
arra
ngem
ents
with
shi
ppin
g ag
enci
es t
o en
sure
th
at t
he fr
eque
ncy
of la
ndin
g is
com
puls
ory
(agr
eem
ent
coul
d be
par
t of
the
lice
nsin
g ar
rang
emen
t).
• C
ondu
ct o
ngoi
ng m
onito
ring
of m
inim
um o
rder
le
vels
to
ensu
re m
ajor
impo
rter
s pl
ace
mon
thly
or
ders
wel
l in
adva
nce.
• Es
tabl
ish
a re
serv
e fo
r ba
sic
food
com
mod
ities
to
cat
er fo
r sh
orta
ge o
f car
goes
in c
ase
of
dela
ys in
impo
rts
and
emer
genc
y ca
ses
(sug
ar,
rice
, flou
r) –
oft
en c
ause
d by
sev
ere
wea
ther
co
nditi
ons.
• C
onst
ruct
car
go w
areh
ouse
(ba
sic
food
res
erve
/bu
ffer)
.•
Iden
tify
optio
ns t
o im
prov
e th
e ca
rgo
ship
ping
ar
riva
ls fr
om o
vers
eas
and
subs
eque
nt
dist
ribu
tion
in K
irib
ati (
dela
ys c
ause
d by
bad
w
eath
er c
ondi
tions
).•
Con
duct
logi
stic
al a
nd e
cono
mic
cos
t–be
nefit
an
alys
is o
f exi
stin
g pr
ivat
e an
d pu
blic
shi
ppin
g lin
es t
o id
entif
y co
nstr
aint
s an
d ne
eds,
prio
ritis
e st
rate
gic
actio
ns (
note
: pri
vate
bus
ines
ses
pref
er c
ater
ing
for
neig
hbou
ring
isla
nds
whi
le
gove
rnm
ent
shou
ld lo
ok a
fter
long
dis
tanc
e ro
utes
, unl
ess
subs
idis
ed)
and
enha
nce
tran
spor
t se
rvic
es.
• Im
plem
ent
prio
ritis
ed s
trat
egic
act
ions
.
Red
uctio
n in
num
ber
of t
imes
th
at M
CIC
has
to
ratio
n ba
sic
com
mod
ities
by
2016
(ba
selin
e 20
13:
ratio
ning
req
uire
d on
ce t
o tw
ice
a ye
ar)
Ann
ual r
evie
w c
ondu
cted
Num
ber
of a
gree
men
t m
ade.
Reg
ular
and
con
sist
ent
orde
r pl
aced
fr
om o
vers
eas
Nat
iona
l Res
erve
for
basi
c fo
od
com
mod
ities
est
ablis
hed
Nat
iona
l car
go w
areh
ouse
co
nstr
ucte
d
Logi
stic
al a
nd e
cono
mic
cos
t be
nefit
an
alys
is p
ublis
hed.
MC
IC,
MC
TT
DK
CC
I, N
GO
, MFE
D,
ship
ping
line
s, pr
ivat
e se
ctor
(co
mm
erce
an
d tr
ade)
, MEL
AD
All
$245
,469
83
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
4: I
ncre
asin
g w
ater
and
food
sec
urity
with
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
ecto
r-sp
ecifi
c ap
proa
ches
and
pro
mot
ing
heal
thy
and
resi
lient
eco
syst
ems
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 4
.4: C
ontin
ued
Dev
elop
ince
ntiv
es a
nd s
trat
egie
s fo
r en
gagi
ng lo
cal
com
mun
ities
in p
rote
ctin
g w
ater
sou
rces
for
publ
ic w
ater
sup
ply
and
form
vill
age
wat
er a
ndsa
nita
tion
com
mitt
ees.
• C
ondu
ct c
ost–
bene
fit a
naly
sis
for
prov
idin
g fr
ee
wat
er t
o th
e la
ndow
ners
whe
re t
he r
eser
ves
are
loca
ted
• Im
plem
ent
the
resu
lts o
f the
cos
t–be
nefit
an
alys
is.
• D
evel
op a
nd c
ondu
ct e
duca
tion
and
com
mun
ity
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
ms
on p
rote
ctin
g w
ater
so
urce
s in
Kir
ibat
i
Cos
t-be
nefit
ana
lysi
s re
port
on
prov
idin
g fr
ee w
ater
to
land
ow
ners
co
nduc
ted.
Num
ber
of v
illag
es t
hat
rece
ived
aw
aren
ess
mat
eria
ls o
n th
e pr
otec
tion
of w
ater
sou
rces
.
All
oute
r is
land
s ha
ve d
roug
ht
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce b
y 20
16
(bas
elin
e 20
13: a
dro
ught
res
pons
e pl
an is
in p
lace
in S
outh
Tar
awa)
Dec
reas
e of
rep
orte
d em
erge
ncie
s co
used
by
drou
ghts
.
Rev
iew
car
ried
out
on
drou
ght
met
hodo
logy
for
Sout
h Ta
raw
a
The
pro
port
ion
of w
ater
qua
lity
sam
ples
with
exc
ess W
HO
sta
ndar
ds
for
para
met
ers
such
as
colif
orm
co
unts
and
nitr
ates
is r
educ
ed
(bas
elin
es a
nd t
arge
ts a
re p
aram
eter
sp
ecifi
c an
d w
ill b
e es
tabl
ishe
d at
the
N
atio
nal W
ater
Qua
lity
Mon
itori
ng
Com
mitt
ee le
vel)
MPW
UO
B, M
FED
, MEL
AD
All
$196
,288
Stre
ngth
en m
anag
emen
t of
wat
er r
esou
rce
duri
ngdr
ough
t.•
Dev
elop
dro
ught
man
agem
ent
plan
s fo
r al
l is
land
s of
Kir
ibat
i.•
Impl
emen
t dr
ough
t re
spon
se a
ctiv
ities
for
affe
cted
isla
nds.
• D
evel
op a
wat
er u
se S
ecto
r O
pera
tiona
l Pla
n du
ring
dro
ught
for
all i
slan
ds.
• R
evie
w d
roug
ht m
etho
dolo
gy fo
r So
uth
Tara
wa.
• Su
ppor
t tim
ely
resp
onse
of N
atio
nal D
isas
ter
Cou
ncil
and
Dro
ught
Com
mitt
ee d
urin
g dr
ough
ts.
MPW
UN
atio
nal W
ater
Q
ualit
y M
onito
ring
C
omm
ittee
All
$796
,746
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
4$4
,693
,577
84
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
5: S
tren
gthe
ning
hea
lth s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 5
.1: T
he p
ublic
is a
war
e of
wat
er s
afet
y an
d pr
oact
ivel
y re
duce
s th
e sp
read
of v
ecto
r-, w
ater
- an
d fo
od-b
orne
dis
ease
s.
Dev
elop
and
pro
vide
com
mun
ities
with
hea
lthin
form
atio
n ne
cess
ary
to a
ddre
ss h
ealth
ris
ks o
fcl
imat
e ch
ange
(in
clud
ing
spec
ific
info
rmat
ion
targ
etin
g yo
ung
peop
le, p
eopl
e w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s, w
omen
and
men
).•
Dev
elop
and
com
men
ce im
plem
enta
tion
of a
co
mm
unic
atio
n pl
an.
• Pr
epar
e co
mm
unic
atio
n to
ols
e.g.
web
por
tal,
broc
hure
s, fa
ct s
heet
s, po
ster
s.•
Dev
elop
hea
lth-r
elat
ed m
ater
ials
tha
t ca
n be
us
ed in
the
ong
oing
sch
ool c
urri
culu
m r
evis
ion.
• D
evel
op p
ublic
/hou
seho
ld a
war
enes
s an
d ed
ucat
ion
mat
eria
ls.
An
info
rmat
ion
syst
em fo
r en
viro
nmen
tal h
ealth
par
amet
ers
and
dise
ase
outb
reak
s an
d a
relia
ble
syst
em t
o re
cord
and
arc
hive
en
viro
nmen
tal h
ealth
dat
a ar
e in
pl
ace
MH
MS
MIS
A, M
OE,
Fai
th-
base
d O
rgan
isat
ions
, N
GO
EU, W
HO
, U
NIC
EF, S
PC
(GC
CA
)
58,9
40,0
0
Res
ult
(Out
put)
5.2
: Rou
tine
syst
ems
for
surv
eilla
nce
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l hea
lth h
azar
ds a
nd c
limat
e-se
nsiti
ve d
isea
ses
are
stre
ngth
ened
.
Stre
ngth
en r
outin
e sy
stem
s fo
r su
rvei
llanc
e of
envi
ronm
enta
l haz
ards
and
clim
ate-
sens
itive
dise
ases
.•
Con
duct
tra
inin
g in
env
iron
men
tal h
ealth
m
onito
ring
and
dat
a an
alys
is (
cour
ses,
atta
chm
ents
, on-
the-
job)
.•
Esta
blis
h en
viro
nmen
tal h
ealth
info
rmat
ion
syst
em (
unde
r di
scus
sion
).•
Ref
urbi
sh a
nd e
quip
env
iron
men
tal h
ealth
la
bora
tory
incl
udin
g eq
uipm
ent,
reag
ents
and
co
mpu
ters
.•
Proc
ure
vehi
cula
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
for
envi
ronm
enta
l hea
lth m
onito
ring
and
res
pons
e.
See
abov
e
25%
incr
ease
in o
uter
isla
nds
that
ar
e en
gage
d in
reg
ular
env
iron
men
tal
heal
th s
urve
illan
ce a
ctiv
ities
(ta
rget
an
d ba
selin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed
by t
he
end
2015
)
% d
ecre
ase
in t
he in
cide
nce
of
clim
ate-
rela
ted
dise
ases
(ta
rget
and
ba
selin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed
by 2
016)
MH
MS
MFM
RD
, MEL
AD
, M
PWU
, MIA
EU, W
HO
, U
NIC
EF,
SPC
(G
loba
l C
limat
e C
hang
e A
llian
ce)
$164
,133
85
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
5: S
tren
gthe
ning
hea
lth s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
5.3
: Cap
aciti
es a
re e
nhan
ced
and
equi
pmen
t pr
ovid
ed t
o th
e M
HM
S C
entr
al L
abor
ator
y an
d En
viro
nmen
tal H
ealth
Lab
orat
ory
to t
est
wat
er a
nd
food
, con
duct
vec
tor
cont
rol a
ctiv
ities
and
ana
lyse
res
ults
.
Stre
ngth
en p
repa
redn
ess
for
resp
onse
to
outb
reak
sof
clim
ate-
sens
itive
dis
ease
s.•
Rev
iew
and
rev
ise
proc
esse
s an
d pr
oced
ures
of
Envi
ronm
enta
l Hea
lth U
nit
and
the
Surv
eilla
nce
Com
mitt
ee fo
r re
spon
ding
to
dise
ase
outb
reak
s.•
Ensu
re E
nvir
onm
enta
l Hea
lth U
nit
is e
quip
ped
with
res
pons
e eq
uipm
ent
e.g.
vect
or c
ontr
ol
kits
.•
Esta
blis
h na
tiona
l out
brea
k pr
epar
edne
ss a
nd
resp
onse
pla
n.•
Stre
ngth
en d
iagn
ostic
cap
acity
to
iden
tify
food
po
ison
ing
case
s (c
igua
toxi
ns v
s fo
od p
oiso
ning
)
A n
atio
nal o
utbr
eak
prep
ared
ness
an
d re
spon
se p
lan
and
a se
ctor
al
envi
ronm
enta
l hea
lth p
lan,
whi
ch
inco
rpor
ates
sur
veill
ance
and
re
spon
se t
o cl
imat
e-se
nsiti
ve
dise
ases
, are
in p
lace
the
end
of
2015
12
The
EH
cap
acity
is s
tren
gthe
ned
to c
ontr
ol v
ecto
r-re
late
d di
seas
e ou
tbre
aks
Dat
a av
aila
ble
diffe
rent
iatin
g sp
ecifi
c fo
od p
oiso
ning
cas
es
MH
MS
KN
EGEU
, WH
O,
UN
ICEF
, SP
C (
Glo
bal
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Alli
ance
)
$157
,487
Res
ult
(Out
com
e): 5
.4 I-
Kir
ibat
i pop
ulat
ion’
s ge
nera
l hea
lth s
tatu
s is
enh
ance
d to
be
mor
e re
silie
nt t
o cl
imat
e-re
late
d di
seas
es.
Red
uce
inci
denc
e of
non
com
mun
icab
le d
isea
ses
(res
earc
h an
d pu
blic
ise
nutr
ition
con
tent
of l
ocal
food
s).
• C
ondu
ct r
esea
rch
on t
he n
utri
ent
cont
ent
of
loca
l foo
ds (
mai
, bab
ai, k
umar
a).
• C
reat
e aw
aren
ess
of t
he n
utri
tiona
l val
ue o
f lo
cal f
oods
. •
Rel
ate
pric
ing
of im
port
ed fo
od it
ems
to t
heir
nu
triti
onal
val
ues.
Ove
rall
heal
th in
dica
tors
impr
oved
us
ing
2004
as
a ba
selin
e
Base
line
surv
ey c
ompl
eted
The
peo
ple
are
awar
e of
the
hea
lth-
rela
ted
impo
rtan
ce o
f foo
d
Incr
ease
d co
st t
o un
heal
thy
food
s an
d re
duce
d co
st o
f hea
lthy
food
MH
MS
MEL
AD
, MFM
RD
, M
CIC
, KC
CI
EU, W
HO
, U
NIC
EF, S
PC
(Glo
bal C
limat
e C
hang
e A
llian
ce)
$52,
107
Res
ult
(Out
put)
5.5
: A n
atio
nal o
utbr
eak
prep
ared
ness
and
res
pons
e pl
an a
nd a
sec
tora
l env
iron
men
tal h
ealth
pla
n, w
hich
inco
rpor
ate
surv
eilla
nce
and
resp
onse
to
clim
ate-
sens
itive
dis
ease
s, ar
e in
pla
ce.
Stre
ngth
en c
oord
inat
ion,
pla
nnin
g an
d bu
dget
ing
mec
hani
sm w
ithin
the
hea
lth s
ecto
r.•
Empl
oy t
wo
qual
ified
sta
ff to
dri
ve a
nd
impl
emen
t th
e pr
ojec
t.•
Prep
are
a m
aint
enan
ce a
nd fi
nanc
ing
plan
for
beyo
nd p
roje
ct li
fe.
• In
tegr
ate
envi
ronm
enta
l hea
lth in
form
atio
n in
to
the
MH
MS
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent
syst
em.
Incr
ease
d nu
mbe
r of
qua
lified
hea
lth
sect
or s
taff
as c
ompa
red
with
201
1 ro
ster
Envi
ronm
enta
l hea
lth in
form
atio
n is
cap
ture
d in
the
nat
iona
l hea
lth
data
base
MH
MS
OB,
MFE
DEU
, WH
O,
UN
ICEF
, SP
C (
Glo
bal
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Alli
ance
)
$40,
080
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
5$4
72,7
47
12 S
ourc
e: Lo
gfra
me
MH
MS
and
SPC
Glo
bal C
limat
e Ch
ange
Allia
nce
2013
.
86
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.1: T
he li
velih
ood
of I-
Kir
ibat
i is
impr
oved
thr
ough
pub
lic b
uild
ings
, inf
rast
ruct
ure
and
utili
ties
that
are
wel
l mai
ntai
ned
and
resi
lient
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ters
(cl
imat
e pr
oofin
g).
Ret
rofit
sch
ool i
nfra
stru
ctur
e w
here
req
uire
d to
with
stan
d ex
trem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s (c
limat
epr
oofin
g) a
nd r
eloc
ate
if re
quir
ed.
• A
sses
s th
e vu
lner
abili
ty o
f the
infr
astr
uctu
re o
f ea
ch s
choo
l in
Tara
wa
and
oute
r is
land
s by
end
of
201
3 (o
ngoi
ng).
• D
evel
op a
pla
n an
d im
plem
ent
in s
tage
s, st
artin
g fr
om n
orth
ern
isla
nds
and
mos
t vu
lner
able
sc
hool
s (t
oget
her
with
the
com
mun
ity w
here
th
e sc
hool
s ar
e lo
cate
d).
% o
f sch
ool b
uild
ings
eith
er r
eloc
ated
or
ret
rofit
ted
afte
r be
ing
asse
ssed
as
at h
igh
risk
(70
% o
f hig
h ri
sk s
choo
l bu
ildin
gs b
y 20
16/1
7)
MO
EM
PWU
, Lan
ds
(MEL
AD
), M
IA,
MFE
D
Wor
ld B
ank,
EU
, AD
B,
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pr
ogra
m
$1,5
51,0
54
Esta
blis
h a
revo
lvin
g fu
nd (
not
the
Rev
enue
Equa
lisat
ion
Res
erve
Fun
d) t
o su
stai
n in
fras
truc
ture
proj
ects
and
the
ir r
esili
ence
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
ndha
zard
s.•
Dev
elop
an
optio
n pa
per
for
infr
astr
uctu
re
mai
nten
ance
(lin
ked
to t
he a
ctio
n an
d su
b-ac
tions
abo
ve),
whi
ch c
an b
e us
ed in
dis
cuss
ions
to
iden
tify
the
mos
t fe
asib
le a
nd s
usta
inab
le
optio
n fo
r ap
prov
al.
• C
onsi
der
and
deve
lop
a C
abin
et c
once
pt p
aper
on
the
est
ablis
hmen
t of
a r
evol
ving
fund
(lin
ked
to t
he m
ost
appr
opri
ate
optio
n) t
o pr
esen
t to
C
abin
et (
incl
udin
g co
nsul
tatio
n on
sco
pe, f
ees,
type
s of
infr
astr
uctu
re p
roje
cts,
man
agem
ent
and
oper
atio
n) fo
r pu
blic
infr
astr
uctu
res
mai
nten
ance
.
% o
f mai
nten
ance
cos
ts o
f pub
lic
build
ings
and
coa
stal
and
wat
er
infr
astr
uctu
re c
over
ed b
y th
e re
volv
ing
fund
(pe
rcen
tage
to
be
esta
blis
hed)
MFE
DO
B, K
NEG
PIFS
, Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, EU
$525
,805
87
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.1: C
ontin
ued
Ret
rofit
coa
stal
infr
astr
uctu
re (
road
s, ca
usew
ays,
jett
ies)
to
sust
ain
it ag
ains
t th
reat
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s.•
Ass
ess
the
curr
ent
stat
us o
f roa
ds, c
ause
way
s an
d je
ttie
s in
the
con
text
of c
urre
nt v
aria
bilit
y an
d fu
ture
tre
nd o
f clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s.•
Des
ign
suita
ble
retr
ofitt
ing
alte
rnat
ives
to
stre
ngth
en c
oast
al in
fras
truc
ture
tha
t is
at
high
ri
sk.
• Im
plem
ent
pilo
t re
trofi
ttin
g al
tern
ativ
es t
o co
asta
l inf
rast
ruct
ure
that
is a
t hi
gh r
isk.
• A
sses
s an
d re
com
men
d ap
prop
riat
e re
trofi
ttin
g te
chni
ques
to
all p
ublic
bui
ldin
gs t
hat
are
unde
r th
reat
from
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s.
Incr
ease
in t
he %
of c
oast
al
infr
astr
uctu
re t
hat
has
been
re
trofi
tted
aft
er b
eing
ass
esse
d as
vu
lner
able
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd
disa
ster
s(as
sess
men
t ne
eds
to b
e ca
rrie
d by
201
4)
MPW
U,
MC
TT
DTo
be
defin
edA
ny in
tere
sted
pa
rtne
r$4
99,3
40
(act
ual
retr
ofitt
ing
cost
s to
be
esta
blis
hed
afte
r as
sess
men
t)
Ret
rofit
or
relo
cate
pub
lic, e
ssen
tial s
ervi
ces
build
ings
and
em
erge
ncie
s an
d ev
acua
tion
cent
res
(incl
udin
g po
wer
, fue
l and
ren
ewab
le e
nerg
yin
stal
latio
ns a
nd fa
cilit
ies)
.•
Rev
iew
and
ass
ess
the
build
ing
code
and
/or
min
imal
sta
ndar
ds u
sed
and
stat
us o
f pub
lic a
nd
esse
ntia
l ser
vice
s bu
ildin
gs a
nd in
fras
truc
ture
in
the
con
text
of c
limat
e va
riab
ility
and
dis
aste
r ri
sks.
• Im
plem
ent
prio
rity
rec
omm
enda
tions
for
retr
ofitt
ing
incl
udin
g de
sign
, mat
eria
l and
te
chni
ques
to
publ
ic b
uild
ings
and
infr
astr
uctu
re
that
are
at
high
ris
k.
Safe
ty s
tand
ards
for
infr
astr
uctu
re
and
cons
truc
tion
sect
ors
are
adop
ted
by 2
020
% o
f bui
ldin
gs a
nd in
fras
truc
ture
co
mpl
ying
with
new
saf
ety
stan
dard
s by
202
3 (
targ
et a
nd b
asel
ine
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
d in
the
ass
essm
ent)
MPW
U, O
BA
ll m
inis
trie
s, K
irib
ati O
il C
ompa
ny L
td, P
ublic
U
tiliti
es B
oard
, En
ergy
Pla
nnin
g U
nit
(MPW
U)
Any
inte
rest
ed
part
ner
$550
,993
(a
ctua
l re
trofi
ttin
g co
sts
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
d af
ter
asse
ssm
ent)
88
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.1: C
ontin
ued
Enha
nce
air
tran
spor
t in
fras
truc
ture
and
sec
urity
to b
ette
r w
ithst
and
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
disa
ster
ris
ks.
• C
onst
ruct
run
way
sea
wal
l and
run
way
end
sa
fety
are
a to
pro
tect
run
way
from
sea
-leve
l ri
se a
nd e
rosi
on a
nd t
o ac
com
mod
ate
relie
f pl
ane
in t
imes
of d
isas
ter.
• St
reng
then
nav
igat
iona
l cap
acity
thr
ough
ca
libra
tion
of n
avig
atio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
an
d in
stal
latio
n of
nav
igat
iona
l aid
s at
eve
ry
inte
rnat
iona
l and
dom
estic
air
port
. •
Impr
ove/
reha
bilit
ate
all a
irpo
rts
(incl
udin
g C
anto
n an
d Fa
nnin
g).
Kir
ibat
i int
erna
tiona
l air
port
mee
ts
basi
c in
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
aft
er
reha
bilit
atio
n
Nav
igat
iona
l aid
s in
stal
led
and
bein
g us
ed in
100
% o
f air
port
s na
tiona
lly
MC
TT
DM
PWU
WB,
AD
B ,
Any
inte
rest
ed
part
ner
$19,
874,
352
Enha
nce
sea
tran
spor
t in
fras
truc
ture
to
bett
erw
ithst
and
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s.•
Proc
ure
and
inst
all n
avig
atio
nal/r
adio
equ
ipm
ent
(incl
udin
g K
iriti
mat
i).•
Incl
ude
risk
red
uctio
n co
nsid
erat
ions
in
reha
bilit
atio
n of
Kir
itim
ati P
ort.
Nav
igat
iona
l/ ra
dio
equi
pmen
t in
stal
led
in x
% o
f all
ship
s by
202
0D
isas
ter
risk
s in
corp
orat
ed in
to t
he
desi
gn o
f the
reh
abili
tate
d K
iriti
mat
i Po
rt.
MC
TT
DM
CT
TD
, MPW
U,
Min
istr
y of
Lin
e an
d Ph
oeni
x D
evel
opm
ent,
Offi
ce
of A
ttor
ney-
Gen
eral
EU, A
ny
inte
rest
ed
part
ner
$249
,245
(n
ot in
clud
ing
cost
s fo
r re
habi
litat
ion
of K
iriti
mat
i Po
rt)
89
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
6.2
: Lan
d pl
anni
ng a
nd m
anag
emen
t fo
r al
l isl
ands
tha
t pr
ovid
es c
lear
reg
ulat
ions
on
land
dev
elop
men
t w
ith c
ompe
tent
pla
nnin
g au
thor
ities
st
reng
then
ed t
o im
plem
ent
& e
nfor
ce la
nd u
se r
egul
ator
y fr
amew
orks
and
wat
er r
egul
atio
ns (
see
also
Str
ateg
y 1)
.
Form
ulat
ion
of la
nd u
se p
lans
and
dev
elop
men
tgu
idel
ines
for
all K
irib
ati i
slan
ds a
nd s
tren
gthe
nco
mpe
tent
land
pla
nnin
g au
thor
ities
at
the
cent
ral
and
loca
l lev
els
for
effe
ctiv
e m
anag
emen
t of
cont
empo
rary
land
pla
nnin
g is
sues
con
side
ring
CC
and
DR
M.
• St
reng
then
& d
evel
op c
apac
ity o
f lan
d pl
anni
ng
auth
ority
at
the
cent
ral a
nd lo
cal l
evel
s w
ith
rele
vant
tra
inin
gs, a
ppro
pria
te e
quip
men
t an
d so
ftw
are
are
proc
ured
for
prod
ucin
g re
alis
tic
land
use
pla
ns•
Con
duct
tra
inin
g fo
r al
l app
ropr
iate
offi
cers
fr
om is
land
cou
ncils
with
form
ulat
ion
of la
nd
use
plan
s an
d la
nd d
evel
opm
ent
guid
elin
es fo
r ou
ter
isla
nds.
• R
evie
w o
f exi
stin
g la
nd u
se p
lans
& u
rban
de
velo
pmen
t gu
idel
ine
inco
rpor
atin
g el
emen
ts
of C
CA
& D
RM
whe
re n
eces
sary
.•
Ado
ptio
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of la
nd u
se p
lans
&
land
pla
nnin
g de
velo
pmen
t gu
idel
ines
for
all
isla
nds
in K
irib
ati
• U
rban
/rur
al p
rofil
ing
stud
ies
for
deve
lopm
ent
of R
ural
Lan
d D
evel
opm
ent
Plan
pro
mot
ing
the
Out
er Is
land
s G
row
th C
entr
e C
once
pt
~in
vest
igat
e ut
ilisa
tion
of n
egle
cted
land
s at
th
e ou
ter
isla
nds
to a
ddre
ss k
ey is
sues
of f
ood
secu
rity
& d
ecen
tral
isat
ion
• D
esig
ning
& im
plem
ent
land
pla
nnin
g fo
r re
silie
nt c
omm
uniti
es (
urba
n/ru
ral/h
ighl
y vu
lner
able
com
mun
ities
) w
ith a
bilit
y &
cop
ing
capa
city
to
redu
ce d
amag
es &
rec
over
from
un
pred
icta
ble
disa
ster
& d
istu
rban
ces.
Publ
icly
ow
ned
land
is c
lear
ly
dem
arca
ted
by 2
017
Land
use
pla
ns &
dev
elop
men
t gu
idel
ines
inco
rpor
atin
g C
CA
& D
RM
ar
e en
dors
ed a
nd im
plem
ente
d fo
r al
l ou
ter
isla
nds
by 2
016
Plan
ning
aut
hori
ties
are
prov
ided
w
ith a
dequ
ate
trai
ning
s an
d ar
e fu
lly
func
tiona
l in
perf
orm
ing
dele
gate
d pl
anni
ng r
oles
by
2016
Rur
al L
and
Dev
elop
men
t R
oadm
ap is
pr
epar
ed fo
r en
dors
emen
t by
201
5.
Thi
s R
oadm
ap w
ill c
ompl
emen
t th
e U
rban
isat
ion
Polic
y (S
trat
egy
1) a
nd
oute
r is
land
s la
nd u
se p
lann
ing
Com
mun
ities
are
bet
ter
prep
ared
fo
r un
cert
aint
ies
and
able
to
adap
t &
res
pond
to
disa
ster
s &
cha
ngin
g co
nditi
ons
Land
s (M
ELA
D)
MPW
U, M
ELA
DA
gric
ultu
re, O
BA
ny in
tere
sted
pa
rtne
r$4
,317
,052
90
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.3: W
ater
res
erve
s ar
e pr
otec
ted
and
com
mun
ities
hav
e ac
cess
to
suffi
cien
t an
d ad
equa
te fr
esh
wat
er a
t al
l tim
es (
incl
udin
g du
ring
ext
rem
e ev
ents
suc
h as
dro
ught
, hea
vy r
ain
and
stor
m s
urge
s; se
e al
so S
trat
egy
4) a
nd t
o im
prov
ed s
anita
tion
faci
litie
s.
Iden
tify
and
asse
ss p
oten
tial g
roun
dwat
er s
ourc
es(a
nd c
apac
ity),
taki
ng in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
curr
ent
vari
abili
ty a
nd c
limat
e ch
ange
pro
ject
s on
all
isla
nds14
. •
Con
duct
wat
er r
eser
ve a
sses
smen
ts o
n al
l the
is
land
s of
Kir
ibat
i inc
ludi
ng L
ine
and
Phoe
nix
Gro
ups
(incl
udin
g su
stai
nabl
e yi
eld
estim
atio
n of
maj
or g
roun
dwat
er r
esou
rces
).•
Prov
ide
trai
ning
on
the
appl
icat
ion
of in
unda
tion
mod
els
deve
lope
d fo
r th
e Bo
nrik
i wat
er
rese
rve
and
its a
pplic
abili
ty t
o ot
her
sim
ilar
wat
er r
eser
ves
or w
ater
pro
tect
ion
zone
s.•
Esta
blis
h an
d pr
ovid
e tr
aini
ng o
n G
IS
appl
icat
ions
for
wat
er r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
and
mon
itori
ng o
f wat
er q
ualit
y an
d po
tent
ial
yiel
d of
gro
undw
ater
res
ourc
es o
n al
l isl
ands
.•
Dev
elop
wat
er m
aps
that
inte
grat
e se
ason
al
clim
ate
pred
ictio
ns a
nd w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity
• Im
plem
ent
appr
opri
ate
wat
er s
ourc
es in
18
pilo
t si
tes.
• C
ondu
ct e
duca
tion
cam
paig
n to
exp
lain
the
re
sults
of a
sses
smen
ts a
nd d
ange
rs o
f ove
r-pu
mpi
ng t
o co
mm
uniti
es.
Wat
er r
eser
ve a
sses
smen
ts
cond
ucte
d an
d da
ta o
n su
stai
nabl
e yi
eld
avai
labl
e fo
r al
l isl
ands
GIS
bei
ng u
sed
for
wat
er r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
and
mon
itori
ng
Wat
er m
aps
deve
lope
d w
ith
inte
grat
ed s
easo
nal c
limat
e pr
edic
tions
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y
The
num
ber
of c
omm
uniti
es m
ade
awar
e of
dan
gers
of o
ver-
pum
ping
MPW
U, M
IAM
OE,
MH
MS,
MEL
AD
, fai
th-b
ased
or
gani
satio
ns (
e.g.
Mor
mon
s)
EU, A
ustr
alia
’s A
id P
rogr
am,
AD
B, U
NIC
EF,
SPC
(SO
PAC
)
$4,2
05,9
72
14 O
ngoi
ng w
ith K
IRIW
ATSA
N, U
SSKA
P, an
d pa
st w
ork
of K
APII
(Nor
th Ta
raw
a, Ta
b N
orth
and
Tam
ana)
. 91
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.3: C
ontin
ued
Iden
tify
and
impl
emen
t m
ost
appr
opri
ate
tech
nolo
gica
l and
sus
tain
able
man
agem
ent
mea
sure
s to
incr
ease
wat
er s
afet
y (q
ualit
y an
dqu
antit
y) a
t vi
llage
leve
l bas
ed o
n as
sess
men
ts o
fgr
ound
wat
er r
esou
rces
(se
e ac
tion
abov
e) a
ndas
sess
men
t of
rai
nwat
er c
atch
men
t ca
paci
tyon
out
er is
land
s (p
riva
te h
ouse
hold
s, pu
blic
build
ings
suc
h as
sch
ools
, gov
ernm
ent
offic
es,
heal
th c
entr
es, c
hurc
hes
and
man
eaba
).•
Iden
tify
mos
t ap
prop
riat
e w
ater
sou
rces
an
d te
chno
logi
cal a
ctio
ns s
uch
as in
filtr
atio
n ga
lleri
es; p
rote
ctio
n of
hou
seho
ld w
ells
from
w
ave
over
topp
ing,
cont
amin
atio
n an
d he
avy
rain
; rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g; de
salin
atio
n pl
ants
.•
Con
duct
cos
t–be
nefit
ana
lysi
s fo
r th
e di
ffere
nt
optio
ns t
o se
lect
the
mos
t ap
prop
riat
e on
e.•
Impl
emen
t ap
prop
riat
e se
lect
ed a
ctio
ns,
incl
udin
g bu
t no
t ex
clus
ivel
y th
e fo
llow
ing:
– Es
tabl
ish
a se
lect
ion
of g
uide
lines
and
as
set
man
agem
ent
plan
s fo
r th
e de
liver
y an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g sc
hem
es t
o ev
ery
hous
ehol
d.–
Prov
ide
rain
wat
er h
arve
stin
g fa
cilit
y to
ho
useh
olds
in c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith t
he b
uild
ing
code
thr
ough
loan
s sc
hem
e.
– In
stal
l infi
ltrat
ion
galle
ries
at
villa
ge le
vel o
n ou
ter
isla
nds.
– Im
plem
ent
appr
opri
ate
wat
er s
ourc
es in
18
pilo
t si
tes.
The
num
ber
of w
ater
sou
rces
and
te
chno
logi
es id
entifi
ed
Cos
t-be
nefit
ana
lysi
s re
port
pr
oduc
ed
15%
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
ho
useh
olds
and
pub
lic b
uild
ings
with
ra
inw
ater
cat
chm
ents
by
2013
and
a
30%
incr
ease
by
2018
50%
incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
ho
useh
olds
and
com
mun
ity s
yste
ms
that
are
con
nect
ed t
o th
e pu
blic
w
ater
sup
ply
by 2
018
MPW
UM
HM
S A
ny in
tere
sted
do
nors
$6,8
94,1
40
92
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.3: C
ontin
ued
Red
uce
wat
er w
asta
ge a
nd lo
sses
and
reh
abili
tate
and
incr
ease
the
cov
erag
e of
ret
icul
ated
wat
ersu
pply
on
Sout
h Ta
raw
a (in
clud
ing
prot
ectio
n an
dre
furb
ishm
ent
of t
he B
onri
ki W
ater
Res
erve
).•
Prov
ide
trai
ning
and
equ
ipm
ent
to P
ublic
U
tiliti
es B
oard
in le
akag
e de
tect
ion.
• D
etec
t an
d re
pair
loss
es in
tra
nsm
issi
on a
nd
dist
ribu
tion
lines
.•
Dep
loy
wat
er m
eter
s on
all
conn
ectio
ns t
o en
cour
age
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion.
• R
epla
ce p
umps
at
exis
ting
infil
trat
ion
galle
ries
an
d in
stal
l add
ition
al in
filtr
atio
n ga
llery
at
Bonr
iki,
trea
t ch
lori
ne g
ases
with
pow
ered
ch
lori
ne s
yste
m, a
nd a
erat
e an
d re
habi
litat
e ch
ambe
rs.
Trai
ning
and
equ
ipm
ent
prov
ided
for
leak
age
dete
ctio
n
% o
f det
ecte
d an
d re
pair
ed lo
sses
in
tran
smis
sion
and
dis
trib
utio
n lin
es
% o
f wat
er m
etre
con
nect
ions
co
vera
ge
% o
f pum
ps r
epla
ced
Publ
ic U
tiliti
es
Boar
dBe
tio T
own
Cou
ncil,
MPW
U, M
OE,
KIT
an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pr
ogra
m, E
U,
Wor
ld B
ank,
A
DB,
UN
, any
in
tere
sted
pa
rtne
rs, S
PC
$ 3,
554,
652
Dev
elop
san
itatio
n an
d an
ope
n de
feca
tion-
free
envi
ronm
ent
for
impr
oved
hea
lth in
sup
port
of
adap
tatio
n in
itiat
ives
. (SM
EC p
roje
ct)
• R
ehab
ilita
te e
xist
ing
sani
tatio
n in
fras
truc
ture
on
Sou
th T
araw
a (in
clud
ing
outf
alls
, pum
ping
st
atio
ns, s
altw
ater
sup
ply
syst
em).
• D
evel
op a
ppro
pria
te, a
ccep
tabl
e an
d af
ford
able
on
-site
san
itatio
n de
sign
s fo
r no
n-se
wer
ed
wat
er s
uppl
y sy
stem
s fo
r So
uth
Tara
wa.
• In
corp
orat
e on
-site
san
itatio
n de
sign
s in
the
bu
ildin
g co
de a
nd im
plem
ent
insp
ectio
n an
d m
onito
ring
of i
mpa
cts.
• Im
plem
ent
initi
ativ
es t
o el
imin
ate
open
de
feca
tion
on b
oth
Sout
h Ta
raw
a an
d ou
ter
isla
nds
and
supp
ort
isla
nd c
ounc
ils in
thi
s ta
sk.
• C
onst
ruct
and
sup
port
com
mun
ity a
nd s
choo
l to
ilets
and
han
dwas
h fa
cilit
ies.
Indi
cato
rs o
f san
itatio
n m
arke
dly
impr
oved
from
a 2
004
base
line
Base
line
surv
ey c
ompl
eted
usi
ng
impr
oved
nat
iona
l ind
icat
ors
Sani
tatio
n in
fras
truc
ture
reh
abili
tate
d
App
ropr
iate
san
itatio
n de
sign
s de
velo
ped
and
inco
rpor
ated
in
build
ing
code
s
% o
f out
er-is
land
s ad
optin
g th
e el
imin
atio
n of
ope
n de
feca
tion
initi
ativ
es (
Kir
ibat
i to
be
OD
F- O
pen
Def
ecat
ion
Free
by
2015
)
The
num
ber
of c
omm
uniti
es a
nd
scho
ols
with
han
dwas
h an
d to
ilet
faci
litie
s
MPW
U, M
IAM
HM
S, M
ELA
DA
ny in
tere
sted
pa
rtne
rs$4
3,26
8
93
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
6: P
rom
otin
g so
und
and
relia
ble
infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent
and
land
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 6
.3: C
ontin
ued
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t as
set
man
agem
ent
plan
sfo
r w
ater
and
san
itatio
n re
sour
ces
• G
athe
r da
ta fo
r de
velo
pmen
t of
ass
et
man
agem
ent
plan
s. •
Dev
elop
ass
et m
anag
emen
t pl
ans
•
Con
duct
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g (t
rain
ing)
on
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pla
ns.
• Es
tabl
ish
and
supp
ort
revo
lvin
g fu
nd fo
r on
goin
g m
aint
enan
ce o
f com
mun
ity w
ater
and
san
itatio
n sy
stem
s.
Ass
et m
anag
emen
t pl
ans
are
in p
lace
fo
r al
l com
mun
ity a
nd g
over
nmen
t in
fras
truc
ture
by
2018
(ba
selin
e 20
13:
num
ber
of g
over
nmen
t as
sets
with
as
set
man
agem
ent
plan
s )
MPW
U, M
IAM
HM
S, M
ELA
DA
ny in
tere
sted
pa
rtne
rs$1
0,21
0,64
0
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
6$5
2,47
6,51
3
94
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk ManagementSt
rate
gy 7
. Del
iver
ing
appr
opri
ate
educ
atio
n, t
rain
ing
and
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
ms
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 7
.1: S
tude
nts
and
prof
essi
onal
s ha
ve c
apac
ities
to
take
act
ion
on a
dapt
atio
n, a
nd r
isk
redu
ctio
n an
d co
ping
str
ateg
ies
befo
re, d
urin
g an
d af
ter
disa
ster
s an
d em
issi
on m
itiga
tion.
Defi
ne, s
peci
fy a
nd m
onito
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
disa
ster
ris
k m
anag
emen
t le
arni
ng o
utco
mes
and
cont
ent
in t
he n
ew s
ylla
bus
for
form
al p
rim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion,
incl
udin
g ag
ricu
lture
and
lives
tock
, fish
erie
s, w
ater
, env
iron
men
t an
dhe
alth
(ba
sed
on E
duca
tion
for
Sust
aina
ble
Dev
elop
men
t pr
inci
ples
– o
ngoi
ng).
• In
corp
orat
e re
leva
nt t
opic
s, le
arni
ng o
utco
mes
an
d co
nten
t on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
, alo
ng
with
oth
er a
reas
, int
o sy
llabu
s of
Yea
rs 3
–6, Y
ears
7–
9 an
d Ye
ars
10–1
2 ba
sed
on c
onsu
ltatio
n ou
tcom
es a
nd fr
amew
ork
(incl
udin
g qu
ality
as
sura
nce)
.•
Con
sult
on t
he n
ew s
ylla
bus
in t
he G
ilber
t an
d Li
ne G
roup
s (K
iriti
mat
i).•
Dev
elop
tea
chin
g m
ater
ials
and
inco
rpor
ate
rele
vant
con
tent
and
met
hods
into
tea
cher
gui
des
(incl
udin
g qu
ality
ass
uran
ce).
Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
m
anag
emen
t el
emen
ts a
re in
tegr
ated
in
to t
he n
atio
nal c
urri
culu
m fo
r pr
imar
y sc
hool
s, ju
nior
sec
onda
ry
scho
ols
by 2
017
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
ext
ra-c
urri
cula
r ac
tiviti
es o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
cond
ucte
d by
sch
ools
(ta
rget
and
bas
elin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed
by 2
015)
KT
C le
ctur
ers
have
inco
rpor
ated
kn
owle
dge
gain
ed in
Pro
fess
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent
(PD
) tr
aini
ngs
on c
limat
e ch
ange
, DR
M a
nd r
elat
ed a
reas
into
te
ache
r gu
ides
by
end
of t
erm
2 o
f 20
14
Pre-
serv
ice
and
TPD
tra
inin
g m
ater
ials
an
d fa
cilit
ator
s gu
ides
wri
ting
on C
C
DR
M a
nd r
elat
ed a
reas
for
diff
eren
t Ye
ar le
vels
com
plet
ed b
y en
d of
ter
m
3 20
14
Kir
ibat
i tea
cher
s ha
ve in
corp
orat
ed
know
ledg
e ga
ined
in P
D w
orks
hops
on
clim
ate
chan
ge, D
RM
and
rel
ated
ar
eas
and
on d
eliv
ery
appr
oach
es a
nd
stra
tegi
es in
to le
sson
pla
ns fo
r:•
Year
1, 2
, & 3
by
end
of t
erm
3 2
015
• Ye
ar 4
, 5 &
6 b
y en
d of
ter
m 3
201
6•
Year
7 ,
8 &
9 b
y en
d of
ter
m 3
20
17N
ew p
re-s
ervi
ce c
ours
es in
del
iver
ing
CC
, DR
M a
nd r
elat
ed a
reas
dev
elop
ed:
• Te
achi
ng P
rim
ary
by 2
014
• Te
achi
ng JS
S by
201
6St
uden
t an
d te
ache
r re
sour
ces
are
avai
labl
e fo
r th
e di
ffere
nt Y
ear
leve
ls:
• Ye
ar 1
, 2 &
3 b
y e
nd o
f ter
m 3
20
14•
Year
4, 5
& 6
by
end
of t
erm
3 2
015
• Ye
ar 7
, 8 &
9 b
y en
d of
ter
m 3
201
6
MO
E (C
urri
culu
m
Dev
elop
men
t an
d R
esou
rce
Cen
tre)
MEL
AD
, OB,
MFM
RD
, M
PWU
, MH
MS,
MLH
RD
, KN
EG,
Sand
wat
ch N
etw
ork,
FS
PKI,
othe
r N
GO
s
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
UN
ESC
O,
UN
ICEF
, SP
C, S
PREP
, in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os
such
as
Pla
n In
tern
atio
nal
$1,2
63,8
77
Inco
rpor
ate
clim
ate
chan
ge, D
RM
and
oth
erre
late
d ar
eas
such
as
agri
cultu
re, l
ives
tock
,en
viro
nmen
t, fis
heri
es, w
ater
and
hea
lth in
to K
TC
’spr
e-se
rvic
e pr
imar
y, ju
nior
sec
onda
ry a
nd s
enio
rse
cond
ary
teac
her
trai
ning
pro
gram
and
tea
cher
prof
essi
onal
dev
elop
men
t tr
aini
ng (
in-s
ervi
cepr
ogra
ms
– on
goin
g).
• Tr
ain
KT
C le
ctur
ers
on c
limat
e ch
ange
, DR
M
and
rela
ted
area
s an
d on
tea
chin
g an
d de
liver
y ap
proa
ches
and
str
ateg
ies
to t
hese
sub
ject
s.•
Wri
te p
re-s
ervi
ce a
nd T
PD c
ours
es, t
rain
ing
mat
eria
ls a
nd fa
cilit
ator
gui
des.
• C
ondu
ct t
each
er p
rofe
ssio
nal d
evel
opm
ent
trai
ning
s fo
r al
l in-
serv
ice
teac
hers
in S
outh
Tar
awa
and
on a
ll ou
ter
isla
nds.
• Tr
ain
stud
ent
teac
hers
at
KT
C b
ased
on
revi
sed
cour
ses
in li
ne w
ith t
he n
ew c
urri
culu
m in
clud
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge, D
RM
and
rel
ated
are
as (
pre-
serv
ice)
.15
• Pr
ovis
ion
of r
esou
rces
to
supp
ort
the
deliv
ery
of
CC
, DR
M a
nd r
elat
ed a
reas
for
Pre-
serv
ice
and
in-s
ervi
ce p
rogr
ams
MO
E (K
TC
)M
ELA
D, O
B, M
FMR
D,
MPW
U, M
HM
S, M
LHR
D, K
NEG
, Sa
ndw
atch
Net
wor
k,
FSPK
I, ot
her
NG
Os
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
UN
ESC
O,
UN
ICEF
, SPC
, SP
REP
, USP
; in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os
such
as
Pla
n In
tern
atio
nal
$3,2
18,9
49
15 B
ased
on
new
syll
abus
, nat
iona
l tea
chin
g m
ater
ials
and
teac
her
guid
es a
nd th
e pi
ctur
e-ba
sed
teac
hing
res
ourc
e ‘L
earn
ing
abou
t Clim
ate
Chan
ge th
e Pa
cific
Way
’ (SP
C/G
IZ 2
013)
, the
Kiri
bati
Clim
ate
Chan
ge F
ram
ewor
k fo
r pr
imar
y, ju
nior
sec
onda
ry a
nd s
enio
r se
cond
ary
leve
ls (U
NES
CO 2
012)
and
oth
er r
esou
rces
.
95
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
7. D
eliv
erin
g ap
prop
riat
e ed
ucat
ion,
tra
inin
g an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
s
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 7
.1: C
ontin
ued
Inte
grat
e re
leva
nt c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
skm
anag
emen
t co
nten
t an
d sk
ills
into
Tec
hnic
al a
ndVo
catio
nal E
duca
tion
and
Trai
ning
(T
VET
).•
Con
duct
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
n fo
r ne
w T
VET
po
licy
(par
tly o
ngoi
ng).
• In
tegr
ate
alre
ady
iden
tified
com
pete
ncie
s an
d le
arni
ng o
utco
mes
into
exi
stin
g tr
aini
ng
prog
ram
s of
Fis
heri
es T
rain
ing
Cen
tre,
Mar
ine
Trai
ning
Cen
tre,
Sch
ool o
f Nur
sing
and
Kir
ibat
i Po
lice
Serv
ice.
• C
ondu
ct t
rain
ing
need
ana
lyse
s w
ith r
elev
ant
TV
ET t
rain
ing
prov
ider
s.•
Trai
n le
ctur
ers
on s
trat
egie
s fo
r te
achi
ng a
bout
cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M.
• D
evel
op a
nd/o
r pr
ovid
e se
ctor
-spe
cific
and
ge
neri
c tr
aini
ng m
ater
ials
on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd
DR
M.
Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
m
anag
emen
t el
emen
ts a
re in
tegr
ated
in
to t
he T
VET
syl
labu
s by
201
5
Ass
essm
ent
resu
lts s
how
tha
t st
uden
ts a
chie
ve c
ompe
tenc
ies
for
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
m
anag
emen
t
MLH
RD
(K
IT,
FTC
, MT
C),
MH
MS
(Sch
ool
of N
urse
s),
Kir
ibat
i Pol
ice
Serv
ice
App
rent
ices
hip
Boar
d, M
TC
, FT
C,
KIT
, reg
iona
l TV
ET
bodi
es
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, N
ew Z
eala
nd
Aid
Pro
gram
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
UN
ESC
O, S
PC,
SPR
EP, U
SP
$1,5
00,0
26
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t a
hum
an r
esou
rce
deve
lopm
ent
plan
to
supp
ort
long
-ter
m c
limat
ech
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M.
• A
sses
s ca
paci
ty g
aps
and
need
s fo
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M.
• Id
entif
y tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams
and
reso
urce
nee
ds,
and
alig
n to
pre
-ser
vice
and
pub
lic s
ervi
ce
trai
ning
pro
gram
s on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
skill
s (w
ater
en
gine
ers,
coas
tal e
ngin
eers
, oce
an m
odel
lers
, cl
imat
olog
ists
, met
eoro
logi
sts,
ento
mol
ogis
ts,
psyc
holo
gist
s).
• D
evel
op n
ew h
uman
res
ourc
e de
velo
pmen
t po
licy
for
NSA
pro
cedu
res,
alon
g w
ith a
tra
inin
g m
anua
l.
Incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
I-K
irib
ati
with
qua
lifica
tions
rel
ated
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
man
agem
ent
by 2
018
(ter
tiary
qua
lifica
tions
, pr
ofes
sion
al o
n-th
e-jo
b tr
aini
ng
cert
ifica
tes,
atta
chm
ent
cert
ifica
tes;
targ
et a
nd b
asel
ine
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
d by
201
5)
Publ
ic S
ervi
ce
Offi
ceO
B, K
NEG
Any
inte
rest
ed
part
ners
$269
,330
96
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
7. D
eliv
erin
g ap
prop
riat
e ed
ucat
ion,
tra
inin
g an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
s
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
7.2
: The
I-K
irib
ati p
opul
atio
n is
wel
l inf
orm
ed a
nd a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs h
ave
acce
ss t
o up
-to-
date
and
acc
urat
e, c
onte
mpo
rary
and
tra
ditio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sk m
anag
emen
t (s
ee a
lso
Stra
tegy
2)
and
com
mun
ities
tak
e vo
lunt
ary
actio
n to
red
uce
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
s.
Stre
ngth
en t
he c
apac
ity o
f com
mun
ity-b
ased
orga
nisa
tions
to
prov
ide
trai
ning
and
aw
aren
ess
oncl
imat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sk m
anag
emen
t to
com
mun
ities
(ch
urch
es, N
GO
s, et
c.).
• Tr
ain
NG
O s
taff
with
tra
inin
g of
tra
iner
s ap
proa
ch o
n co
mm
unity
-bas
ed c
limat
e ch
ange
an
d D
RM
(in
clud
ing
inte
grat
ion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M in
the
des
ign,
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d ev
alua
tion
of p
roje
cts
with
com
mun
ities
; in
clus
ive
of v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
).•
Con
duct
aw
aren
ess
wor
ksho
p in
vill
ages
(o
utre
ach)
.•
Impr
ove
plan
ning
to
mak
e pr
ogra
ms
sust
aina
ble
by d
evel
opin
g N
GO
Act
ion
Plan
with
long
-ter
m
obje
ctiv
es a
nd p
rovi
ding
gra
nt-w
ritin
g tr
aini
ng
to lo
ng-t
erm
pro
ject
s.•
Build
adv
ocac
y sk
ills
on c
limat
e ch
ange
and
D
RM
am
ong
com
mun
ity-b
ased
org
anis
atio
ns.
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
com
mun
ity-
base
d or
gani
satio
ns p
rovi
ding
tra
inin
g to
com
mun
ities
on
clim
ate
chan
ge
and
disa
ster
ris
k m
anag
emen
t in
itiat
ives
(ta
rget
and
bas
elin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed
2015
)
All
new
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
man
agem
ent
awar
enes
s, ed
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
mat
eria
ls
incl
ude
up-t
o-da
te a
nd a
ccur
ate,
lo
cally
rel
evan
t, co
ntem
pora
ry a
nd
trad
ition
al k
now
ledg
e
NG
Os
such
as
Kir
iCan
, Pa
cific
Cal
ling
Part
ners
hip,
C
arita
s, Ec
oCar
e,
FSPK
I, Sa
ndw
atch
N
etw
ork,
Te
ToaM
atoa
, MIA
KN
EGA
ustr
alia
’s A
id P
rogr
am,
Ger
man
D
evel
opm
ent
Coo
pera
tion,
U
NES
CO
, U
NIC
EF, N
ew
Zea
land
Aid
Pr
ogra
m; S
PC,
SPR
EP, U
SP;
inte
rnat
iona
l N
GO
s su
ch
as P
lan
Inte
rnat
iona
l
$533
,420
Stre
ngth
en c
apac
ities
of m
edia
out
lets
, gov
ernm
ent
depa
rtm
ents
, NG
Os
and
faith
-bas
ed o
rgan
isat
ions
to d
eliv
er m
essa
ges
on c
limat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M.
• M
essa
ges
follo
w t
he K
irib
ati C
C a
nd D
RM
C
omm
unic
atio
ns S
trat
egy
curr
ently
bei
ng
final
ized
• T
he S
trat
egy
is im
plem
ente
d ac
cord
ing
to t
he
activ
ities
out
lined
in t
he w
orkp
lan
• D
evel
op a
med
ia p
rogr
am t
o co
nvey
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
issu
es b
ased
on
the
Stra
tegy
in
rad
io, n
ewsp
aper
and
tel
evis
ion.
• D
evel
op p
lays
or
dram
as o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
D
RM
bas
ed o
n th
e ke
y m
essa
ges
outli
ned
in t
he
Stra
tegy
.
Med
ia o
utle
ts, g
over
nmen
t de
part
men
ts, N
GO
s an
d fa
ith-
base
d or
gani
satio
ns u
se c
omm
on
key
mes
sage
s fo
r C
C a
nd D
RM
co
mm
unic
atio
ns in
Kir
ibat
i
The
Kir
ibat
i CC
and
DR
M
Com
mun
icat
ions
Str
ateg
y is
im
plem
ente
d
OB,
KJIP
Se
cret
aria
t En
viro
nmen
t an
d C
onse
rvat
ion
Div
isio
n (M
ELA
D),
Kir
ibat
i Br
oadc
astin
g, Yo
uth
Gro
up
Car
itas
MIA
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, EU
, UN
ESC
O,
UN
ICEF
, New
Z
eala
nd A
id
Prog
ram
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n,
SPC
(G
loba
l C
limat
e C
hang
e A
llian
ce),
SPR
EP, U
SP;
inte
rnat
iona
l N
GO
s
$90,
240
97
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
7. D
eliv
erin
g ap
prop
riat
e ed
ucat
ion,
tra
inin
g an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
s
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put)
7.3
: The
I-K
irib
ati p
opul
atio
n (in
clus
ive
of v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
) ar
e w
ell q
ualifi
ed w
ith fo
rmal
and
TV
ET fo
rms
of q
ualifi
catio
n to
get
em
ploy
men
t ou
tsid
e of
Kir
ibat
i.
Gen
erat
e fu
rthe
r em
ploy
men
t op
port
uniti
es in
in
tern
atio
nal m
arke
ts.
• Fo
rm a
tas
k fo
rce
acro
ss k
ey m
inis
trie
s, tr
aini
ng
inst
itutio
ns a
nd t
he p
riva
te s
ecto
r. •
Con
duct
a t
race
r su
rvey
for
Kir
ibat
i peo
ple
with
sig
nific
ant
voca
tiona
l qua
lifica
tions
.•
Ana
lyse
ski
ll ga
ps fo
r in
tern
atio
nal l
abou
r m
arke
t re
quir
emen
ts a
gain
st e
xist
ing
voca
tiona
l tr
aini
ng.
• R
e-de
sign
voc
atio
nal c
ours
es w
ith a
ssis
tanc
e fr
om lo
cal t
echn
ical
exp
erts
.•
Mak
e a
mar
ketin
g/pr
omot
iona
l vis
it to
A
ustr
alia
n em
ploy
ers
for
empl
oym
ent
oppo
rtun
ities
in a
ccom
mod
atio
n, c
otto
n, s
ugar
ca
ne a
nd a
quac
ultu
re in
dust
ries
.•
Neg
otia
te w
ith T
echn
ical
and
Fur
ther
Edu
catio
n So
uth
Aus
tral
ia fo
r fu
ture
em
ploy
men
t op
port
uniti
es fo
r K
IT g
radu
ates
.•
Inte
grat
e la
bour
mob
ility
goa
ls in
to t
rade
ag
reem
ents
and
str
engt
hen
MC
IC in
ne
gotia
tions
.•
Und
erta
ke la
bour
mar
ketin
g/pr
omot
ion
in
over
seas
mar
kets
.
Incr
ease
in r
emitt
ance
s fr
om t
his
over
seas
em
ploy
men
t (t
arge
t to
be
esta
blis
hed)
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
I-K
irib
ati
empl
oyed
ove
rsea
s (t
arge
t to
be
esta
blis
hed)
MLH
RD
, M
CIC
, MFA
IO
B, K
NEG
, MO
E,
MH
MS,
MT
C, K
irib
ati
Aus
tral
ia N
ursi
ng
Initi
ativ
e, K
IT, F
TC
, K
CC
I, M
HM
S, A
ppre
ntic
eshi
p Bo
ard,
pri
vate
sec
tor
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, N
ew Z
eala
nd
Aid
Pro
gram
, U
NES
CO
, SPC
, U
SP, S
outh
Pa
cific
Tou
rism
O
rgan
isat
ion,
FF
A, F
iji
Nat
iona
l U
nive
rsity
$602
,638
Tota
l Cos
t St
rate
gy 7
$7,4
78,4
80
98
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
8: I
ncre
asin
g ef
fect
iven
ess
and
effic
ienc
y of
ear
ly w
arni
ngs
and
disa
ster
and
em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 8
.1: D
amag
e to
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd p
rope
rtie
s, an
d in
juri
es a
nd lo
ss o
f life
are
red
uced
.
Enha
nce
gove
rnan
ce in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts fo
rdi
sast
er m
anag
emen
t at
nat
iona
l and
loca
l lev
els
(Nat
iona
l Dis
aste
r M
anag
emen
t O
ffice
; Isl
and
Dis
aste
r C
omm
ittee
).•
Form
alis
e a
polic
y fo
r th
e N
atio
nal D
isas
ter
Cou
ncil
to p
rovi
de a
qua
rter
ly r
epor
t to
th
e D
evel
opm
ent
Coo
rdin
atio
n C
omm
ittee
m
eetin
gs.
• Es
tabl
ish
the
Nat
iona
l Dis
aste
r M
anag
emen
t O
ffice
with
full-
time
staf
f and
res
ourc
es w
ithin
go
vern
men
t st
ruct
ure.
• Es
tabl
ish
Isla
nd D
isas
ter
Com
mitt
ee in
clo
se
colla
bora
tion
with
isla
nd c
ounc
ils.
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
isla
nd
and
tow
n co
unci
l Str
ateg
ic P
lans
th
at in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
cons
ider
atio
ns b
y 20
15
Infr
astr
uctu
re lo
sses
due
to
disa
ster
s ar
e re
duce
d by
202
3
Rep
orte
d ca
ses
of in
juri
es a
nd
fata
litie
s du
e to
dis
aste
rs a
re r
educ
ed
(bas
elin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed,
to
be
disa
ggre
gate
d by
sex
, age
and
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties)
OB,
Nat
iona
l Ec
onom
ic
Plan
ning
O
ffice
MIA
, out
er is
land
co
unci
ls, M
OE,
faith
-ba
sed
orga
nisa
tions
, M
HM
S, N
GO
s, K
irib
ati P
olic
e Se
rvic
e
EU, W
orld
Ba
nk, S
PC,
SPR
EP, a
ny
inte
rest
ed
part
ners
$1,8
11,0
41
99
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
8: I
ncre
asin
g ef
fect
iven
ess
and
effic
ienc
y of
ear
ly w
arni
ngs
and
disa
ster
and
em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 8
.1: C
ontin
ued
Stre
ngth
en e
ffect
ive
prep
ared
ness
, res
pons
e an
dre
cove
ry a
rran
gem
ents
by
revi
ewin
g th
e ai
rpor
tan
d ot
her
com
mun
icat
ion;
dev
elop
ing
Sect
orO
pera
tiona
l Pla
ns, h
azar
d su
ppor
t pl
ans,
trai
ning
and
awar
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
; and
est
ablis
hing
sto
ckdi
stri
butio
n ce
ntre
s, em
erge
ncy
evac
uatio
n pl
ans
and
tria
lling
.•
Con
stru
ct a
per
man
ent
Nat
iona
l Dis
aste
r R
isk
Man
agem
ent
Offi
ce w
ith a
ll ap
prop
riat
e eq
uipm
ent.
• R
evie
w a
irpo
rts/
airs
trip
s an
d en
sure
the
y ar
e fu
nctio
ning
with
rel
ief s
uppo
rt a
nd
com
mun
icat
ion
equi
pmen
t in
the
out
er is
land
s th
at c
an b
e us
ed t
o is
sue
earl
y w
arni
ng a
nd
disa
ster
res
pons
e.•
Dev
elop
and
con
sist
ently
tes
t St
anda
rd
Ope
ratin
g Pr
oced
ures
for
the
Nat
iona
l Em
erge
ncy
Ope
ratio
n C
entr
e.•
Dev
elop
haz
ard
supp
ort
plan
s an
d m
odel
s of
ke
y ha
zard
s th
at p
ose
thre
ats
(dro
ught
, fire
, los
s at
sea
, tsu
nam
i, an
d st
orm
sur
ges)
.•
Dev
elop
mod
els
that
can
bet
ter
assi
st in
un
ders
tand
ing
haza
rds
(tsu
nam
i, st
orm
sur
ges)
.•
Con
duct
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
ms
to e
nhan
ce
staf
f per
form
ance
in d
isas
ter
risk
man
agem
ent.
• D
evel
op c
omm
unity
dis
aste
r pl
ans
in p
ilot
villa
ges
to g
uide
com
mun
ity r
espo
nse
in
disa
ster
s.•
Con
duct
com
mun
ity a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
and
tr
aini
ng fo
r co
mm
unity
lead
ers,
wom
en, y
outh
an
d ot
her
grou
ps (
cons
ider
ing
com
mun
ity r
oles
of
wom
en a
nd m
en)
on a
ll ha
zard
s, in
loca
l la
ngua
ges.
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
isla
nd
and
tow
n co
unci
l Str
ateg
ic P
lans
th
at in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
cons
ider
atio
ns b
y 20
15
Infr
astr
uctu
re lo
sses
due
to
disa
ster
s ar
e re
duce
d by
202
3
Rep
orte
d ca
ses
of in
juri
es a
nd
fata
litie
s du
e to
dis
aste
rs a
re r
educ
ed
(bas
elin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed,
to
be
disa
ggre
gate
d by
sex
, age
and
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties)
OB,
Kir
ibat
i Po
lice
Serv
ice,
al
l min
istr
ies,
K
irib
ati R
ed
Cro
ss S
ocie
ty
MIA
, Out
er Is
land
C
ounc
ils, M
OE,
faith
-ba
sed
orga
nisa
tions
, M
HM
S, N
GO
s, ,O
B,
MC
TT
D
EU, W
orld
Ba
nk, S
PC,
SPR
EP, a
ny
inte
rest
ed
part
ners
(N
Z N
avy,
Aus
tral
ian
Nav
y fo
r th
e Po
lice
Mar
itim
e U
nit)
$2,5
86,3
95
100
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
8: I
ncre
asin
g ef
fect
iven
ess
and
effic
ienc
y of
ear
ly w
arni
ngs
and
disa
ster
and
em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 8
.1: C
ontin
ued
• Es
tabl
ish
and
stoc
k di
stri
butio
n ce
ntre
s of
non
-fo
od it
ems
in c
olla
bora
tion
with
Red
Cro
ss•
Dev
elop
a s
tron
g di
sast
er in
form
atio
n sy
stem
th
at c
an e
nhan
ce in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g be
twee
n N
atio
nal E
mer
genc
y O
pera
tion
Cen
tre
and
oute
r is
land
s in
Gilb
ert,
Line
and
Pho
enix
G
roup
s.•
Dev
elop
and
tes
t em
erge
ncy
evac
uatio
n pl
ans
for
busi
ness
es, o
ffice
s, sc
hool
s, ho
tels
, gue
st
hous
es a
nd h
ospi
tals
for
fast
-ons
et h
azar
ds (
fire
and
tsun
ami)
and
esta
blis
h an
nual
dri
ll pr
ogra
ms
in a
ll se
ctor
s.•
Stre
ngth
en in
ter-
oper
abili
ty o
f em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
(Po
lice,
Hea
lth a
nd N
atio
nal D
isas
ter
Man
agem
ent
Offi
ce).
• R
evie
w t
he c
apac
ity o
f the
Pol
ice
Serv
ice
and
impl
emen
t fir
e-fig
htin
g pr
iori
ties.
• Fa
cilit
ate
proc
ess
for
Kir
ibat
i Fir
e Se
rvic
e to
be
com
e m
embe
r of
Pac
ific
Isla
nds
Fire
Ser
vice
s A
ssoc
iatio
n.•
Wor
k w
ith c
omm
unity
pol
icin
g an
d de
velo
p co
mm
unity
aw
aren
ess
of fi
re s
afet
y.•
Con
duct
in-c
ount
ry t
rain
ing
on s
earc
h an
d re
scue
for
both
mar
itim
e an
d la
nd-b
ased
re
scue
s.•
Impr
ove
the
skill
s of
the
Pol
ice
Mar
itim
e U
nit
to
incl
ude
man
agem
ent
and
lead
ersh
ip t
rain
ing.
• U
pgra
de e
quip
men
t to
per
form
sea
rch
and
resc
ue, i
nclu
ding
com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent
for
all o
pera
tions
of t
he p
atro
l boa
t.
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
isla
nd
and
tow
n co
unci
l Str
ateg
ic P
lans
th
at in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
cons
ider
atio
ns b
y 20
15
Infr
astr
uctu
re lo
sses
due
to
disa
ster
s ar
e re
duce
d by
202
3
Rep
orte
d ca
ses
of in
juri
es a
nd
fata
litie
s du
e to
dis
aste
rs a
re r
educ
ed
(bas
elin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed,
to
be
disa
ggre
gate
d by
sex
, age
and
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties)
OB,
Kir
ibat
i Po
lice
Serv
ice,
al
l min
istr
ies,
K
irib
ati R
ed
Cro
ss S
ocie
ty
MIA
, Out
er Is
land
C
ounc
ils, M
OE,
faith
-ba
sed
orga
nisa
tions
, M
HM
S, N
GO
s, ,O
B,
MC
TT
D
EU, W
orld
Ba
nk, S
PC,
SPR
EP, a
ny
inte
rest
ed
part
ners
(N
Z N
avy,
Aus
tral
ian
Nav
y fo
r th
e Po
lice
Mar
itim
e U
nit)
$2,5
86,3
95
101
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
8: I
ncre
asin
g ef
fect
iven
ess
and
effic
ienc
y of
ear
ly w
arni
ngs
and
disa
ster
and
em
erge
ncy
man
agem
ent
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
(AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 8
.1: C
ontin
ued
Incr
ease
the
cap
acity
of s
ervi
ces
to a
ddre
ss t
hesp
ecifi
c ne
eds
of p
eopl
e w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s du
ring
times
of e
mer
genc
y (t
rain
ing,
shel
ter
avai
labi
lity,
disa
bilit
y m
ains
trea
med
in d
isas
ter
actio
n pl
an).
• Pr
ovid
e tr
aini
ng fo
r ca
rers
, fam
ilies
and
tea
cher
s on
firs
t ai
d (in
clud
ing
men
and
wom
en).
• Pr
ovid
e tr
aini
ng fo
r em
erge
ncy
pers
onne
l on
mob
ilisi
ng p
eopl
e w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s (in
clud
ing
gend
er c
onsi
dera
tions
).•
Des
igna
te a
saf
e sp
ace
whe
re p
eopl
e w
ith
disa
bilit
ies
can
go in
dis
aste
rs (
incl
udin
g ge
nder
co
nsid
erat
ions
).•
Dev
elop
an
isla
nd-s
peci
fic d
isas
ter
plan
in
cons
ulta
tion
with
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties,
incl
udin
g pr
ovis
ion
of r
atio
ns, w
ater
, bla
nket
s an
d em
erge
ncy
equi
pmen
t as
req
uire
d, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt t
radi
tiona
l pro
toco
ls a
nd g
over
ning
sy
stem
s.
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
isla
nd
and
tow
n co
unci
l Str
ateg
ic P
lans
th
at in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
an
d di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent
cons
ider
atio
ns b
y 20
15
Infr
astr
uctu
re lo
sses
due
to
disa
ster
s ar
e re
duce
d by
202
3
Rep
orte
d ca
ses
of in
juri
es a
nd
fata
litie
s du
e to
dis
aste
rs a
re r
educ
ed
(bas
elin
e to
be
esta
blis
hed,
to
be
disa
ggre
gate
d by
sex
, age
and
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties)
MH
MS,
Kir
ibat
i Pol
ice
Serv
ice,
MIA
, O
B
Red
Cro
ss, M
arin
e Tr
aini
ng C
entr
e,
FTC
, Kir
ibat
i R
ehab
ilita
tion
Cen
tre,
chu
rche
s, bu
sine
sses
, vill
age
coun
cils
EU, W
orld
Ba
nk, U
NIC
EF,
SPC
, SPR
EP,
any
inte
rest
ed
part
ners
$63,
831
Ensu
re a
ll em
erge
ncy
and
disa
ster
man
agem
ent
initi
ativ
es a
re r
espo
nsiv
e to
gen
der.
• D
evel
op a
nd d
eliv
er g
ende
r se
nsiti
vity
tra
inin
g fo
r al
l em
erge
ncy
and
disa
ster
man
agem
ent
pers
onne
l.
MIA
, MW
YSA
OB
EU, W
orld
Ba
nk, U
NIC
EF,
SPC
, SPR
EP,
any
inte
rest
ed
part
ners
$47,
210
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
8
$4,5
08,4
77
102
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
9: P
rom
otin
g th
e us
e of
sus
tain
able
ren
ewab
le s
ourc
es o
f ene
rgy
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 9
.1: R
enew
able
ene
rgy
has
an in
crea
sed
shar
e of
the
tot
al e
nerg
y m
ix.
Mai
ntai
n gr
id s
tabi
lity
with
hig
h so
lar
pene
trat
ion
• D
evel
op s
tand
ards
and
gui
delin
es fo
r fu
ture
so
lar
phot
ovol
taic
gri
d-co
nnec
ted
syst
ems.
• Bu
ild c
apac
ity t
o m
anag
e hi
gh le
vels
of g
rid
conn
ecte
d s
olar
inst
alla
tions
.•
Aut
omat
e di
esel
gen
sets
and
pro
vide
ap
prop
riat
e st
orag
e te
chno
logy
to
pow
er
utili
ties.
• In
vest
igat
e op
tions
of c
onne
ctin
g m
ore
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y to
the
gri
d in
Tar
awa
and
Kir
itim
ati.
• In
vest
igat
e th
e ap
prop
riat
enes
s of
pri
vate
ly
owne
d so
lar
phot
ovol
taic
gri
d-co
nnec
ted
syst
ems,
incl
udin
g fe
ed-in
-tar
iff a
nd/o
r ne
t-m
eter
ing.
• D
evel
op b
est
prac
tice
regu
latio
ns a
nd s
tand
ards
fo
r th
e sa
fe a
nd r
elia
ble
supp
ly, g
ener
atio
n,
tran
smis
sion
and
dis
trib
utio
n of
pow
er in
urb
an
and
rura
l ins
titut
ions
Incr
ease
d sh
are
of g
rid
conn
ecte
d re
new
able
ene
rgy
(Bas
elin
e: 0
% s
olar
en
ergy
inte
rmitt
ent
in 2
013;
tar
get
60%
by
2025
).
Best
pra
ctic
es, s
tand
ards
and
re
gula
tions
und
erst
ood
and
put
into
pr
actic
e fo
r el
ectr
ical
sup
ply
and
dist
ribu
tion
in u
rban
and
rur
al a
reas
.
Inte
rmitt
ent
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y re
ache
s pa
rity
with
sta
ndar
d gr
id
pow
er.
Pow
er u
tiliti
es fu
nctio
ning
at
a hi
gher
ef
ficie
ncy
due
to a
utom
atio
n an
d st
orag
e te
chno
logy
.
Polic
y es
tabl
ishe
d an
d im
plem
ente
d fo
r en
cour
agin
g fe
ed-in
-tar
iff a
nd/
or n
et-m
eter
ing.
Elec
tric
ity A
ct
appr
oved
and
enf
orce
d.
MPW
U
(Ene
rgy
Plan
ning
Uni
t),
Publ
ic U
tiliti
es
Boar
d
Envi
ronm
ent
and
Con
serv
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(MEL
AD
), M
FED
, MIA
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, EU
, AD
B,
New
Zea
land
A
id P
rogr
am,
Ger
man
D
evel
opm
ent
Coo
pera
tion;
SP
C, P
IFS;
SP
REP
, In
tern
atio
nal
Ren
ewab
le
Ener
gy A
genc
y
$94,
511
Stre
ngth
en c
ocon
ut o
il (C
NO
) ca
paci
ty fo
r bi
ofue
ls•
Dev
elop
a c
ocon
ut o
il im
plem
enta
tion
plan
fo
r K
irib
ati t
o de
term
ine
the
spec
ific
actio
ns
and
sub-
actio
ns a
nd t
imel
ines
nec
essa
ry t
o de
velo
p co
conu
t oi
l as
an a
ccep
tabl
e di
esel
fuel
re
plac
emen
t.•
Esta
blis
h fu
el s
tand
ards
and
a t
estin
g fa
cilit
y fo
r co
conu
t oi
l-bas
ed b
iofu
el t
o be
use
d fo
r po
wer
ge
nera
tion
and
tran
spor
t.•
Dev
elop
a m
obile
cop
ra m
ill fo
r Bi
odie
sel
prod
uctio
n an
d re
finin
g fo
r us
e on
out
er is
land
s.•
Con
duct
a fe
asib
ility
stu
dy o
n th
e us
e of
sm
all-
scal
e, m
obile
cru
shin
g m
ills
for
the
prep
arat
ion
of a
dequ
ate
qual
ity C
NO
for
biof
uel o
n ou
ter
isla
nds.
• D
evel
op in
dust
ry s
cale
CN
O b
iodi
esel
pla
nt fo
r K
iriti
mat
i and
Tar
awa.
• Su
ppor
t th
e Po
wer
util
ities
to
proc
ure
a ge
nset
des
igne
d fo
r us
e w
ith C
BI fo
r ba
se lo
ad
gene
ratio
n.
Roa
dmap
dev
elop
ed fo
r su
bstit
utin
g di
esel
fuel
with
coc
onut
oil
biof
uel f
or p
ower
gen
erat
ion
and
tran
spor
tatio
n.
Test
ing
faci
lity
esta
blis
hed
and
CN
O
Biof
uel m
eets
req
uire
d st
anda
rd.
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
rep
ort
prov
ided
Esta
blis
hmen
t of
indu
stry
sca
le C
NO
bi
odie
sel p
lant
.
Dua
l fue
l gen
sets
inst
alle
d.
Incr
ease
in u
sage
of b
iofu
el a
s co
mpa
red
to d
iese
l fue
l in
Kir
ibat
i
MPW
U
(Ene
rgy
Plan
ning
Uni
t),
Publ
ic U
tiliti
es
Boar
d, K
irib
ati
Cop
ra M
ill
Com
pany
Li
mite
d,
MEL
AD
Fina
nce,
MC
ICA
ustr
alia
’s A
id
Prog
ram
, EU
, A
DB,
New
Z
eala
nd A
id
Prog
ram
; SPC
, PI
FS; S
PREP
, In
tern
atio
nal
Ren
ewab
le
Ener
gy A
genc
y
$3,5
33,3
38
103
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
9: P
rom
otin
g th
e us
e of
sus
tain
able
ren
ewab
le s
ourc
es o
f ene
rgy
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e) 9
.1: C
ontin
ued
Incr
ease
use
of r
enew
able
ene
rgy
for
off-g
rid
elec
trifi
catio
n on
all
oute
r is
land
s•
Sola
r K
its fo
r lig
htin
g in
all
rura
l hou
seho
lds.
• O
uter
Isla
nd C
ounc
il PV
- m
ini g
rid
syst
em•
Mer
eang
Tab
wai
Sec
onda
ry S
choo
l PV-
min
i gri
d•
PV-m
ini g
rid
syst
em fo
r So
uthe
rn K
irib
ati
Hos
pita
l•
Juni
or s
econ
dary
sch
ool s
olar
sys
tem
• O
uter
Isla
nd F
ish
Cen
ter
PV-g
rid
• D
esal
inat
ion
plan
t fo
r vu
lner
able
rur
al
com
mun
ity•
Out
er is
land
Pol
ice
stat
ion
sola
r w
ater
sys
tem
ha
bilit
atio
n•
Out
er is
land
clin
ic s
olar
sys
tem
reh
abili
tatio
n
Rur
al e
lect
rific
atio
n ro
adm
ap
deve
lope
d fo
r ut
ilisi
ng r
enew
able
en
ergy
sou
rces
.
Rur
al h
ouse
hold
acc
ess
to c
lean
and
ad
equa
te li
ghtin
g re
ache
s 10
0%
All
isla
nd c
ounc
ils u
tilis
e pv
-gri
d sy
stem
s
MT
SS fu
el r
educ
tion.
SKH
fuel
red
uctio
n.
All
rura
l JSS
util
ise
sola
r po
wer
for
offic
e du
ties
and
stud
y ve
nue
at n
ight
.
All
OI F
ish
Cen
ters
ach
ieve
si
gnifi
cant
fuel
red
uctio
n.
All
vuln
erab
le c
omm
uniti
es h
ave
acce
ss t
o po
rtab
le w
ater
All
OI P
olic
e po
st s
olar
sys
tem
s re
habi
litat
ed
All
OI c
linic
s so
lar
syst
ems
reha
bilit
ated
.
MPW
U
(Ene
rgy
Plan
ning
Uni
t)
MFE
D, M
inis
try
of
Line
and
Pho
enix
D
evel
opm
ent,
MIA
, K
irib
ati S
olar
Ene
rgy
Com
pany
All
Min
istr
y st
akeh
olde
rs
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pro
gram
, EU
, AD
B,
New
Zea
land
A
id P
rogr
am,
Ger
man
D
evel
opm
ent
Coo
pera
tion;
SP
C, P
IFS;
SP
REP
, In
tern
atio
nal
Ren
ewab
le
Ener
gy A
genc
y
$8,8
09,5
00
104
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
9: P
rom
otin
g th
e us
e of
sus
tain
able
ren
ewab
le s
ourc
es o
f ene
rgy
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e): 9
.2 E
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy
and
cons
erva
tion
mea
sure
s in
crea
se.
Prom
ote
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
and
con
serv
atio
n.•
Dev
elop
a p
olic
y to
gui
de a
nd e
nfor
ce t
he
effic
ient
use
of e
nerg
y in
the
tra
nspo
rt s
ecto
r an
d po
wer
sec
tor.
• D
evel
op a
pol
icy
to m
inim
ise
the
impo
rtat
ion
of s
econ
d-ha
nd v
ehic
les
that
are
not
en
viro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
and
fuel
effi
cien
t.•
Dev
elop
a fi
nanc
ing
mec
hani
sm fo
r en
ergy
ef
ficie
ncy
(ene
rgy
effic
ienc
y re
volv
ing
fund
).•
Inst
all a
pre
-pai
d m
eter
sys
tem
to
cons
erve
en
ergy
.•
Esta
blis
h st
anda
rds
and
labe
lling
for
min
imum
en
ergy
per
form
ance
of e
lect
rica
l app
lianc
es.
• D
evel
op b
est
prac
tice
guid
elin
es fo
r su
pply
sid
e m
anag
emen
t.•
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
and
educ
atio
nal p
rogr
ams
for:
• go
od t
rans
port
man
agem
ent;
• el
ectr
icity
use
; and
• en
ergy
effi
cien
cy a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion.
Legi
slat
ion
for
min
imum
ene
rgy
perf
orm
ance
sta
ndar
ds a
nd la
belli
ng
appr
oved
Dec
reas
e in
num
ber
of im
port
ed
used
and
inef
ficie
nt v
ehic
les
by 2
020
Rev
olvi
ng fu
nd e
stab
lishe
d.
Num
ber
of p
re-p
aym
ent
met
ers
inst
alle
d in
res
iden
tial a
nd
com
mer
cial
gri
d cu
stom
ers.
Stan
dard
s an
d la
belli
ng g
uide
lines
de
velo
ped
and
enfo
rced
Red
uctio
n in
inte
nsity
of
conv
entio
nal e
nerg
y u
sed
6690
kJ/
GD
P in
201
2.
MPW
U
(Ene
rgy
Plan
ning
Uni
t),
Publ
ic U
tiliti
es
Boar
d
MFE
D, M
CT
TD
, M
OE,
NG
Os
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pr
ogra
m, E
U,
AD
B, N
ew
Zea
land
Aid
Pr
ogra
m; S
PC,
PIFS
; SPR
EP,
Inte
rnat
iona
l R
enew
able
En
ergy
Age
ncy
$2,7
66,3
13
Res
ult
9.3
(Out
put)
: Ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y an
d en
ergy
effi
cien
cy a
re s
uppo
rted
by
appr
opri
ate
polic
y, le
gisl
atio
n an
d re
gula
tion.
Stre
ngth
en e
nerg
y go
vern
ance
thr
ough
rev
iew
and
crea
tion
of a
ppro
pria
te p
olic
ies
and
regu
latio
ns.
• Es
tabl
ish
a K
irib
ati N
atio
nal E
nerg
y C
oord
inat
ing
Com
mitt
ee (
KN
ECC
).•
Rev
iew
exi
stin
g in
cent
ives
, reg
ulat
ions
and
po
licie
s re
latin
g to
ene
rgy
and
prop
ose
chan
ges
whe
re t
here
are
dis
ince
ntiv
es fo
r re
new
able
en
ergy
.•
Rev
iew
hum
an r
esou
rces
and
tec
hnic
al c
apac
ity
need
ed in
the
ene
rgy
sect
or.
• R
evie
w t
he K
irib
ati S
olar
Ene
rgy
Com
pany
bu
sine
ss m
odel
.
KN
ECC
form
alis
ed a
nd e
stab
lishe
d.
Rel
ated
ene
rgy
Act
s re
view
ed t
o be
con
duci
ve fo
r re
new
able
ene
rgy
tran
sitio
n.
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
pro
fess
iona
lly
trai
ned
staf
f in
the
ener
gy s
ecto
r
KSE
C p
erfo
rmin
g an
d co
mpe
ting
in
the
loca
l mar
ket.
MPW
U
(Ene
rgy
Plan
ning
Uni
t),
Publ
ic U
tiliti
es
Boar
d
MFE
D, M
CC
TT,
MoE
, N
GO
A
ustr
alia
’s A
id
Prog
ram
, EU
, A
DB,
New
Z
eala
nd A
id
Prog
ram
; SPC
, PI
FS, S
PREP
, In
tern
atio
nal
Ren
ewab
le
Ener
gy A
genc
y
$136
,660
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
9$1
5,34
0,32
2
105
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
10:
Str
engt
heni
ng c
apac
ity t
o ac
cess
fina
nce,
mon
itor
expe
nditu
res
and
mai
ntai
n st
rong
par
tner
ship
s
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e/O
utpu
t) 1
0.1:
Exi
stin
g co
ordi
natio
n an
d ap
prov
al m
echa
nism
s ar
e st
reng
then
ed t
o re
view
pro
posa
ls fr
om t
he p
ersp
ectiv
e of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd
disa
ster
ris
k re
duct
ion
and
natio
nal a
nd e
xter
nal fi
nanc
e to
sup
port
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
initi
ativ
es in
crea
ses
(as
refle
cted
in n
atio
nal b
udge
ts, o
vers
eas
deve
lopm
ent
assi
stan
ce a
nd a
dditi
onal
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
finan
ce).
Incl
ude
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
in t
heim
plem
enta
tion
of t
he p
ublic
fina
nce
and
fisca
lre
form
pro
gram
(M
FED
Str
ateg
ic P
lan,
Act
ion
7)to
faci
litat
e bu
dget
sup
port
and
to
mon
itor
expe
nditu
re o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M.
• A
dapt
and
str
engt
hen
exis
ting
data
base
to
incl
ude
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
(e.
g. co
ding
).•
Incl
ude
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
in
impr
ovem
ent
of r
epor
ting
syst
ems
(act
ions
, re
sult
indi
cato
rs, e
xpen
ditu
re).
• St
reng
then
com
mun
icat
ion
mec
hani
sm b
etw
een
OB
and
MFE
D s
o bo
th a
re a
war
e of
key
do
nors
for
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
m
anag
emen
t.•
Trai
n M
FED
sta
ff on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
.
All
sect
oral
and
cor
pora
te p
lans
an
d an
nual
bud
gets
exp
licitl
y re
flect
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
co
nsid
erat
ions
Incr
ease
in e
xpen
ditu
re o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
disa
ster
ri
sk m
anag
emen
t as
an
achi
evab
le
perc
enta
ge o
f GD
P
Incr
ease
in fu
nds
sour
ced
from
su
cces
sful
res
ourc
e m
obili
satio
n w
ith
a fo
cus
on c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
(KD
P K
PA 4
).
MFE
DO
B, K
NEG
, all
min
istr
ies
Kir
ibat
i de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtne
rs s
uch
as E
U, W
orld
Ba
nk, A
DB,
A
ustr
alia
’s A
id
Prog
ram
, UN
/U
ND
P, N
ew
Zea
land
Aid
Pr
ogra
m
$90,
465
Stre
ngth
en t
he in
tegr
atio
n of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
ndD
RM
into
mon
itori
ng a
nd e
valu
atio
n at
nat
iona
lan
d lo
cal l
evel
s w
ithin
MFE
D, l
ine
min
istr
ies,
MIA
and
KJIP
Sec
reta
riat
.•
Inco
rpor
ate
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
co
nsid
erat
ions
into
MFE
D S
trat
egic
Act
ion
10 t
o im
prov
e m
anag
emen
t fo
r de
velo
pmen
t re
sults
thr
ough
cap
acity
dev
elop
men
t fo
r m
onito
ring
and
eva
luat
ion
and
resu
lts b
ased
m
anag
emen
t.•
Ass
ess
capa
city
nee
ds b
road
ly t
o m
onito
r an
d ev
alua
te c
limat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M in
itiat
ives
• Tr
ain
iden
tified
gov
ernm
ent,
oute
r is
land
and
N
GO
sta
ff.•
Dev
elop
and
inte
grat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
DR
M
indi
cato
rs fo
r m
onito
ring
and
eva
luat
ing
acro
ss
sect
ors,
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
prog
ram
s an
d M
FED
pr
ojec
t pr
opos
al t
empl
ates
.•
Link
mon
itori
ng a
nd e
valu
atin
g of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
indi
cato
rs t
o th
e N
atio
nal
Dat
a C
entr
e an
d re
spec
tive
sect
or-s
peci
fic d
ata
mon
itori
ng s
yste
ms
(see
Str
ateg
y 2)
.•
Con
duct
mid
-ter
m a
nd fi
nal r
evie
w a
nd
eval
uatio
n of
KJIP
(K
JIP S
ecre
tari
at).
The
mon
itori
ng a
nd e
valu
atio
n sy
stem
und
er M
FED
pro
vide
s re
gula
r re
port
s ag
ains
t K
JIP o
utco
me
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rs a
nd s
ecto
r le
vel p
erfo
rman
ce In
dica
tors
tha
t re
late
to
the
KJIP
MFE
D, M
IA
OB,
all
Line
M
inis
trie
s, K
NEG
, N
atio
nal S
tatis
tics
Offi
ce, N
GO
s
Aus
tral
ia’s
Aid
Pr
ogra
m, N
ew
Zea
land
Aid
Pr
ogra
m, E
U,
AD
B, W
orld
Ba
nk, U
SAID
, G
erm
an
Dev
elop
men
t C
oope
ratio
n, ,
UN
, PIF
S, SP
C,
SPR
EP, F
FA,
USP
, Sou
th
Paci
fic T
ouri
sm
Org
anis
atio
n
$258
,829
106
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
10:
Str
engt
heni
ng c
apac
ity t
o ac
cess
fina
nce,
mon
itor
expe
nditu
res
and
mai
ntai
n st
rong
par
tner
ship
s
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
com
e/O
utpu
t) 1
0.1:
Con
tinue
d
Impr
ove
aid
coor
dina
tion
and
dono
r ha
rmon
isat
ion
for
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d D
RM
.•
Tabl
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M K
JIP r
epor
ts
and
reso
urce
gap
s du
ring
bia
nnua
l don
or
roun
dtab
les.
• Es
tabl
ish
a co
ordi
natio
n m
echa
nism
for
inte
rnat
iona
l NG
Os.
See
abov
e an
d St
rate
gy 1
Effe
ctiv
e an
d ef
ficie
nt fi
nanc
ing
mod
ality
for
exte
rnal
clim
ate
chan
ge
adap
tatio
n an
d D
RM
fund
MFE
D, M
FAI,
MIA
, NG
OO
B (K
NEG
), in
tern
atio
nal N
GO
sA
ustr
alia
’s A
id
Prog
ram
, New
Z
eala
nd A
id
Prog
ram
, EU
, A
DB,
Wor
ld
Bank
, USA
ID,
Ger
man
D
evel
opm
ent
Coo
pera
tion,
, U
N, P
IFS,
SPC
, SP
REP
, FFA
, U
SP, S
outh
Pa
cific
Tou
rism
O
rgan
isat
ion
$5,0
46
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
10$3
54,3
40
107
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
11:
Mai
ntai
ning
the
exi
stin
g so
vere
ignt
y an
d un
ique
iden
tity
of K
irib
ati
Act
ions
and
sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st (
AU
D)
Res
ult
(Out
put/
Out
com
e) 1
1.1:
The
rig
hts
of K
irib
ati o
ver
its e
xist
ing
EEZ
and
the
res
ourc
es w
ithin
it a
re p
rote
cted
fore
ver
for
the
peop
le o
f Kir
ibat
i.
Safe
guar
d K
irib
ati s
over
eign
ty (
EEZ
) on
impa
cts
of
sea-
leve
l ris
e,•
Dev
elop
pro
ject
to
cond
uct
rese
arch
on
the
impa
cts
of s
ea-le
vel r
ise
as a
res
ult
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
Kir
ibat
i EEZ
bas
e po
ints
.•
Ass
ess
the
UN
CLO
S an
d its
impl
icat
ions
on
Kir
ibat
i EEZ
in t
he c
onte
xt o
f clim
ate
chan
ge
impa
cts
(sea
-leve
l ris
e).
• R
evie
w e
xist
ing
Kir
ibat
i Con
stitu
tion
and
rele
vant
legi
slat
ion
affe
ctin
g th
e EE
Z a
nd
the
prov
isio
ns o
f the
UN
CLO
S an
d pr
ovid
e re
com
men
datio
ns t
o G
over
nmen
t on
how
to
prot
ect
Kir
ibat
i sov
erei
gnty
and
ext
end
curr
ent
EEZ
. •
Seek
oth
er lo
w-ly
ing
coun
trie
s th
at w
ould
be
affe
cted
by
this
issu
e to
gai
n su
ppor
t on
issu
e at
the
inte
rnat
iona
l are
na.
• Su
bmit
natio
nal r
epor
t on
issu
es t
o U
NC
LOS
secr
etar
iat.
• A
men
d na
tiona
l con
stitu
tion
and
legi
slat
ion
as
appr
opri
ate
to s
afeg
uard
Kir
ibat
i sov
erei
gnty
.
Res
earc
h an
d po
licy
revi
ew
com
plet
ed w
ith r
ecom
men
datio
ns fo
r th
e EE
Z a
s re
late
d to
clim
ate
chan
geA
n in
tern
atio
nally
rec
ogni
sed
agre
emen
t be
twee
n U
NC
LOS
mem
bers
to
safe
guar
d K
irib
ati’s
EEZ
MFM
RD
, O
ffice
of
Att
orne
y G
ener
al, O
B,
MFA
I
EU, W
orld
Ba
nk, A
DB,
A
ustr
alia
’s A
id
Prog
ram
, UN
/U
ND
P, N
ew
Zea
land
Aid
Pr
ogra
m; P
IFS
$180
,532
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
11$1
80,5
32
108
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
12:
Enh
anci
ng t
he p
artic
ipat
ion
and
resi
lienc
e of
vul
nera
ble
grou
p
Act
ions
and
Sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
com
e/O
utpu
t) 1
2.1:
Mem
bers
of v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
are
incr
easi
ngly
eng
aged
in c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sk m
anag
emen
t in
itiat
ives
and
the
ir n
eeds
are
ad
dres
sed.
Faci
litat
e th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of c
hild
ren
and
youn
g pe
ople
in c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
disa
ster
ri
sk m
anag
emen
t in
itiat
ives
and
con
duct
you
th
empo
wer
men
t.•
Trai
n yo
ung
peop
le (
girl
s an
d bo
ys),
usin
g tr
aini
ng o
f tra
iner
s m
etho
d, o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
ad
apta
tion
and
DR
M t
o de
liver
chi
ld-
and
yout
h-fr
iend
ly in
form
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng,
incl
udin
g in
out
er is
land
s.•
Esta
blis
h yo
uth
repr
esen
tatio
n on
clim
ate
chan
ge w
orki
ng g
roup
s an
d co
mm
ittee
s in
ord
er t
o fa
cilit
ate
yout
h to
you
th
com
mun
icat
ion
and
inte
grat
e in
to c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
DR
M p
lann
ing.
• D
eliv
er s
uppo
rt t
o yo
uth
and
child
-led
adap
tatio
n pr
ojec
t, w
ith a
focu
s on
you
th-t
o-yo
uth
and
child
-to-
child
kno
wle
dge
shar
ing
and
capa
city
bui
ldin
g.•
Dev
elop
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es w
ith t
he
invo
lvem
ent
of b
oth
youn
g m
en a
nd y
oung
w
omen
. Com
mun
icat
ions
str
ateg
ies
shou
ld
invo
lve
the
deliv
ery
of m
essa
ges
thro
ugh
the
scho
ol c
urri
cula
, ext
ra-c
urri
cula
r ac
tiviti
es,
advi
sory
/sup
port
ser
vice
s in
sch
ools
as
wel
l as
thro
ugh
com
mun
ity-b
ased
and
non
- go
vern
men
tal o
rgan
isat
ions
(K
NY
P 3.
2).
• D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent
stra
tegi
es w
ith y
oung
pe
ople
to
prom
ote
men
tal h
ealth
for
youn
g pe
ople
(K
NY
P 3.
3) a
nd a
ddre
ss a
nxie
ty a
bout
un
cert
ain
futu
re r
elat
ed t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
.•
Expl
ore
oppo
rtun
ities
to
deve
lop
mar
kets
an
d pr
ovid
e liv
elih
oods
and
tra
inin
g fo
r yo
ung
peop
le b
ased
on
Kir
ibat
i cul
ture
s an
d tr
aditi
ons,
in o
rder
to
build
res
ilien
ce t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
(K
NY
P 2.
3).
Incr
ease
in n
umbe
r of
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps e
ffect
ivel
y en
gage
d in
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
initi
ativ
es
Sect
or D
isas
ter
Ris
k R
educ
tion
plan
s co
nsid
er t
he n
eeds
of v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
MIA
– Y
outh
D
ivis
ion,
M
ELA
D, M
OE
Paci
fic Y
outh
Cou
ncil,
Kir
ibat
i Nat
iona
l Yo
uth
Cou
ncil,
FSPK
I, 35
0.or
g, K
iriC
AN
UN
ICEF
, all
part
ners
; SPC
, SP
REP
; USP
; in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os
$200
,016
109
Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
Stra
tegy
12:
Enh
anci
ng t
he p
artic
ipat
ion
and
resi
lienc
e of
vul
nera
ble
grou
p
Act
ions
and
Sub
-act
ions
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rsR
espo
nsib
le
lead
age
ncy
Supp
ort
agen
cies
Dev
elop
men
t pa
rtne
rs
and
CRO
P m
embe
rs
Indi
cativ
e co
st
Res
ult
(Out
com
e/O
utpu
t) 1
2.1:
Con
tinue
d
Prom
ote
the
equa
l par
ticip
atio
n of
wom
en a
nd
men
in c
limat
e ch
ange
and
DR
M in
itiat
ives
.•
Dev
elop
a g
ende
r se
nsiti
vity
indi
cato
r/
mea
sure
/ too
lkit.
Gen
der
sens
itivi
ty t
oolk
it pr
oduc
ed
and
bein
g ap
plie
dM
IAK
NEG
UN
ICEF
, U
ND
P, al
l pa
rtne
rs; S
PC,
SPR
EP; U
SP;
inte
rnat
iona
l N
GO
s
To b
e es
timat
ed
Dev
elop
con
duct
-app
ropr
iate
tra
inin
g an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
s ta
rget
ing
com
mun
ities
and
sp
ecifi
cally
wom
en, y
outh
, peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties,
on c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ri
sk m
anag
emen
t lin
ked
to s
afet
y, se
curi
ty a
nd li
velih
oods
MIA
– Y
outh
D
ivis
ion
Paci
fic Y
outh
Cou
ncil,
Kir
ibat
i Nat
iona
l Yo
uth
Cou
ncil,
FSPK
I, 35
0.or
g, K
iriC
AN
$76,
642
Incr
ease
kno
wle
dge
and
awar
enes
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd D
RM
am
ong
peop
le w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s in
C
C a
nd D
RM
initi
ativ
es:
• D
eliv
er d
isas
ter
prep
ared
ness
tra
inin
g fo
r pe
ople
with
dis
abili
ties
and
thos
e th
at a
re
supp
ortin
g th
em
Min
istr
y of
Ed
ucat
ion/
MIA
Toam
atoa
, Sch
ool
and
cent
re fo
r ch
ildre
n w
ith s
peci
al
need
s K
irib
ati
$140
,717
Tota
l Cos
ts S
trat
egy
12$4
17,3
75
OV
ERA
LL T
OTA
L C
OST
S10
3,10
7,16
1 110
ACP-EU Natural Disaster FacilityFunded by 9th European Development Fund
Government of KiribatiOffice of Te Beretitenti
P.O. Box 68, BairikiTarawa, Republic of Kiribati
Telephone: (686) 21183 • Fax: (686) 21902General enquiries: [email protected] • Media enquiries: [email protected]