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NORFOLK ISLAND •
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KINGSTON AND ARTHUR'S VALE HISTORIC AREA
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PIERAitEA
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I Report on Archaeological
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Excavations 1983-1984
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. This report was prepared for Australian Construction Services on behalf of the KA VHA Management Board
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A: Government House Reserve B: Lowland C: Cemetery Reserve D: Quality Row E: Land above 100ft. and Stockyard Valley
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Frontispiece: Norfolk Island and Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area.
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PIER AREA •
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• REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS
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s E p T EM BE R DE CEMBER 1 9 8 3 • -•
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K E Y T 0 -S I T E • • •
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• E X ·c A V A T E D ~ M A T E R I A L
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MARCH 1 9 9 3 •
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KAVHA DEPARTMENT OF· ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES .
ARCHAE 0 L 0 G I CAL AUSTRALIAN. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES 7 •
ROBERT V J VARMAN R E p 0 R T • •
PART 5 • CONSULTANT ARCHAEOLOGIST
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• • CONTENTS
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• • • • Introduction 1 •
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. • • ··Excavation Background • 6 •
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• • Key to Pier A~ea Excavations 7
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Methodology • 7 •
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Location of Trenches 37
.I Pier Area (Main) Excavation • 41 •
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• • • Settlement Guardhouse to Pler Store • Excavation 96 •
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I. •• • Settiement Guardhouse to Pier Store Site Journal 129
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• • • . • • • Appendix 138
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• • INTRODUCTION
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This report was commissioned by the Department of Administrative· ' .
Services/ Australian Construction Services, as outlined in their.letter, dated November 4, 1992, reference 92/0145: Bruce Delprado, Professional Services Co-ordinator, KAVHA, Norfolk Island. • •
• • . . The commission stems from the concern of the Norfolk Island KAVHA Board • respecting the archaeological p:r:oven.ance and well-being of the excavated
' . materi~l from archaeological excavations'which-have taken place since
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1981. Enquiries for this. report began in Fe~ruary 1991. · • •
• • The brief in_appendix A," attached to the letter, dated November 4, 1992, · . . specified: •
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• • 'Prepare • report on the'1983.excavations supervised by ·yourself for the Pier Street Fire Hydrant Pipeline ••• in the Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area, Norfolk Island. 'The report is. to include plans, ~levations a~d illustrations and is· to provide a "clear and concise key. to the excavated material". The report is .to enable future ~uration and analysis of artefacts etc. stored from the time of that excavation and also to facilitate
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• future interpretation of th~ site. The reporF initially submitted in draft format with
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is to be a final
the KAVHA
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• • • Finan~ial const~aints, perforce, have materially limited the scope of-
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this repor~. This report was commissioned to present·the most' essential •
data resulting from the·1983 excavation, that being the documentation;
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described in the above quoted brief as a • •• concise key to the excavated material'. The bagged material from the 1983 excavation is stored on
• Norfolk Island and is marked according to area and depth' etc •
• The following account provides the' location of the trenches and the . "' . - .
·stratigraphical contexts of the excavated material • • •
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Since the commencement of this commission, I discovered documentation on·a 1984 extension required to the fire hydrant pipeline. The second
. excavatiC?n took ·place 'during April arid May of 1984, along similar lines as .the previous year's excavation. The agent, Australian C<:>nstructi'o'n Services, was contacted regarding the April/May 1984 excavation. It was verbally agreed that it would be in the spirit of. 'the commission, as
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. outlined above, to include the 1984 fire hydrant extension in this report. The overall remuneration for the commission, whicp includes a report on the privies at No 2/3 Quality Row, will remain the same as the latter report was found to require less work than first conceived. Conversely, the 1984 excavation of some 25 metres, invoived more work than first thought, disrupting schedules, particularly involving the No 2/3 report.
Exceeding the parameters of this commission, I have included indicators of a chronological nature (see key to illustrations, phasing, site journal etc). I analysed the various deposits as they emerged, as best as the circumstances permitted, and present some of my conclusions in the text and illustrations for the benefit of future site . interpretat-ion. Conclusions are based on my knowledge of Island history, archaeology, geology, flora.and fauna, combined with archaeological knowledge of dating systems as apply to artefacts. Bones were sent away for expert analysis, the result of which permitted me to confirm a number of strong suspicions, (reports in addenda).
The greater task recording of the excavation to be an aim.
remains that there should be a thorough analysis and excavated material for the full potential of the
achieved. This report is the first step toward such
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• STATE HE H T 0 F SIGN IF I.C AN C· E . .
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The 1,983 and 1984: Pier Aretr excavation results provide evidence that the' ·. underground deposits in .KAVHA can sustain several generally accepted criteria of significance'from a local level, Australasian/Pacific to a
· level of universal significance. •
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The excavations p"rovide the earliest evidence of European cultural expansion of the. late eighteenth and 'early ninteenth centuries in the Australasiah/South Pacific region •
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' ' Norfolk Island as microcosm of.the global impact of European cultural
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The site is a capsule of the pie-human past •
The high quality of the underground remains. •
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The preservation of the biotic past on an isolated island • •
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· The unrealized potential of the site Colonial relationships with Asia.
providing data on B~itish and
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In terms of the impact of transplanted Europ~an culture of the late • • •
eighteenth century,• the site holds physical evidence, largely · •
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undisturbed, of the process of European population expansion during the •
late eighteenth and early ninteenth centuries. This expansion was to ' .. - . -
have such·a great impact on world environmentand on established ' non-European cultures (Norfolk as a bullwark of the very tentative,
" ~ '" . initial founding of-settlement of Australasia): The 1788 settlement on
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Norfolk Island, established some 41 days after Port Jackson, was for all. ' .
practical purposes a crucial appendage of the init.ial settlemenf of •
Australian (as supported by subsequent events). The Australian/Norfolk settlement proved to be the greatest settlement penetration in the direction of the Pacific since the Dutch. and Portuguese of the sixteenth
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The impact of settlement, technology, is a'memorial historical development of
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despite the limitations of eighteenth century to future events on the exploitation of
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limited resources is
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vividly illustrated. in the stra.tigraphies exposed in KAVHA. The scale .
of the negative impact is difficult to estimate, (extinction of the Providence Petrel on the Island, several recorded and previously unrecorded bird species; extinction of 'non-useful' biota such as land mollusc.a etc). The Pier Area underground deposi-ts and some contemporary above ground remains, attest to both British convict ism and se·ttlement policies which had no regard to the limitation of natural resources, useful or not: such attitudes were part of a wider European phenomena.
The Pier Area, or KAVHA as a whole, contains enough material to reconstruct a significant part of the pre-human natural condition of the Island. The step by step stratigraphic record, beginning before Polynesian peoples arrived, allows us to trace the continued impoverishment of the natural environment in favour of the enrichment of the imposed environments.
The preservation of the undergound remains deserves mention. The township, now the Pier Area at Kingston, was put to the torch in 1814. An example of the thoroughness of the 1814 firing was the discovery of the charcoal filled foundations of the 1792 Governement House.
Norfolk Island was abandoned for eleven years. The Island was reoccupied in 1825 but this time as a penal settlement for male convicts. With some exceptions, the charred stone walls were quarried for new structures. Though built upon, the site was never again developed as a township. During the Third Settlement, it was a case of the gradual decline of what was left of the built-environment. The lack of intensive development, unlike at Sydney, has resulted in the survival of underground deposits.
Norfolk Island is among the world's most isolated the biotic development of the Island is of great range of disciplines and interests. The Pier Area . .
islands and as such, interest to a wide
and regions in KAVHA, such as the Cemetery Beach fossiliferous deposits, preserve·evidence of the Island's biotic and geological past. Human impact, Polynesian_and European, on this comparatively small Island, is a classic case scenario of a series of abrupt halts to unique aspects of biological evolution on an isolated island. The extent of the loss of invertibrate species may never be known but my own study of Norfolk's land mollusca suggests that it could be considerable. There is reason to believe that there is a fundamental element in Norfolk's biota that exists due to vicariance (survival from the original landmass as it broke up). The Norfolk Ridge is one sliver of several from a once greater landmass (part of Gondwana): however, the number of species impoveris~ed due to millio?s of years of volcanic activity and enormous fluctuations of sea level. Whether the presence or past presence of species by vicariance or
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dispersal, the evidence of several thousands of years may still be •
subject to scientific investigation. • ... • •
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The First Settlement excavations·and excavated material have obvious. • •
significance to Australasia and the Pacific, in that it includes some of the very earliest, if not the earliest, physical e~idence of European . . settlement discovered to date. The excavated material also provides some insight into this part of the world of two hundred years ago. The Chinese export porcelain was obtained through the East India Company via
. . India, South'Africa (and Britain) as well as through dlrect trade via Batavia. •
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• The 1983 and 1984 excavations and excavated material, in terms of data . . •
potential, remainslargely inert. It is still a case of the potential rather than the actual of Signific·ance. • • •
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arid as such, limits the scope of this Statement ,
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EXCAVATION BACKGROUND
The 1983 and 1984 Pier Area excavations were of the nature of rescue operations, as the fire hydrant pipeline was required to be extended into the Pier Area for the protection of Commonwealth buildings. As I was responsible for the archaeological well-being of KAVHA at the time of the proposals, I pointed out that the excavation for the fire hydrant pipeline was to run through the site of the First Settlement township and likely to disturb cultural material dating from 1788. It was determined by the IDC of the time that the pipeline excavation should be conducted along archaeological lines as best as could be managed, considering the restrictions of time and finance. Part of the required follow-up is addressed in thi-s report, almost ten years after the event.
I prepared a preliminary report during the early part of 1984, accounting for the 1983 e~cavation only (See ~VHA Archaeological Report 7, part 4). During the following years on Norfolk Island, I attempted to work on parts of the collection in my free time: hopefully this may have contributed to a richer report than otherwise could have been. In 1984, I located the site of the First Settlement township of Phillipsburgh through archaeological evidence: I found that the artefact assemblages, particularly the glass and ceramics, were virtually interchangeable with assemblages found in the lower deposits at the Pier Area. A contributor to the study of parts of the excavated material was Charles Meredith of Monash University. I sent Dr Meredith a second, greater, selection of· the bird bones in 1984, the results of which formed a major part of his Ph D thesis in 1985. Research on Norfolk Island's early settlem~nt has benefited little from the excavation since, apart from a summary which I wrote for Dr Ray Nobbs' 1988 publication and a fraction of the material which ~ was able to incorporate into the Bicentennial Integrated Mueseums' displays, between 198"7 and 1989. A very positive aspect ·of the
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excavations was that the excavations did spark off local interest in the largely neglected .early history of No~folk Island. The excavations provided the opportunity to train some of the men of the Restoration Team in excavation technique, labelling and to a limited extent, recording and basic artefact listing. The training aspect of the 1983
. -and 1984 excavations have benefited KAVHA up to the present day.
Proposals to develop themes suggested by the evidence uncovered, let alone preserve and conserve the excavated material, have been raised regularly over the past decade but have just as regularly faded away.
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KEY T 0
PIER AREA EXCAVATIONS
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1983 and 1984'
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INTRODUCTION •
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During 1983 and 1984,· three seri,es' of trenches were··excavated ·in the Pier Area to fulfill the Commonwealth.requirement· in regard to the fire
' . protection of its buildings. The trenches, as shown in illustration 1'4, (numbered inclusively) of tne fire pydrant pipel~ne were: ·
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---Pier Area (PA): from near the Pier Street bridge to the Settlement . •
Guardhouse. Trenches 0 - 159. •
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---Pier Area, 'T' trench (PA 'T'): .from PA .tr 111.to the fire hydrant below the south east corner,of theSurgeon's Quarters. Trenches 0- 15.
. . ---Pier Area
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Settlement Guardhouse to Pier Store trench (PA · SG- PS): . ' Store to the Settlement Guardhouse, terminating at PA .
trench number 159. PA SG - PS has.· two minor offshoots at trench 3 · •
(3A - 3B) ana trench.16 (16A- 16C), as shown on illustration 14. '
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METHODOLOGY • •
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The excavat:_ion was part of t.be Restorat-ion . works program and henc.e subject to the limitations of Restoration timetables and funding. I was fortunate to have had-several members of the Restoration,Team assist me
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·throughout and the valuable help of Dr.Damaris Bairstow for a few weeks •. •
The appro~ch_taken was to: • • •
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(a) Examine the documentary· evidence to identify. site activities. • • •
Research into the prehistory, flora/fauna. and geology of the area. The research aspect was done 'in my own time, as it was not specifically included in the commission. . This research prepared me to anticipate,
• for example, Providence Petre't bones; 1791/1792 bricks; evidence of site clearing; the 1814 firing etc •. This helped to determine a trench course wh~ch, 'as far as possible, (also.see following).
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(b) Excavate test trenches to determine the method of excavation to be employed: mechanical excavation; pick and shovel excavation (with or without supervision); archaeological excavation by hand under supervision or done personally. As it turned out, the bedrock was . removed mechanically, pure sand/rock and clay deposits were removed by pick and shovel, and cultural deposits and deposits with natural history evidence were archaeologically excavated by myself and team from Restoration. Dr Bairstow excavated most of the test trenches (as I was also responsible for concurrent restoration projects at the time).
(c) A second stage of research, as the excavations proceeded, to explain certain site features needing clarification or confirmation. For example, the scientific examination of bird bone~.
METHOD OF EXCAVATION
As outlined above, the method of excavation depended on the deposit encountered. The top soil was removed by de-turfing, generally about 100mm deep from the surface. The top soil was mainly a mixture of modern, early Third and Second Settlement material. From about trenches 25 to 70 and in a few places thereafter, the bed rock had to be removed
. mechanically (this area had been quarried away to level it around 1848 and there seemed to be almost no build up of matter since).
Neutral fill deposits of clay, sand, loose rocks etc., were pick and shovelled. Old road surfaces were loosened by using a pick.
Deposits which in any way reflected flora and fauna were excavated by necessary).
human trowel
activity and scoop
or evidence of past (with brush when
At the commencement of the excavation a system of layer numbers was employed as there only seemed to be five or six different deposits. As the excavation proceeded past trenches 69 and 70 the deposits took on a different nature, despite the individual layers being quite thick. A decision was made to excavate in spits of 100mm.
Although excavation took place in 100mm spits, where an obvious deposit began or terminated, the material was bagged according to the actual . depth of the deposit from the surface of the trench. For example, material could be bagged at 300mm - 400mm, 450mm - 550mm or 500mm 575mm, depending on where a particular deposit started or ended.
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. . Artefacts and samples were bagged according to Pier Area classification (PA; PA 'T' trench; and SG - PS trench), the trench number and depth
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from the surface, as shown ,in the stratigraphies. The date and the initials of the excavator(s) were also marked on the bags.
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• For the shovel and pick deposits, the sand, clay etc were rocked off the shovel as a precaution. The other deposits were sieved through 5mm and•
· 2mm sieves (or both), depending on the deposit.' Excavators Mick Johnston and Franklin Randall set up a sort of a bed frame with 2mm plastic gauze for quick processing. For special deposits floatation tanks were set up, both the ~loating material and the sediment were examined (with some ' pleasing results)~
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The trench was rarely wider than 500mm (fire hydrant pipeline · specifications), making it. difficult to excavate wit~out rubbing
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Generous soil and rock samples were taken. • •
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S I T E PHASING
The 1983 and 1984 Pier Area excavations geological history and pre-settlement biota
yielded data about the of Norfolk Island. The
focus on archaeology, in the sense of evidence of human activities, sometimes leads to the unconsciousness overlooking of environmental and palaeo-environmental data. So as to account for the full spectrum of the stratigraphy, the following site phasing begins with the formation of the calcarenite ridge (fossil dune) some·21,000 years ago. (Refer to illustration 1).
P H A S E 1
CALCARENITE FORMATION
. ca 21,000- ca 7000.before present
It is thought that the calcarenite ridges at Kingston were formed about 21,000 years ago during a period when sea levels were dramatically lower than at present. Sand dunes were blown up from the then lower altitudes and stabilized, eventually turning to the layered stone seen today·along the cliffs or where qua.rried. A date of 21,650 ± 700 was obtained for the stone on Nepean Island (Veevers, 1976). These dune~ rested on a weathered (presumably tree covered) platform of volcanic origin dating . back some 2.33 million years (resting on a succession of earlier strata down to the continental, of origin, Norfolk Ridge) •.
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In my view, there ·were originally three major sand dune ridges forming a 11 succession of 'L' shapes: the outer and largest having been destroyed by a rise in sea level, the only surviving fragment being Nepean.Island;
1 the next being represented by Point Hunter, the ridge towards Cemetery Beach and the base of·the Slaughter Bay reef; the inner ridge of which Government House Hill is part extending, before it was quarried away, to
1 the limekiln area and at right angles from the latter general area to the Pier Area (mostly quarried or levelled), ending at the base of Flagstaff Hifl.
It seems that the sea level rose after the dune formation, inundating the Kingston area for sufficient time to create the flat top appearance of Nepean Island and leaving evidenci along the Kingston hillsides (pers. comm. Gordon Duval).
The calcarenite ridge, as extended in to the Pier Area, would also have been reduced during this phase. Material from· the outer ridges must have been dumped along the inner ridge.
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Photo 1. Reef. Slaughter Bay. Note horizontal breaks in the stone (pools). Similar patterns uncovered found to about trench 125.
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Photo 3. Pine log in the saprophytic layer at Cemetery Beach. Log dated
(with others) between 4,000 and 7,000 before present.
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1932, after record breaking rains.
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12
PHASE 2
SAPROPHYTIC SWAMPS/LOWER SEA LEVELS
ca 7000 - ca 4,000 before present
During this phase the sea level dropped to below present levels by some five to eight metres. (Jones, 1988; and Meredith, 1985). Huge swamps were created within the petrified dune areas by the lack of direct stream outflow into the sea. Organic material accumulated with fine silt in these swamps, preserving tree trunks, branches and seeds etc., the resultant (saprophytic) deposit may be seen today at Cemetery and Slaughter Bays at low tide, as seen on plate 3. Material from this black clay, or saprophytic deposit, has been dated between 4,i20 ± 70 years and 6,870 ± 230 years before present. (Jones, 1988; and Schodde et al, 1983)
The Pier Area at this time would have been wedged between Flagstaff Hill, the saprophytic swamp at Slaughter Bay and the swampy land extending from Arthur's Vale into the area of the present Kingston Common. The Pier Area and surrounding area must have been densely wooded. Water run-off must have found its way into one or the other of the two swamps.
Apart from general weathering, probably little remains of this phase to be seen in the stratigraphy of the tr~nches.
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COMPARATIVE PHASING OF THE LINE OF THE PIER t'...'KI:~\ TRENCH. VIEW FROM EAST.
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P H A S E 3
MASSIVE CALCARENITE FORMATION
EARLY POLYNESIAN TOWARD END OF PHASE
ca 4,000 - ca 1,000 before present
The sea level'may have fluctuated a fair bit during this period. It seems that sand was blown or washed over the old swamps at Cemetery and Slaughter Bays to a depth of a meter or two. Within time the sand became solidified into the stone known as massive stone' during convict times; used for hearthstones, flagging, tomb stones, water
calcarenite (known as 'drip window heads a nd sills, filters etc). The original
thickness is difficult to estimate, as thes~ areas were intensively quarried during the First and Second Settlements. This stone lies directly on top of the saprophtic layer, in places branches can be traced from the exposed saprophytic layer leading directly under this stone. The basalt boulders seen at high tide level today have their petrified equivalent in the massive calcarenite stone at Cemetery and Slaughter Bays, cemented in the calcarenite at a greater height, proof of the higher sea levels. This may have been the case around 2,500 years ago. The Kingston Common/Golf Club area may have been tid~l flats for a time and the higher parts of the Pier Area resembling the lower end of the point at Hundred Acre or the north-west side of the bay at Bumboras of the present day.
There may have been a slight retreat of the sea level and then another period where the Common/Golf Club area were at least under water during high t~. Strong evidence was found at the Sand Quarry that the area something like an intertidal flat, supporting large populations of bivalve shells resembling the Aloididae family. This may have been the case around 1,400 to 1,000 years ago. It is from the period of the higher sea level that we begin to find suggestions of the activities of Polynesian people.
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Another form of massive calcarenite overlies the calcarenite which in turn lies directly over the saprophytic layer. This second calcarenite layer was almost certainly ~aid down during the second recent higher . sea level. During mid-1990, at about the middle of the ~tretch of beach at Slaughter Bay, I found a number of basalt flakes embedded in this rock, within weeks Mr Bob Toft found a stone tool of polynesian origin, embedded in the surface of the rock (identified by· Dr Specht as Polynesian, adding the comment, 'a beauty'). The date of the most
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recent massive calcarenite rock 'has not yet been established •
• • It was ·suspected during the time of excavation at the Pier Area that some of the charcoal and·burned bird bones in loam and sand deposits may
• not have been the work of European people. My work at.the the Cemetery Beach sand quarries confirmed a Polynesian presence between about 700 to about 850 years ago· (the evidence limited there as the modern dunes did not begin to form until about 1,000 years ago). Dr Specht's work on stone tools_found on the Island allows a date of even 1,400 years ago •
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During this period ~he very rich loam found in the lower deposits of'the Pier Area would have been built up through lush plant growth •. Under the loam is generally pure calcarenite be~ch sand, calcarenite rubbl~ and calcarenite bedrock. The loose and sharp edged rubble was probably
' . dumped,over the site during a numb~r of cataclysmic storms' earlier • •
during this phase or the.previous phase.
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PHASE 4
S T A B I L I Z A T I 0 N 0 F S E A L E V E L POLYNESIAN
ca 1,000 - 200 before present
This phase represents the stabilizat.ion of the present sea level, the colonization of plants along the modern dunes and lowlands of Kingston, the undoubted presence of Polynesian peoples and their disappearance. The biota of the Island had already received a blow before a European had even set foot on the Island, notably the introduction of the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the mainland extinction of the
. lizards a.nd several snail species that we know of.
Evidence of a devastating forest fire has been dated to around 800 years ago at Cemetery beach. Circumstantial evidence seems to suggest that the fire was quite likely the result of Polynesian activity. It can not be ruled out that some of the charcoal and burned bird bone deposits in the Pier Area were the result of Polynesian activity.
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P H A S E 5
F I R S T S E T T L E M E N T
1 7 8 8 - 1 8 1 4
The chief sources used for this phase are: the journal of Philip Gidley . King,; the journal of Lt. Ralph Clark; the published accounts of David
Collins and Captain Watkin Tench; the Historical Records of Australia; the Historical Records of New South Wales; Colonial Office Correspondence; the views and plans of William Bradley, William Neate Chapman, George Raper and Charles Grimes.
PHASE 5 A
INITIAl. SE1~LEMENT AND CLEARING The First Six Months
The trenches excavated in 1984 between the Settlement Guardhouse and the Pier Store and those from about trench 130 to trench 159, excavated in 1983, would have been areas to experience the presence of Philip Gidley King and his small band of men and women of the first landing. The approximate location of these excavated areas, as seen on the earliest plans and views of the First Settlement township (Ills 2-9) would have been to the lower right of the open ground,· or road, leading towards Government House.
On March 6, 1788, within 40 days of the proclamation at Port Jackson, Norfolk-Island was proclaimed a possession of the Crown. The journal of Philip Gidley King records that the area between the Landing Place and the site for the first Government House was cleared between March 17 and April 5 of 1788. The very loamy soil, containing the shells of endemic snail species at depths of between 200mm and 1800mm, often contained charcoal (the result of slash and burn techniques and of course later-activities). The outline of the roots of tr~es were also noted in the lower stratigraphy.
King has left us very detailed accounts of the day to day activities in the area but a comparison of the excavated site with detailed accounts such as King's are outside the ·scope of this report.
During this phase the people were gradually shifted from tents to huts. The first Government House and buildings for the storage of supplies etc., were built. within a couple of months of.1anding.
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A number of events did'take place which most certainly had a bearing on the physical character of the area under study. These events are enumerated as sub-phases. .
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PHASE 5 B •
· CLEARANCE OF TOWN SITE AND HURRICANE
September 1788 -.February 1789 .~
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A second phase of clearing occurred on September 19 and 21, 1788, which . .. - . "' ·,'
opened up the ''Water side'. This would have negative consequences later, . '
reducing the natural proteytion of the town site from. the action of the . ' '
· sea. •
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It seems that the tre'es that had survived the above clearances were cut ' • down,·between January 26 and February 6, 1789. Areas were cleared around
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Government House and around where houses had been built. The reasons for the.final clearance was that King feared the strong winds and wantep. land cleared for the erection of additional houses. •
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. This work would have clea'red the~ trees and shrubs excavated, except perhaps for the first 20 metres
away from the areas of the main Pier Area
• excavation. The last trees left standing anywhere near the houses after
~ . February 6 were four pines but these were removed on April 13, 1789. The tree root,outlines found during the excavations should dat'e before·April . 13, 1789, as large t~ees have not.grown in those,places since. •
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The Hurricane •
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. A few days of constant rain developed into heavy rains during February '
22 to 2.5-;.1789, saturating•and loosening the soil. On the ·26th the wind • •
developed into a hurricane. and torrents of rain fell. King wrote that the sea· rose to such a height~ ~Mountains high' , that Nep.ean Is land was
• • • entirely obscured. Several pines of about 6rr metres.in height were blown
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over,. one on a pig stye. 'Trees of th~ largest kinds were blowing down every instant· ••• leaving, beds ot' 10 feet deep.~. (others) ••• bent their
• • .·tops very near· the ground ••• '. A large 'live oak' (Lagunaria patersonia)
. was blown onto the granary. The swamp behind·· the settlement 'had every . · appearance of·a large
in Arthur's Vale were •
that it was fortunate settlement, otherwise
navigable r'iver'. Trees that had not been. felled 'blown up' by the force of the wind. King noted
• • that he had recently removed the trees around the not a house would have survived •.
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The'clearing at the Pier Area would have resulted in the erosion and • •
redeposition of soil and sand. Deposits, in the form of pockets or .~. - '
lenses uncovered during excavation, may be evidence of this storm:. These •
pockets, at the very base of settlement deposits, contained a •
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combination of charred bird bones, pumice and the odd European artefact. I Such deposits seemed stratigraphically lower than the (not charred) Providence Petrel etc., bones.
It may best be noted here that there were at least two distinct types of bird bone deposits. The large deposits containing hundreds or thousands of bird bones were deposits of bones without evidenci of charring. The smaller deposits containing bird bones with pumice concentrations were generally deposits containing charred bones, with or without evidence of European occupation. There seems to me to have been a shift to boiling birds, as the main form of food preparation, when the thousands of birds were being collected from Mount Pitt and issued in lieu of salted meat provisions. Previous to that, the individual may have roasted birds caught for personal consumption, as a supplement to their provisions. It can not be ruled out that some of the latter mentioned deposits may have had an origin related to Polynesian activity.
PHASE 5 C
POST-HURRICANE TIMBER BUILDINGS PERIOD TO SIRIUS DISASTER February 1789-Harch 1790
The combined effects of clearing at the Pier Area and Arthur's Vale and the destruction caused by the hurricane, changed the appearance of the region for all time.
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I The hurricane had a beneficial effect in that King had an unlimited II supply of felled timber. King's diary abounds in the activities of the carpenters and sawyers. Houses and stores of timber were erected at an astonishing rate and several boats were built. Charcoal burners II were busy. A huge stockade, composed of posts and logs, was built -around Government House.
. Although many of the timber structures built on Norfolk Island during the First Settlement were built on rubble stone footings, many were also built on short timber posts, especially if built on sloping land.A number of post holes were uncovered during the excavations. Post holes -found in t-he main Pier Area and 'T' trenches were almost certainly of a First Settlement date (in such and pre-Settlement deposits without characteristic Second Settlement intrusions); those of the PA SG- PS
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trench appear to be of a Second Settlement date (though one set of three I could date to the First Settlement). Some of the post holes may relate to the construction of palisades.
At this stage, it chronological stage, post holes belonged.
would within
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not be possible to do more than guess the the First Settlement period, to which the
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Ill". 5 ·Town· of
October
(right) · 1 Plan of the Sydney'. W N Chapman • 1796
- -Ill. 4 'View of Sydney on the Soutfi · S:lde of Nor"folk
• Island' in D Collins •
! ~'An Account of the [ i .English .Colo~y in
New South Wales• • • . .
Originally published • in 1798. •
Based on W N Chapman's view; ca 1796
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PHASE 5 D
SIRIUS WRECK, SE'ITLERS AND BUILDING MATERIAl. DEVELOPMENTS
March 1790 to 1796
This phase begins with the wrecking of the Sirius on the reef just off shore from the township. The wreck had a number of direct physical consequences on the township: there was a sudden increase of population which resulted in the expansion of the town eastwards; and there was a sudden influx of building materials or materials that could be used as building materials such as: iron, nails (iron and copper/brass), copper sheathing, timber etc. There would also have been an increase of goods· and chattels within the community, including the clothing of marines (with buttons!) etc.
Although one must be cautious in attributing objects to something as specific as the wreck of the Sirius, it would- be neglectful not to mention that naval buttons, copper alloy nails, copper sheathing off-cuts etc., were found during the excavations. These were found in early First Settlement contexts. The need for caution is exemplified by the site of the Phillipsburgh township (named in 1791), as similar assemblages have been found there. The township was a station for the NSW Corps for a while. Comparative analyses of the artefacts excavated from the land with those now part of the Sirius Collection would be of benefit.
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There are three or four classes of material which are diagnostic of this phase:
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Birds were caught for culinary settlement. The massive number
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.Bird Bones
purposes from the very of birds caught during
beginning the first
of half of
1790, had to be issued from the Quartermaster's Store at Kingston. The · birds were issued in lieu of salted provisions.
The influx of population caused a strain on the Public Stores and as Port Jackson was on the point of starvation, measures had to be taken. to reduce the pressure on the Public Stores. Orders were given to collect the nesting sea birds on Mount Pitt, soon to be known as the Bird of Providence, or Providence Petrel, (Pterodroma solandri). Lieut. Ralph Clark, Keeper of Public Stores, accounted for some 171,362 birds during the first six months of 1790. After the birds were numbered, they were issued to the people. As the bulk of the population lived in the township, the birds were eaten there and the skulls and bones discarded at will •• When the Providence petrel migrated, othe~ migratory and non
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migratory birds were exploited. Another type of petrel(?) was known as 'Flying Sheep' because after boiling, the flesh resembled mutton •
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The Providence Petrel returned to the Island by March 23, 1791 and' they . . .
were again exploited as before. These birds became extinct on·Norfolk Island within·a few years. The species is now found only Of! Lord Howe Island, though almost two centuries after extinction on Norfolk, some of the Lord Howe birds have found their way to Norfolk, probably due to the cargo ships.
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When layers of hundreds or thousands of bird.bones emerged in the ·· . excavations, partic~larly in the 'T' trench, no time was~ lost. in having
them identified. Dr Charles Meredith, formerly of Monash University, •
identified the bones to include that of the Pterodroma solandri, the . .
f.irst time any remains of the Providence Petrel had been fdentified from Norfolk,Island. The bones of a medium sized Petrel (Pterodroma sp.), ..
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never historically recorded' on Norfolk Island, were identified. Bones of . . .
the following two species were also identified: the Norfolk Island . . ' . . Ground Dove (Hemiphaga spadicea); and,Pycroft 1 s Petrel (Pterodroma
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pycrofti), never historically recorded on Norfolk. All these species are . thought to have become extict by the end of the 1790s. Rat bones (Rattus exulans) were found in association with the bird bones.
These bones, when found 1791 and perhaps 1792.
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in numbers, are diagnostic of the years 1790, •
Bricks •
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• • • • According t.o Lt. Ralph Clark, twelve·men began work to·make bricks on.
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December 13, 1790.-Experiments and production must have continued right ' .
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· through 1791. Even by December 179~, King was still enthusiastic at the
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results of the eighteen men he ha~ employed in making bricks. . the time the stone foundation of the'new Government House was (around April 1792), the bricks were found ~o.be defective in
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Soon after completed that they
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Crumbled pieces of a dark reddish brown colour brick were found during the course of_the excavations. The sandstock brick fragments were composed of volcanic 'clay' (one or two fragments had pumice inclusions)
• 'and were coated in Norfolk'.s distinctive calcarenite .sand. Several
• thousand fragments .of.this distinctive type of brick were found in the cellar/foundation area of the 1792 Government House.
Pieces of this brick found in the Pier Area excavations were genera~~y found in association with loam depqsit~ (the original top soil) and · someti=es in the same context as the bird bones,· such as in the 'T' · trench. Care must be taken in case of secondary usage and secondary deposition. Lucki}y for dating purposes, the bricks .. really were so poor
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Ill. 6 C Grime's 'Plan of Sydney~. Norfolk Island' 1793. This plan is not identical to CO 700 NSW 6. (Copy in the Norfolk Island Integrated Museums' archives).
• Ill. 7 Detail of Ill. 4.
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in quality that they • were rarely reused (I have come across isolated •
examples) .• . . •• •
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• Lime • •
• By December 1791, King was pleased to report that they had manufactured lime (from Kingston 1 s calcarenite stone). It is likely that a limited .
• • amount of lime had been produced before by burning shells and lumps of
• coral. Someone would have suddenly realised that the Kingston stone was • a form of limestone. Previously a sort of reddish clay with lime flecks
' ' . '
seems to have been the common form of mortar used, th~ lime was probably imported from Sydney and small amounts mixed with ·a clay.-like soiL The
• 1792 Government House.was probably the first building to benefit from ~ ' . '
the locally produced lime. The earliest plaster at the 1792 Government . . House had a certain amount of reddish clay mixed with·the lime but the-· . .
. finishing coat was of pure white lime. A later phase of plaster used at . . the 1792 Government House was white throughout •
• • • ••
.
Fragments of the 1792 Government House in type plaster was found in a . . .
demolition layer against the 1825 Pier Store. in the PA SG - PS 'excavation. The'same cautions must be'applied, as witht.he locally made.
· bricks. The main difference between locallymade bric~s and locally made lime, is that lime production was a great success and continued to be a great success (so much so that tt was,:at times, exp?rted to· Sydney). Norfolk's lim~ is a good post-1791 dating indicator, though at what
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stage clay was excluded from the formula has not been established, . ' '
(fairly likely by the time of the ·construction of the 18,03/1804 • Government House)~
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Stone • •
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No stone houses .were built on.·Norfolk Isl'and before 1792. The 1792 • •
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Government House was probablY. the first building to be built, in.part at ' .
least, of stone. The basic reason for this was that lime·for mortar was ' ' .
'
not really availab~e on any scale until ·1792.· A number of chimneys were '
built of ston~ before this. •
• • • • • •
. . This·phase :Ls characterised by timber construction on a large scale.
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• A Regular plan (October 1791)
• •
An event which radically changed the primitive appearance of the township occurred in during October 1791, according to Ralph Clark.
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Streets and a market p~ace.were marked out in the towns~ip ~n October 21 •
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Ill. 8 on the 1793.
C. Grime. 'Plan of Sydney I South Side of Norfolk Island CO 700 NSW 6
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Ill. 9 'Plan of Sydnll on Norfolk Island' 179-PRO MPG 299
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and 22, 1791. People built new houses on a 'Regular plan'. This work . would. have had a bearing on the excavations but the extent is not yet known ....
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PHASE 5E
HATUU PERIOD 1796-1805
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· At th~ beginning of this phase, through the eyes of William Neate Chapman, we get·our last contemporary glimpses' of Kingston in the form of a general.plan (October 1796) and a view (circa 1796):·
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The documentation on the development of.the township for this period is • • •
very sketchy. There are no more detailed journals of day to day activities, no plans or views, and no surviving regular Government correspondence on the scale kept up ·.by King.
. This period seems to be a period of intense private development. Land
. and leases, all over the Island and also the township, were bought and sold by private individuals. We kn~w that the township developed on·a
•
• significant scale up to 1803, as Major Foveaux 1ustified the great expense 'of building a new. government house (site o'f the present Government House) be.cause the vicinity around the old Government House . ' '
had become 'much confined' due to increased building activity. • •
• ' • ' • * .. ..
The first intimations that the Government intended ~o reduce the lil • il) I. , .
population of the Island came during the second half of 1803. The •
. Government:-induced decline· of the Island began in August 1804, when 41 ,people l~ft the Island. In·March 1805 the greater portion ·of the
•
. . .
military and some convicts were taken to Port Dalrymple. The population in 1805 had dropped from 1,078 in February to 712 by mid.year. Such
• • seemingly dry statistics can be used to draw broad conclusions
• • • • •
• The effect of such a drop in the population in 1805 would hardly have
• • inspired a building· program, so it is unlikely that much building •
. activity occurred in the township after.March 1805, apart from the most •
· necessary repairs. There would also have been household goods, as often these were sold off along with tlie house .•
• •
a drop in the demand for •
before departure or sold •
• •
An event took place on May 8, 1805, which would 'have had a physical· impact on the southern.end of the excavation site. It ~as reported to
• • the Sydney Gazette (August 4, 1805) that at low tide the sea level dropped within the space of two minutes so as to leave the channe~ dry . (on the left side of the present Pier). It was said that the channel
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28
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rarely contained less than two or three 5.486mm). 'Frightful' rocks, never before channe.L (mouth?) and also between Norfolk
fathoms of water (3.657mm or .
s~en, were laid bare at the and Nepean Islands. Suddenly
the water flowed back, a wave hitting 'the Barracks, which are more ihan (sic) 20 yards beyond the high water mark'. The water rushed back, 'the whole space· between the channel further than the Blockade was laid nearly bare'. The Blockade was probably the long reef at the very end of the present day Pier. This phenomenon began at 3pm and continued through the entire night. It was reported that many houses were 'much damaged' and one house was swept away.
A lens of gritty sand, shells and coral pieces found above undoubted First Settlement deposits in the PA SG - PS trench may be due to the above event. Further examination will be necessary, as the grit lens could also date to the Inter-Settlement period of 1814-1825 (especially if it were found to have an admixture of charcoal).
PHASE 5 F
DECLINE AND FIRING 1806-1814
By August 1806, the population had dropped to 694. There was a temporary rise to 820 by June of the following year. The orders for total evacuation came to Captain Piper in September 1807 and the first lot left the Island in November. By October 1808 a total of 554 had been evacuated, leaving a population of 250. The population declined further; 177 by March 1810 and steady at about 37 at the close of February 1813 to February 1814, (145_people were removed from the Island in February 1813).
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The last duty of the remaining people on Norfolk Island was to destroy
1 all the buildings by fire. The firing completed, the last of the people left the Island on February 28, 1814.
It was the last act of firing that left Kingston. Strong evidence of the firing
.
its mark on the stratigraphy of is to be seen from PA tr 145
onwards in the form of charcoal, ash and burned calcarenite layers. In 1986, charcoal/ash deposits exceeding 250mm in thickness were uncovered on the site of the 1792 Government House.
The charcoal/ash/burnt rock and sand-lenses were located over distinct First Settlement sandy deposits and under the distinct clay fill deposits of the Second Settlement.
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PHASE 6 . • ' ••
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• • I.N TER-SE TTL EM EN T PER 1.0 D •
1 8 1 4 - 1 8 2 5 •
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·This phase began when the last·people left the Island and its flaming or
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' smouldering ruins on February 28, 1814, and ended upon the arrival of • •
Major Rob.ert Turton on June 6, 1825 • • •
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• It should be remembered·that the buildings were fired, not demolished • •
When Turton arrived in 1825, he found· ruins (stone walls) standing at · 1 • ~ '
Kingston. The odd stone· fireplace survived also. Sollie of the ruins were · . ' . given roof's. and parts of these buildings .s~rvive to the present day.
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The charred remains at Kingston and the ground bare'of its original dense foliage became subject.to the action of wind, rain and sea •
There is some evidence that beach sand blew over much of the.site, even reaching the area of the present Surgeon's Quarters. There was-probably . . . ~ .
also a degree of (volcanic 'origin) so~l deposition from the eroding, Flagstaff hill on.parts of. the site. It is not known how much of the evidence for this period was removed or obscured at the beginning of the · Second Settlement. ·
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PHASE 7
S E C 0 N D S E T T L E M E N T
1 8 2 5 - 1 8 5 6
·compared with the richness of the First Settlement remains uncovered, this phase and the following phases are under-represented in terms of artefacts, building construction, etc. The chief reason for this is that the trenches, excavated for the fire hydrant pipeline, follow t~e present road and access ways, as established during the first few years of the Second Settlement.
The phasing below relates specifically to the excavations of 1983 and 1984: as such, the phasing can not be taken to represent either Kingston or even the Pier Area as a whole.
PHASE 7 A
EARI.Y BUILDING PHASE 1825 - 1834
On June 6, 1825, commenced the reoccupation of Norfolk Island when Captain Robert Turton and party, including 57 convicts selected for their usefulness, landed at the Pier Area, Kingston.
The best of the burned out shells of ~tone houses were soon roofed,. others were used as quarries for stone. The walls of the 1803/1804 Government House were still standing (now in part incorporated in the present Government House), as were the walls of a building in the Pier Area which was to become the gaol for many years: solving two forms of
·urgent accommodation.
- 0
The Pier Store was built as a commissariat store in the same year as th~ reoccupation. The exposed walls of the Pier Store (1825) basement shows that the buildi.ng was built from scratch. The red hue on many of the
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calcarenite stones reveals that those stones were quarried from First Settlement structures, (the sto~e turns a reddish hue when subjected to great heat).
The walls of the Settlement Guardhouse evidently survived the conflagration and was roofed after the additio~ of some masonry. The
' Crank Mill was built as a second commissariat store in 1827. The Crank
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Mill and the Pier Store could be regarded as different orientation of the new settlement •
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early statements of·the ' ,
The Settlement Guardhouse, •
on the qther hand, glaringly conforms to the First Settlement town •
·orientation (and was meant to have been demolished during the 18305).
•
' These three buildings are the only Second Settlement .buildings to have
' made im impact on the stratigraphy of the excavated trenches. It is possib~e that the Surgeon!s Quarters, built in 1827 on the sites of the 1788 and 1792 Government Houses, may have made an impact on part of the
. ~ . ~
1 T' trench during the pre-construction demolitions and levelling of t~e site. . ·. •
• • • . '
• • The PA SG - PS trench revealed some evidence of the 1825 excavation •
walls. Layers for the-Pier Store foundations and the construction of the ,· .
of heat modified rubble and First Settlement • •
plaster are almost ; . "
the 1825 walls. The area certainly left o~er from the construction of - .; --
next to the Pier Store is complicated by the fact that the chimney '· ~--
belongs.to a later phase. •
' . It may.have ·been at this time that· the clay fill (of volcanic origin) was dumped to raise the level of the ground. The fill', on average 400mm . in thickness, may be seen from PA tr 143 to tr 159 and in the PA SG -
•
PS trenches. The reason for this may have been to consolidate the soft sandy surface of the ground. There is a good· argument for an Second Settlement date for the fill deposit; because the deposits
former early
, . beneath are First.Settlement·in nature (see below). •
•
•
• This phase ends with a disaster. Both the Pier Store and the Crank Mill,
• •
then commissariat stores, were flooqed by a rise in .~he sea during a . ' ~ ~
storm in May 1834. This led Major Anderson to build the:.large co~issariat ·store .along··Quality Row in·1835.';;..
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Part of the hillside along Quality Row had, ·to·be excavated before 'the •
new commissariat store could be constructed. The work was done.in • . . Novemper/December of 1834. The volcanic clay/earth from the excavation:
' was·used as fill: it is tempting· to speculate that the material was used at the Pier Area (but see above). · ·
•
• • 'PA tr 0- 21 which is located between the Pier Street bridge'retaining . . ,
walls/parapets, seems to have benefited from some of the_fill (but ' - • -.:.1~
before the retaining walls were built). ·There are two major fill deposits belonging to different 'periods of time,· the last one probably belongs to the ~onstruction period of the retaining walls/parapets. A post hole was found in this area which may relate to the post and rail
, . . fence ~hat existed there before ·.the retaining walls/parapets were · constructed.
•
The dates of the construction of the calcarenite rubble/limekiln waste roads require separate study, (as do the roads beneath the present . . .
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Quality Row and those of Slaughter Bay, Cemetery Bay and Emily Bay). The •
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Ill. 10
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Ill. 11
32 •
T. Seller. 'Set~l~m~nt at ~orfoik Islanu'
E Burgess 'Settlement at Norfolk Island'
•
ca 1840
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1846
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basalt road seems to predate the • •
First Settlement (but there are a •
calcarenite roads and may date to the • •
number of problems with this). Crushed •
calcarenite stone, not ·limeki·ln waste, . . was used during the late Third . Settlement. •
• •
. '
PHASE 7 B • -.~ .
' • • • .,.
• •• • MATURE PERIOD •
~ 1835-1856 •
•
build of , .
levels for • • Period of stability and a gradual sandy up surface most of the area excavated. •
•
. The. entire rise, part, of the ri$e from the height of the Civil Hospj.tal .-· .. sloping down into the area of the New Gaol, was removed around 1848 • •
. This involves trenches from about 25 to 70. At the.highest point, perhaps thre~ metr~s were scr~ped off the.land surface, the calcarenite'• debris used as fill in varioug plac~s. There has been little build up
· of sand or soil to the present day over these trenches •
•
Trenches 25 to 70 are particularly suited to the study ~f the period · covered by phases 1 to 3, as it could be regarded as a cross-section
• of the original phase 1 dune with evidence of·subsequent weathering
• and a rise and fall of
• the sea (particularly at the southern end) •.
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PHASE 8
THIRD SETTLEMENT
1 8 5 6 - 1 9 8 4
This phase accounts for perhaps the top 100mm to 150mm of the stratigraphies at the most. The top soil (grey sandy loam) is hopelessly mixed with Second Settlement material. Most of the sand build up has occurred since the introduction of kikuyu grass to the area (1940s). The surface of the top soil was found to be darker due to cattle activity.
The asphalt dates to the 1960s and later •
Restoration phases Guardhouse and the .. •
can be plotted in the trench between the Settlement Pier Store .• . . . • •
• Ill .. ,. •
• •
Diagnostic for the Third Settlement is the presence of hihi (periwinkles, Nerita atramentosa) in astonishing numbers. They are to be found occasionally in First and Second Settlement contacts, sometimes with the operculum (door over mouth) in place: unthinkable in a Third Settlement context.
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Attributed to the Beattie Collection circa 1890 - 1895. View over the Pier Area. Site of the First Settlement township.
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L 0 C A•T I 0 N 0 F T R E N C H E S > •
•
The following plans indicate the positions of the trenches in relation· to features in the Pier Area. No matter how detailed a site plan may be, trench location is often difficult. In this case, the buried fire hydrant'pipeline marks the course of the trenches at least. The following are guidelines toward the location of particular trench
• numbers •
•
•
To reach trench 0, measure 19.5 metres from the Pier.Street • •
pillar, as the indicated on the plan and more importantly, as indicated on
stratigraphy for PA Tr 19. • • •
• •
To reach trench 48 or up to the 49 metre point, measure· from the 19.5 • pillar. Up to trench 48 the • • Trench is in more or less a straight line.
• •
•
At trench 48, the Trench crosses Pier Street at a rightangle (towards . the west) to the line of trenches 0 - 48. The distance from trench 48 to trench 55 is 6.1 metres. Trench 54 (part of the rightangle Trench) is 1.5 metres long •
From trench 55 trench follows
• to the termination of the PA trench at trench •
the curve of the west side of Pier Street.· •
• •
•
•
159, the
•
The excavation passes trenches 80 and 84 •
. ·the Lion's Club road (fine blue metal) between ..
• • • • • • • • •
The 'T' t'rench !='Uns at rightangles to the. main Trench from 'trench 111. •
•
. See strati_graphy for trench 111. The 'T 1 trench is in a straight line .towards~~e ~urgeon's Quarters and terminates at the end of 'T' trench .. . 15, the. location now of a fire hydrant.
• •
•
The SG- PS trench runs in'a straight line from th~ exterior of the Pier • •
Store, north elevation, against the east side of the chimney, towards a point about 2.3 metres east of the Settlement Guardhouse. The trench
• • deflects to meet the main PA trench.
At SG ~.PS trench 3, a side branch leads off trench into.the.porch area of the Pier Store
• • •
•
from the east side of the •
(1.3 metre length) • •
•
At SG- PS trench 16, a side branch leads.off from the west side of the •
trench to south of the door on the east elevation of the Settlement Gua:rdhous e ( 2 o 3 metres) o • • •
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KIKlJYU GRASS IN
TOP SOIL (GREY UW1
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Third Settlement I
SAND , (CALCARENITE
BASED) All periods
RUBBT .E CALCARENI'IE
(GENERAlLY lAYERED)
MASSIVE CALCARENI'IE •
(SOl JD 'IllRruHl!l')
CLAY (VOI.C.ANIC
<lUGIN) Second
Settle1ent
SILICA (IN VOLCANIC
<lUGIN SOIL)
Second Settlement.
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SAND BASED UlliM
Pre-Settlerent
a:MPACTED RUBBT .E
CALCARENI'IE S'lmES
Second Settlerent
CALCARENI'IE S'lmES
All periods
CALCARENITE GRIT
Pre- and First Settle1ents
GRIT & OOARSE SAND
Pre- and First SettleiSntS
({_(@
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M:lRTAR First and Second
Settlerents
HliM1ERED
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Settlerents
BASALT~
S1WE ( OOBBLE)
To Second
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BWE METAL
1960s-1980s
CliARCX)AL 1814-
Pre- and First
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ASH Mainly
First Settlerent
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PI.MICE Pre
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ASPHALT
1960s-1980s
CRI.MBLY
BRICK 1791/ 1792
The above key is intended as a guide to the cooposition of the stratigraphies. The chronological indicators (1~ case) are intended_ as apprmdmations. It is essential that. the soil sanples be referred to when artefact analysis takes place, as errors during recording
can npt be ruled out: also it ·was not al~ys easy to judge the soH carposition, particularly in relation to .the sandy loams with clay adnixtures (so 3 naturally occurring) •
. Note: the syni>ols used in the key are sanetines used i,n cooi>ination to indicate a mixed deposit or deposits with other inclusions.
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Photo 8. Above left. Trenches 20 and 21. •
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Photo 11. View southwards to the end of the first stretch of the excavation at trenches 48/49. Mostly solid bedrock. John Buffett (Beef) on the left, Barry Christian (Barley) centre with Munnas and Restoration workshop in the. background, Douglass Evans (Rug) on the right.
Photo 12. View northwards. Trenches 19 (at pillar) to the end of trench 48 at the 49 metre mark. Removal of
,topsoil. Solid bedrock below topsoil. At trench 48, the trench continued across Pier Street at a right angle.
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II Photo 13. View from the 111 top of the Lions Club road overlooking trenches 80 to 111 (approximately). II
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~Photo 14. New Gaol compoun• 1· .wall to the left. Nepean I I
:rsland in the distance. . · -~- ·· · ' .. ·/'·The foreground was the
' . approximate location of the First Settlement Barrack Yard (in part).
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_ _. _ . .,. ... overlooking trenches 111 ! IT~6!-'-~.'!:!.!__;;!!.~:;.,..:_iijK.:::;;;.~ ~ to about 150. 1 T 1 trench
in the middle of the upper I left quarter of the photo. Chickens have succeeded I
the ecological niche of II the Norfolk Island Ground · Dove, (extinct). The bones
1 of the extinct Ground Dove, excavated.from this area, were identified by
1 Monash University.
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I Photo 16. Damaris Bairst' II excavating a test trench later part of PA trench I 125- 127.
ew Gaol (1847) in the ackground. I
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11 The trench in the foreground begins with 125/1
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Note: as the PA Trench curved, it was decided to retain the compass descriptions of 'east' and 'west', even when along one stretch 'north' and 'south' would have been a better description: in such cases, 'east' is understood to be'conventional east' etc. The curve of the PA Trench was wide and generous and it would have been confusing to try to decide exactly at what stage east became south-east and south-east became south, especially when describing a continuous stratigraphic profile.
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Photo 21. First Settlement bird bone layer being excavated, trenches 105-107. Mick Johnston
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Photo 22. Trenches 105 - 107 before the removal of the bird bones.
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Photo 29. Junction of 1 T1 trench and trench •
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Photo 28. The junctior of the 'T' trench (upper right of photo; and trench 111, west elevation. CalcarenitE bedrock and basalt road (crushed rock).
Photo 30. Basalt road from trench 104 to 110.
Photo 31. Prehole in trench
1825 116.
The tape measure marks the commencement of trench 117. Though . most holes excavated turned out to be post holes, this one appears to have been a bird burrow. Note the smooth sides and the flanging outwards. The light object in the burrow is a light reflector.
Photo 32. View from above in trench 129 of a lens of pumice, loam, sand and carbonized bird bones. Stratigraphically, 1788/1789 or before.
Photo 33. View from above in trench 146. 1814 charcoal lens,. The charcoal was the result of the burning of large and small timbers, grass or reed (thatch) was also noticed.
76
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Photo 35. West elevation. From trench 127 to 134 (baulk). Rich in First Settlement deposits.
77
Photo 34. West elevation. Trenches 134 to 125.
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~ 1993
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•
79
Photo 36. From trench 140 (foreground) to trench 135.
Photo 37. Above. Trench 145 to 135. West elevation. The upper white line · represents the surface of a Second Settlement road.
Photo 38. Left. General view of trenches 145 (foreground) to about 137.
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81
Photo 39. Left. Surface of charcoal lens , originating from the 1814 firing of the First Settlement township. Below this are pure First Settlement deposits, above this are Second Settlement deposits, including a thick fill deposit composed of volcanic origin clayey soil.
Photo 40. Below. Trenches 148 to 159. Bias to east elevation. The baulk is in trench 149.
Photo 41. Below left. Detail of Photo 40, showing the removal of the 1814 charcoal layer at trench 152. A second charcoal layer is to be found in trenches 155- 157.
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83
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Photo 42. View of
:.f!.~~~f.i -._:~ij,~~· trench~s 155 - 157 '"' ;.; East Elevation.
~~,..=~~':l Note 1814 charcoal lens ,
can be seen on both sides of the trenc The reddish deposi
. above the charc'oal ' ' dates to the Secon
Settlement, (fill composed of volcan origin clayey soil
Photo 44. Detail, seen in Photos 42 and 43 (note arrow Shows a chunk of
~
First Settlement plaster. Below the plaster two fragme of ca 1790s cerami
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Photos 45- 47. Three views of trenches from 159 elevation. These views taken after the removal of 149. Photo 47 shows the sieving frame.
to 146. Bias to east the baulk in trench
•
154 J
PIER AREA KINGSTON NORFOLK ISLAND
155 I
56
·E AS t ELEVA T I 0 N
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158 I
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NATURAL SA.t.JDV L.OA.t1 WlTH 401-lt>EtHC. SNA\L SH"LLS
-----------------~ Scale RVJV
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1:20 ~.~983 Jan/FS, 1993
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Photo 48. Barley Christian removes the last of the material to be excavated between trenches 155 and 159. Note the double sieve, 5mm and 2mm wire gauge. Crank Mill (1827) to the right. Settlement Guardhouse (First Settlement origins) after the removal of the 1940s roof, directly behind Barley.
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Photo 49. Trenches 150 - 159, west elevation. Settlement Guardhouse and Pier Store (1825) behind.
Photo 50. Trenches 150 - 159, east elevation. Pier Store and road to the Pier behind.
' '
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-
PIER AREA KINGSTON NORFOLK ISLAND SOUTH ELEVATION
•
'T' T R E N C H
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------------------~ Scale 1:~
R V J V Sept/Dec. 1983 JaD/Feb 1993
-- ---
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Photo 51. 'T' trench 0 - 15. Depths between 100mm - 200mm.
Photo 53. 'T' trench 15 - 0. After removal of turf (100mm).
89
-
Photo 52. 'T' trench 0 - 15. Joins the main trench t 111.
Photo 54. 'T' trench 15 - 0 Average depth of 300mm.
-
PIER AREA KINGSTON NORFOLK ISLAND SOUTH ELEVATION •
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Jan/Feb 1993
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Photo 55. 'T' trench 3 - 0. Surface of crushed basalt road. First Settlement?
Photo 57. Crushed bottle base under crushed basalt road.
91
Photo 56. 'T' trench 0 - 2. Basalt road also seen in trenches 107- 114 (main PA trench).
Photo 58. Reef-like outcrops between 'T' trenches 9 and 13.
PIER AREA KINGSTON NORFOLK ISLAND SOUTH ELEVATION
1T1 T R E N C H
X 9 10 lt 12 13
~~----------------~------------------~------------------~------------------~-------------------..
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DEPOSITS
..SMOOTH .SURFAC: ( .Bf:PDc-'P, OJ( I.. A YERE:'O, C A.l..CAR.EW.IT£
EVf''IUd. WUNDIUD :SIRD 'BONES
------------
---------------------------------------~ Scale RVJV
1:21> Sept/Dec. 1983 Jan/FS, 1993
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93 •
Photo 59. Mid 'T' J trench, looking at
the south wall of the
~~~~~~~~~~ Civil Hospital, site i~~~ ~~~of the First Settleme
Barracks (and in fron the site of the Barra
~~yard).
•
Photo 60. 'T' trench 9/10. The 1790s bird bone layer shown at a depth of about 150mm from the surfac
Photo 61. 'T' trench ·t·~" 13. Pockets of pumicE
high above the preset sea level. No bird bones or artefacts found in the pockets
.,.,._.,~~~~~~J~~ of pumice in this arE
•
-
PIER AREA KINGSTON NORFOLK ISLAND SOUTH ELEVATION
- - - -
13
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'T' T R E N C H
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15
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..SITE 0 F=' ,..R.H 1
- - - - - - - - -
BAULK
CLAY AT .SURFACE
OF' IUC.£NT O'R.&CUJ
-------------------~ Scale 1;20 R V J V NIN/DeA; 1983 Redrawn Jsn/Feb 1993
- - - - -
. .
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• • • •
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•
KEY WITH CHRONOLOGICAL INDICATORS •
KIKI.JYU GRASS IN - -- CI..Jcr & SANDY MErAR First ....._.,.,.._ BIRD~ t-- -TOP SOIL (GREY IJ;lAM LOAM Pre- to and Second ;..--"- .,.J' ..-!" Pre-Settlemmt - -- ..-.. ...
& CAI..CARENriE SAND) Second Settlemmt Settlemmts 1788-early 1790s 1hird Settlement
•
• • • • SAND (CALCARENITE fS· " • ' SAND BASED LOAM lWMERED Pli1ICE Pre-• • • •
BASED) All periods • • • ..s • > o0°oo s Pre-Settlemmt BASALT First? • oo Settlemmt to • • • • • , • • •
early Second early 1790s •••
Settlements • ' _, RI.IBBI.E CALCARENITE CXMPACI'ED RUBBLE BASALT~ / / _,
({_(@((:, / / ., (GENERALLY LAYERED) CALCARENITE S'1.'CtmS S'l'OOE ( OOBBI,E) " ,
Second Settlemmt To Second • •
Settleanent
MASSIVE CALCARENITE 0 <?\. CALCARENITE S'1.'CtmS BI1JE METAL ASPHALT (SOl JD 'lllRruHXJT) All periods D ~ ~
1960s-1980s 1960s-1980s ~ ~ ~ <> D¢-ll
CI..Jcr (VOLCANIC
1:~:~"1 aiAROOAL 1814- CRllffiLY - CALCARENITE GRIT +
<mGIN) SeCond Pre- and First ...... ........ Pre- and First ~h BRIU<. 1791/ -- ... -~ Settleanent Settlemmts Settleanent 1792 •
•
0 {?. SILICA (IN VOLCANIC • • GRIT & OOARSE SAND ASH Mainly • " "R V.J" V • " ~-¢-...-+~'II} 0 ORIGIN SOIL) • "" • Pre- and First First F"~B~) "'" • ..... Second Settleanent Settlea~eilts > Settlemmt •
The above key is intended as a guide to the cooposition of the stratigraphies. The chrooological indicators (lower case) are intended
as approximations. It is essential that the soil sarrples be referred to when artefact analysis takes place, as errors during recording
can not be ruled out: also it was not always easy to judge the soil cooposition, particularly in relation to the sandy loam:; with clay aWrixtures (fQIB naturally _!)Ceurring).
Note: the syrrbols used in the key are saootimes used in coobination to indicate a mixed, deposit or deposits Wtth other inclusions.
Syrrbols shoNn in different densities are due to restricted space, wless otherwise indicated. Pre-Settlemmt, before 1788; First
Settleaoont, 1788-1814; Inter-settlemmt, 1814-1825; Second Settlemmt, 1825-1856; and 'Ihird Setttemmt, 1856-1984.
--------------------------->>> _, --- ->>>>> , _____________ _
•
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96
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Photo 62. View from the first terrace on Flagstaff Hill showing the Crank Mill (foreground to the right), the Settlement Guardhouse and part of the roof of the Police Office. The area blocked by the water carrier is the meeting point of the main PA trench (159) and the SG -PS trench (21~.
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the removal of the turf.
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WEST ELEVATIOJI
PIER STOllE TRENCH I
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PIER AREA KINGSTON NORFOLJC. ISLAND WEST ELEVATION
-
2 S E T T L E H E N T G U A R D H 0 U S E T 0 P I E R S T 0 R E T R E N C H (s; - PS)
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Photo 66. Below. The excavation against the Pier Store wall provided evidence that the walls were rough-cast, not smooth
Photo 68. Above. SG - PS trench 16A/16B, south elevation. Cobbles. The trench terminates at the east wall of the Settlement Guardhouse.
Photo 65. Left. SG - PS trench 3A - 3B, west elevation. Pier Store on the left. 3A abuts SG - PS trench 3.
Photo 67. Below. SG- PS
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Photo 70. SG - PS, trench 16A/16B basa: cobbles. Mid to latt First Settlement?
Photo 71. SG - PS, trenches 13 and 14. Three post holes (the third obscured: Probably Second Settlement.
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PIER AREA KINGSTON NOI.FOLK ISLAND WEST ELEVATION
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' Photo 72. Part of the Norfolk Island Restoration Team 1982. From left to right: Charles 1 Chilla' Buffett, Jackie Ralph Quintal, Ross Farrell (Housing and Construction), Laurie 'Buck' Quintal, Eric Martin (behind, Philip Cox and Partners), George 'Toofie' Christian, John 'Beef' Buffett, Barry 'Barley' Christian, George 'Puss' Anderson, Raymond 'Smudge' Cooper, and Michael 1Mick 1 Johnston. Ruins of the Constables' Quarters Kitchen.
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112
PIER AREA SITE EXCAVATION JOURNAL
1 9 8 3
(RECONSTRUCTED)
NOTE: The Restoration Team started work each day at 7am, took a half hour break at 10am at Munna's (Munna), lunch at 12.30pm and vacated 'Town' (Kingston) at 3.30. Several of the Team worked the ship when it arrived to load or off-load cargo. The following journal includes events and people which in some way may have influenced the progress or well-being of the excavation and the excavators.
September 18, 1983. Sunday.
Arrived from Sydney. Received by Jean Mitchell and Leo McCoy. Staying at Aunt Em's and met Sidney H Christian there (born 1896; his son, Stan Christian, also staying at Aunt Em's after a year away). Record data on Norfolk of yore.
September 19.
To Kingston and warmly received by the NI Restoration Team. Barley (Barry N Christian), Douglas Evans and Franklin Randall, members of the Norfolk Island Restoration Team, appointed to assist me excavate the Pier Street fire hydrant pipeline. Franklin (with great technical know-how) and I worked out a more convenient route and was agreed to by Felly (Kenton A Evans), the contracting plumber. Telephoned Ross Farrell, Department of Housing and Construction, to approve the new route. Excavation by 10cm spits. The trenches I marked in one metre lengths, the first trench being marked as trench 0, measuring 0 to 100cm and so on, (as modified later). Rubble, sand and soil fill layers were found at the top going down to pre-settlement and calcareous rock below. Some cobble stones emerged and masonry with attached mortar (fill). Excavated in the vicinity of the place once known as the 'Crossroads' (before about 1840). I did not tell the men that human burials were known to have taken place at the 'Crossroads' until they had completed the work. I did have them watch carefully for bones. Tasmanian historian, Ian Brand, visited the site. NB: The excavation from the north end of Pier street to trench 0 was commenced before my arrival on the Island: fill layers were found, as described above but not recorded. Part of a small grindstone was discovered in the fill.
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September 20. • •
The comparatively simple stratigraphy of the first several metres of trench induced me to divide the trenches in two metre lengths for the purpose of bagging soil samples, artefacts etc. This policy was later
• • changed when the stratigraphy became more complex and .new samples taken
• where necessary from.the previous trenches. · • Beef (John C Buffett, also from Restoration) joined my archaeological team. Gave lesso~s on the stratigraphy. Bones emerged and some
• 'interesting' ceramics. A 'mortar' platform emerged and some sort of
· s~one footing (connected with ·south end parapet wall?, and a former road). 36 metres of trench de-turfed and partially excavated • . ..
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· September 21: • •
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• . , Severa'l • trenches excavat~d to pre-settlement sand and calcareous bedrock .
• levels. The men fascinated with their work and are quick to learn and ·
• perceive. ·Told them about the 'Crossroads', as no human bones were . . found. Doug and Barley nad a hard.time removing the solid calcareous
• rock (which obliged to do to a depth of 80cm to 100cm for the laying of the firehydrant pipe). Some pockets of pure beach sand with fragments of
• coral were found, no doubt from a period of higher sea level: Doug and Franklin uncover some fine foam earth deposits w1th bird skuHs and
•
bones, probably from pre-settlement times. A hole uncovered which may have been a ghost bird burrow. Community interest in our activities and
, . . many questions asked and answered. on both sides of the excavation. Ian
• and Margaret Brand visited the site again, they knew the Late Maureen Byrne, archaeologist from the University of Sy~ney. ·
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· September 22. • . . • • • •
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Jack-hammer 'kanga' cal"led in for. Doug to shift the calcareous stone, .. .. . ., -but even then r~moved'with great effort. Franklin suggested the · compressor from Gerry Aafjes, arr;ved after lunch. Anoth~r lar-ge pure · sand depression found, evidence of old reef? Compressor out of order for . a while. Doug defining reef profiles with compressed air. Stop work due
• • to heavy rains. • • • •
• • • . September 23.
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• Continued mainly on pipe came
excavating with Barley, Doug; Beef and Franklin but attention •
removing solid rock, very hard and unpleasant work. Compressor off the jack, one scratched thigh. '
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September 24. (Saturday) • •
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My office in the Surgeon's Kitchen cleaned and rearranged •
to make it •
excavations •
results of past more interesting for visitors to view the •
and improve efficiency of working space. •
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September 25·. (Sunday) Ile de Lumiere unloading at Kingston.
I arranged for Damaris Bairstow to assist me excavating in order to cut down on the time factor. Leo McCoy and I go to the airport to meet her (will also be staying at Aunt Em's). Showed Damaris around Kingston.and Burnt Pine.
September 26. Ship working.
Damaris made to feel welcome by all. Gave Damaris a thorough tour of Kinston with short historical outlines on as many features as possible. Only four of the total Team at Munna's, the rest working the ship. Franklin and I mark out the remainder of the route of the pipeline with Damaris assisting. Curve along the road to the 'Bakehouse' (Settlement G~ardhouse) and pegs set in~
September 27.
America Cup win dominated the day. I selecte.d two places for Damaris to excavate test trenches; test trench 2 and 3. Franklin and Beef had excavated test trench 1. Bridge Street Ramp Test trench 2 was largely stone 'reef', though Pier Area test trench 2 (north of Lion's Club drive) promised a change in stratigraphy. I began recording. More stone removed using compressor. Barley found brick fragments at 750mm depth associated with rubble fill and a hug~ cattle rib. Received a dead black bird from Franklin to begin bone reference collection (I asked the men to keep a look out). Jack Anderson and Chilla (Charles Buffett) made a
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diagram to determine how best to cut up a pine junk for shingles. Molly Sanders nee Rossiter died (born 1906). II September 28,
The first of the trench on the west side of Pier Street, just south of the Hospital steps, commenced (apart from the test trenches), though the previous trenches not yet fully excavated •. Reached sand and stone between 100mm-200mm below the surface. Recent date finds. Outline of 'reef'.and sand pockets again found lower down. Compressor started up . at 1pm. Damaris' test trench 3 revealed what most distinctly looked like what was once a small rock pool: the trench extended by a metre
. northwards but hit pure sand. Mick (Michael Johnston) joined my team. As a rule, my team remove the top layer, composed of a grey loamy sand and turf and excavate after I have examined the surface and issued . instructions as to how the particular area should be excavated. Mick and Franklin excavated the smooth mortar platform near the previously mentioned parapet; probably a road surface. Examination revealed that the mortar was laid over a surface covered with straw. The straw may have been used to stabilize the former dirt surface.
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September 29. •
• • . ' Damaris spent the' day recording Club with Mick and Franklin and
trench 3. I was called away to the Golf. '
determined a' pipeline route which would avoid archaeologi.cal complications. Doug and Barley on the compressor
• most 'of the day.· Puss (George E Anderson), foreman of Restoration, returned to work prematurely after holidays. Told,Puss of my shingle recommendations •
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• • rhe other local paper Dem Tull published the news about Restoration's .
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award: Kingston having 'some of of the Pacific'. This news
•
Damaris began the new test trench (4) south of the Lion's Club drive, •
having .finished test trench 3. Some large qranched formations of calc~renite were found, as in other trenches, resembling large coral •
growths. Similar formations are to be found at Point Hunter, possibly of •
plant origin when the fossil dunes were formed: the laminations ·due to - '
the deposition of lime in solution over a long time span. As these • •
formations were found mainly_on the sand pockets and not attached to -rock, it seems a case of secondary deposition. Some of the calcarenite had yellow inclusions, the result of decomposing pumice. Some artefacts found in the upper layers of mixed date. . · .
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October 1, 1983. Saturday. . '
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To Kingston and wprked out an improved trench numberin& system and · •
overhauled'the strata system. Finished recording the east side of the . . - . trench and marked out the trench~s on the western side of the road • . Established a level line from which to measure but almost instantly disestablished when.a tourist bus took a short cut up t~e htll. Hor?eS roam.about at will, snort into artefact bags hoping,for a feed. The cattle are mainly interested in the minerals in the freshly dug soil and feral choqks scratch the newly exposed soil for worms. These creatures h~ld no particular respect for the level ~ine, p~gs and .stratigraphy
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October 2. Sunday • ' • •
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I had previously told'the men that it was likely that we might find the bones of the Providence Petrel (Pterodro~a solandri), knowing that ·.
• • though the birds were caught on Mount Pitt, they had to be officially tallied and distributed in the principal s~ttlement (through which we were excavating). The calcareous soil is favourable in regard to the preservation of bones. • . . . Barley announced a 'major discovery ••• Bird of Providence·bonesl!'. They
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were in fact bird bones. Many more bird bones and skulls were discovered during the course of excavation in the Pier Area and some were later identified by Charles Meredith of Monash University as the bones of the Providence Petrel! (The results formed a part of his PhD thesis). Barley and Doug on trenches 81 to 84. We reached trench 90 by the end of the day. I was called away to Government House.
October 4.
. Franklin," Mick, Doug and Beef on the compressor removing more rock. Damaris on a new trench, few artefacts. I was called away to the Powder Magazine to record and to supervise the roof demolition and removal of the cement rerider (I found that the walls were originally roughcast, as were many of the Kingston buildings).
October 5.
Compressor work completed. Damaris completed her trench at 2pm but couldn't draw it up due to rain. I collected stratigraphic soil samples etc., from the Pier Street ramp length of the excavation. Pelly lays the pipes assisted by Barley, Doug, Franklin and Mick. The trench across the road quickly cut and recorded. The trench was back-filled by a grader. The remainder of test trench 1 excavated. Met Aunty 'Wick' Evans nee Buffett, Clive Chapman and Sid H Christian (again) in the evening and took lots of notes.
October 6.
We opened two new trenches along the route I marked out earlier. Damaris came across a compacted blue metal lense, disheartening? I set Barley and Beef on a trench I opened the other day. Doug sent with the kanga to the Powder Magazine (NMB). Checked the first shingles established on the Powder Magazine roof by Jack Anderson, assisted by Laurie Quintal (the first shingl~s for 20 years).
October 7.
Mick and Franklin on the Golf Club trench and trench across the road opposite the vacant block between Nos 4 and 5 Quality Row, so I had to supervise them and record in great haste. They did a very neat job on. the trenches, makes it easy to record. Was called away to examine the cemetery fence and I recommended split palings interwoven with wire. Later called away to examine the sand quarry, great wastage and dangerously close tq the action of the sea. Barley, Beef and Damaris continue excavating their respective trenches, not even any modest discoveries. In the evening Sid H Christian (Born· 1896) gave a very detailed account of shingling, fillfng in many of the . . gaps I had wondered about. Took heaps of notes. Met Edith Randall nee Christian (born 1910) and took more notes. Margaret Christian vis'ited .later ·(all three belonging to different family branches).
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October 8. Saturday. HMAS Freemantle. Turbulent sea, locals unload •. •
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To Kingston and caught up with the paperwork in the morning. Set up • •
trenches for drawing but was rained out. Continued work in my office. • •
some• metal objects for identif·ication. •
Peter Evans came by with •
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October 9. Sunday.
Partial free day with Damaris visiting locals but had to check a small excavation dug by the Lion~s Club. Introduced Damaris to Naomi Christian . .
nee Christia]:l and Marie Bailey whiie examining old pho.tographs ·of the ••
Pier Area. • • •
Ross Farrell of ·the Department of Housing and Construction, and Eric ' .
Martin of Philip Cox and Partners, Canberra, arrived by the Sydney • •
aeroplane. Staying at Aunt Em's also. Inform~l meeting with Ross; news • • · of financial problems, may have
Ross and I to evening Chapel. to.reduce Restoration etc. Sidl Jean, ·
• • O~tober 10. Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Show •
•
Damaris excavating. I took Ross and Eric on an official visit. to all the excavation sites and current Restoration work (the la·tter not generally· mentioned in this account, though my responsibility at the time). Long
·meeting. Late afternoon visit. to the Show •
• October 11.
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Ross Farrell had gruelling meetings with Puss and with the.head of Accounts (Ni Administration). The men upset with the threats of
• dismissals. • • • •
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I opened a.large section of the trench for ·Barley and Beef. Damar~s and .
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'I made shallow test trenches to make sure that the men could use the • • •
pick for the surface layer. Barley. found a flattened, copper, kettle . . ' . .. spout in the -hammer broken 'blue metal' lense (old road surfac:e, as it
• turned out). · ·
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October 12. • • • • • • • •
• Called away for a meeting with Ross, Eric and Puss at the Duplex.
• •
Franklin and Mick continued at the Golf Club excavation, mainly fill and "' . ' ..
• old· road layers. Barley and Damaris excavating separate trenches at the
' . Pier. ~any bi~d bones were emerging from the lower layers (as I had predicted) and also Chinese export porcelain. Of great significance. Barley found two·bird beaks. Took the President and. the visiting
•
District Governor of the Lion's Club on a tour of the excavations: very impressed and was promised the east half of the Surgeon's Kitchen for extra artefact storage. · •
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October 13 •.
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Contacted naturalist Owen Evans and Neil Hermes (manager National Parks II and Wildlife Service NI) and arranged for some of the bird bones to be sent to Charles Meredith of Monash University. Soaked the bones in formalin. Called to Government House regarding the draining of the swamp. Attended meeting with Ross and Restoration Team to reassure the Team of their positions (for the present) and praise them.for their high standard of work and help with the archaeological excavations. I kept the minutes and took a Team photograph. Later site visits with Ross, Puss and Eric to formulate future action. Barley, Beef and Damaris continued to unearth bird bones. Evening visit to Owen and Beryl Evans to show them-the bird bones and beaks.
October 14.
Barley and Beef on trenches 104-108 excavating a very fine calcarenite based sand loam with fle~ks of charcoal at a depth of 700mm, few find·s. This loam had been found earlier but not to such an extent, seems to represent initial burning off and clearing. Some deposits I suspected to represent a pre-European clearing. Arranged for Sidney H Christian (came with Leo McCoy) to speak to the Restoration Team about Norfolk shingling as he remembered it before about 1920. Called away to the Limekiln. Later joined Beef and Barley excavating. Keith Bishop donated a number of rat skeletons as I told him that I had identified some rat bones in the lower stratigraphy at.the Pier Area.
. October 15. Saturday.
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Damaris washed artefacts outside my office and made notes. I spent the day finishing off test trench 1; found a smooth, flat mortar layer. II Pondered the First Settlement material. In the evening began to draw up a First Settlement plan based on contemporary plans ·and diary
1 references. Marriage of Mick Sanders.
October 16. Sunday.
Doug Evans took me out for the day to visit the family homes and collect timber samples (in the hope of eventually identifying some of the charcoal excavated). To evening Chapel with Jean, Sid etc.
October 17.
Placed Barley and Beef on new trenches·. Barley convinced that the 'blue metal' lense ·belonged to a convict era (I eventually found enough proof that he was indeed correct •••• again and that it was·a road surface). Marie's Tours make regular stops to view the progress of the excavations.
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October 18. •
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Damaris, Barley and Beef continued as yesterday. Asked Burt Edwards to . -
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speak to Restoration at Munnas regarding shingles and what he remembered about Kingston of the 1920s. Called away to the Powder Magazine sev~ral
• times. Attended the funeral of Mr Bill Underwood. • • •
October 19. • •
Not much excavation this day. Barley splitting shingles.with the others' but we found the junks utterly useless. After. lunch we inspected the dangerous insides of two of the convict silos, convict period grafitti. Evening send off for Damaris at Aunt ~m's • .
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Oc.tober 20 ~ • • •
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Not much excavation took place because of the shingling. Howard and Dale •
Christian delivered some proper junks for shingling from their mill, . • thanks to their cousin Franklin (who had been helping me 'excavate earlier). Th.is was the first of the_ real shingle splitting and we all had a go at it. Recorded the junks and procedures for later reference •
--We saw Damaris Bairstow off at the airport. Colleen McCullough to ·dinner, very interested in the progress of the excavation.
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October 21. •
-Solid day of 'excavating with Beef and Barley.
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October 22. Saturday. •
• • • • • • • • • • . -Spent the day at Kingston searching for First Settlement clues ~tc. My . not~s on the excavation were published in the 'Norfolk Islander, lots of
• very positive feedback •
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October 23. Sund~y. • • -· • • •
• • Spent the day at Kingston drawing up ·trenches 78-90 and excavating. Some
• • interesting trends emerging which should result i~ clear definitions · between pre-European, First· and Second Settlement· deposits. Many locals
. . and touris~s came to see the excavations-and ask questions. T~ Chapel •.
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October 24. •
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• Puss and Felly assessed' tne trench for pipeline purposes. Barley and Beef. continued excavating. Kik Kik Quintal visited the site (Forestry).
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I continued excavating as yesteroay and discovered a post hole with charcoa~/ ash etc., in it, probably burned in the.conflagration of 18~4 (at the tim~ I thought it to be a bird burrow: Jack Ralph Quintal kindly pointed out that bird burrows are sloping). TonY. Church visited the
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site, we showed him some of the fish scales excavated from the lowest layers (he is undertaking an official survey on fish: worked out a system of determining the age of a fish just by its scales). Started drawing up trench 101 at the end of the day.
October 25.
Beef and Barley removing a calcarenite outcrop by pick. I opened a new trench for them, the top layer produced smoking pipe fragments, patent medicine bottle glass, ceramics, slate and shells. Called away to examine the shelving system of the Flaghouse and Privies. Later some very significant pieces of Chinese export porcelain were uncovered. Barley has a very keen eye and brain, I teach him about the classification of the different types of ceramics, glass etc., as he excavates: he remembers perfectly.
October 26.
Barley uncovered a largish trigger guard from a gun, had a small crown stamped on it. Rain from 12pm to 1.30pm. Many interesting objects emerging from the trenches, keeping us all keen on our work. In the evening prepared fee (weekdays only of course) and cost claims for Damaris and myself, to be lodged with the Department of Housing and Construction.
October 27.
Beef uncovered a former road of compacted rubble calcarenite. Many .finds beneath th.is road. Ed Howard persuaded Barley and myself to pose in the trench to be a photographed for his A to Z Guide to Norfolk. Beef later uncovered a brick fragment with a broad arrow.
October 28.
Only Barly and myself today. Found a human tooth, a complete bird beak and some buttons. Tony Church from the CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Sydney, asked for some of the early fish scales, he identified one as a Trumpeter. Called'away to the Golf Club excavation, Franklin, Mick and Jack Quintal working there. They had come across a fill deposit not far below the present surface crammed.with ceramics, glass, metal, bone etc., (the result, I later came to know, of the emptying of a long-drop pit and spreading the. contents about outside the garden walls).
October 29. Saturday.
Photographed trenches 95 to 135. Paper work in my office.
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October 30. Sunday •
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Excavated for most of the day,,trenches 128 and 129. At the lower levels found small pockets of pumice and lenses of water worn calcarenite •
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area across from the Royal'Engineer's Office). There were also some such pockets th~t included burned bird bones (Polynesian? or very ~nittal · European settlement; rat bones also found). Chapel.
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• October 31 • •
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Barley and Beef on different t~enches. Beef recovered quite an amount of •
Chinese export porcel.ain and 18th century in type ceramics (usually . associated with the Chinese ware). Helen McCoy, one of the founders of
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the ~istorical Society, visited with a large.photograph album and two framed maps.
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Joined Beef and Barl excavating. Laurie Quintal came to take me to the . .
excava~ion at the Golf Club: Jack Ralph; Doug, Mick and Franklin there: . Collected and bagged the material from that privy fill layer between 160mm and 200mm·to 300mm in depth.
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November 1, 1983. Melbourne Cup • •
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• • Barley, Beef and I c'ontinued excavating. I was introduc.ed to the new
• • Chief Administrative Officer, Ron Malcolm, at Munna 1 s. JQined the Restoration Team at Munna' s for the· race. Sadie Nobbs nee Fish die·d •.
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November 2.·The'Ile de Lumiere, off Kingston. Legi-sll;ltive Assembly sits • • . ' - . • • • •
·Excavated 'with Ba'rley. We hit a very.dense layer of charcoal; on one part was a thi~ layered deposit resembling lead (turned out to be sea buiscuit foil). The deposit seems to be an interface between the First a~d Second Settleme~ts. In the aftern~on Barley excavated (as he is excellent) and I sieved. Called to the Golf Club. The men showed me the finds, including a cup base with the initials 'HQ' scratched into the glaze (one of the Quintals lived ln the house until The Evictions of ·
· 1908). To the funeral with Marie McCoy nee Bailey. Later visited Daisy s • ' •
Buffett nee Rossiter with'Jean to inspect the old house. •
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November 3. Ship working at Kingston. . . . •
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• No ~ssistance at the Pier as the ship is working. Finished some paper
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work and then checked the·progress at the Golf·Club. The finds diminished as they progressed southwards. Later recorded the long,trench
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November 4. Ship working at Kingston.
No staff, so concentrated on Restoration duties. Visited Toon Buffett, Registrar, to check some old records.
November 5. Saturday. Ship working at Kingston.
Paperwork at Kingston in the morning. Excavated the base deposit in trench 129, found scores of small carbonized bones, some in the pumice deposits, the rest in the fine loam. Below the loam may be found water worn and decaying calcarenite. The rich loam and nativ·e snail shells prove that this area was once heavily forested.
November 6. Sunday. Had the day off. Chapel
November 7.
Excavation till 10am. Went with Restoration to Philip Island for the traditional Whale Bird egg collecting. Delicious.
November 8.
Excavated with Beef and Barley for the entire day. Received letter from Charles Meredith regarding the bones I sent. He identified the bones of the Providence Petrel, of an extinct ground dove and of an unnamed petrel. Very pleasing results.
November 9.
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Continued excavating with Barley. Few finds. Merval Hoare, historian, and Maria Buffett visited to see the excavation and artefacts etc. Called away by Puss to inspect the plans of the future sewerage system II at No 11. Later Chilla (Charles Buffett) helped us with the sieving. Met Harry Buffett. I tried to contact Ross Farrell regarding the outcome of
1 the IDC (Interdepartmental Committee) meeting. Dinner at Colleen McCullough's, interest in Restoration~
November 10.
Excavated with Barley and Beef, extremely hot in the trenches. Case of the salted trench, few finds otherwise.
November 11.
Work continued. Beef left Restoration today for Bundaberg, no send off. Appointment with David Buffett, Chief Minister of th~ Norfolk Island. Assembly and fresh from the IDC meeting in Canberra, to see if I were to be interested in forming an interpretative centre for 1988. Yes. Asked · me to.write up a summary of the excavation results so far.
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November 12. Saturday. •
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Wrote furiously so that David Buffett could have his excavation summary by 3.30pm. I gave David a tour of my office and some of the finds; I also wrote an account to be published in the Norfolk Islander, especially regarding the news of Providence Petrel b'ones etc.
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November 13. Sunday •
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Wrote a small tour guide of Kingston on 39 cards 'for Leo. Allan Tavener· • •
asked me to ~ave a detailed archaeological look at his newly purchased •
historic house at Longridge, to Evans and from Dr Specht of the
• . polynesian ffnds on the Island.
• November 14.
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be a house museum. Australian.Museum,
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David BuffeFt read my excavation account verbatim over the local rad~o, •
created great interest. · · •
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• Today I started Mick and Franklin on the 'T' trench, after.I marked it •
• • out. This trench commences at the main trench at a right angle to it and . . - -
terminates just below the top of the rise to the Lion's Club (Surgeon's . . . Quarters). Named 'T' trench because it commences from the mai~ pipe with a 'T' joint. Jack Ralph Quintal had joined my team and was excavating in Beef's place with Barley at trenches 140-148.50 (baulk). Mick and . .
• • Franklin soon got used to the stricter archaeological method and the
• sieving. Found some unusual smoking pipe fragments. •
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November 15 • • • •
• . . I gave Barley the basics of how to'record a trench, as he now knows just
' ' ., .. "' ab'out all the basi~s of-excavation. Franklin and Mick set up a frame
' with 2mm mesh, ~ery effi~ient: I was taken b~ surprise when they • •
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uncovered undoubted First Settlement deposits at a d~pth'of between ' 8 ' ill
200mm and 250mm. Laurie Quintal assisted Barley in the afternoon. Puss . • came over to·view the progress. With Chooma to Toofie's for some tradit
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· November 16. • •
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Excav~tion as yesterday. Franklin and Mick came across a'lense composed of pird bones, seen nothing like it. Mick conscientious and thorough, asked if each bone had to be'lifted out one by one; asked them to ·bag the entire deposit after the removal of the larger bones. Opened the trench right up to the,Settlement Gua1;dhouse (still commonly called the
·'Bakehouse'). Barley and Laurie took'the trench down to 200mm. · •
Photographed ~ore of the site. Found an anomaly in the trench numbering system from trench 125: fortunately all the finds bags were dated, ·
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initialled etc., and so the anomaly located and cor·rected. Gilbert • •
Jackson and also Tom Lloyd, editor of the Norfolk Islander, visited the •
site. •
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November 17. ·
Mick and Fra.nklin have just about completed 300mm to 400mm up to 'T' trench 9. The bird bones appeared in number by 'T' trench 8, some domestic animal bones (from salted provisions?) and some small fragments of Chinese export porcelain. Barley and Laurie also down to about 400mm.
We all collected some fish at the Slide, so to use the bones·as a comparison with those excavated. Barley gave me a lesson on the different types of Norfolk fish, which I listed on paper; later expanded the list thanks to Leo McCoy and Jack Quintal. My work reported in Dem Tull.
November 18.
Ra"in. Howard and Dale Christian delivered logs and cut them into junks and the Team split them into billets and the billets into shingles. Jack Anderson prepared a junk for splitting into palings. Anthony, on the work experience program, assisted Barley until the rain too heavy •
. November 19. Saturday. Fish list. Federal police/hockey team incident.
November 20. Sunday. Examined 'Branka House' in detail. Chapel.
November 21.
Mick and Franklin in the 'T' trench and came across some very crumbly brick fragments of a dark colour, locally made (these turned out to be of a ca 1791/1792 date, possibly rejects or rubble from the construction of the 1792 Government House nearby). Later the loam soil turned up the shells of endemic snail species, including a whole shell of Ad~ena sp from pre-Settlement times. Barley's trench tuned up a thick charcoal, interface between the First and Second Settlements, (Settlement fired in 1814) •. I excavated some of the deeper deposits. Puss and I spoke to Ross Farrell, Housing and Construction. I was-asked t~ stay on the Island until Ross arrived. Asked to prepare a statement of completion of works in KAVHA, even beyond 1992 'if need be'.
November 22.
Barley and I excavated. The clay fill (or slump) deposit gave way to sand, as I predicted. Chief Minister, David Buffett, visited the site and asked questions about the excavation and Settlement Guardhouse, (given the OK to be conserved).
November 23. Ile de Lumiere off Cascade.
Ship working. Worked with Mick and Frank in the 1 T1 trench. Mick helped me clean up· the trenches, perfect job. Excavated with Frank in the afternoon.
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November 24. Ship shifted to Kingston • • • • . . . .
Temporary full team as the ship shifted to Kingston. Charlie. Pat Adams •
and Rick Swansborough film us excavating from a moving car. Jack Ralph • Quintal planted among us for the shot. After lunch came across an ash layer ( 'T' trench) with bird and animal bones, pine bark, half carbonized wood, carboniz-ed corn cobs,· pieces of hoop iro'n. Carbonized .
• corn cobs were also trench, between the
found in First Settlement deposits along the main Royal. Engineers Office and the Settlement •
Guardhouse. · • • • '
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November 25. Ship working,.Kingston • •
• • • Excavated with Franklin and Mick at the 'T' trench, mostly neutral ,
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stratigraphy. Found the lower half of a crushed bottle under the convict road. • •
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November 26. Saturday • •
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Artefact sorting in my office. All the bagged material sorted in trench order. Barley's birthday. To David Buffett's for Archbishop Robinson.
November 27. Day out with Doug and the "Evans's. •
Sunday.
• November 28. •
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Franklin in the 'T' trench. Barley and I in t-renches 150-152 at the • 600mm and 700m with rich finds· of glass and ceramics·below the •
charcoal/ash and clay fill deposits. · •
November 29' • '
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Mick back. Continued as yesterday. Met Natal'ie French nee Quintal. · •
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• November 30. Thanksgiving Day. Public Holiday. Jean and I to the •
• Thanksgiving service at All Saints. Feast at Aunt Em's. Long Dorothy Bailey nee Christian (born 1902),·gave an·accourit of
talks with the
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Kingston Evictions of 1908 . . · •
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• • • • December 1,·1983. • •
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Mick and Franklin in trench 100, a curious interface as modern artefacts • •
were found to a depth of 180mm and yet finding bird bones at 200mm down • •
I. joined Barley in 153-158. Took photographs. Junny Pedel (donated a cannon ball found in the cliff at Little Cascade) and later Truck Adams visited the site. In the evening finished the copies of the 1842 map •
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December 2. Ile de Lumiere off Kingston.
Excavation as yesterday. Franklin and Mick find more bird bones. Barley and I unearthed some extraordinary ceramics, including Chinese export porcelain and 'cream' basket ware. Margaret Chr.istian and Rick Quintal inspected our site. Last day for Barley as he is on leave.
December 3. Saturday. Ship working, Kingston.
Sorted the finds bags all day at Kingston and compiled a list of them from about trench 125.
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December 4. Sunday. Heavy rain.
Ross Farrell and Eric Martin arrived on the Sydney plane during the afternoon. We went for an informal tour of inspection of Kingston and the material recently excavated. We drove past all the structures needing major work by March 1988 and duscussed the maintenance needed after that. S-W Mt Pitt with Jack Anderson in the morning, found the old mill.
December 5.
Rained all day. Meeting with Ross, Puss, Eric and myself at Munna's regarding the Settlement Guardhouse and the program to March 1988. From 10.30am until 5pm we constructed a list of all the buildings needing attention before March 1988. We debated all the contentious issues with good results.
December .6.
. Site visits and recommendations regarding erosion with Ross, Puss and Eric: erosion at the west side of the Pier; sea wall to the east of Munna's~ walls_ along mid Slaughter Bay, Salt House and Emily Bay-Point Hunter-Cemetery areas where in particular- I pointed out the sites of the m~st serious erosion.-Inspection of the Sand Quarry. Later Bounty Street, the Lumber Yard and Government House. Later supervised electricians (floodlights). With Ross etc., inspected the proposed parking facilities behind the Commissariat Store and then the walls arid ruins of Quality Row.
December 7. First Sirius Expedition.
The trenches still soaked but resumed work at 10.30 with Franklin and 0
Mick. I photographed the entire west side of the trench. Graeme Henderson, of the Western Australian Maritime Museum and leader of the Sirius expedition, introduced himself to me at about 12pm and filled me in on the aims of the expedition. It seems likely that some of
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• .. - · Photo 73. Those not shown in Pho1 71: back row with hat, Jack 1Bisl Anderson; front row, from left; Bob Gayten and Paul Osborn (Gove: ment House), George 1Steggles 1
.Le Cren, Jack Fraser (Bond); the . I
· -:last two are Franklin Randall ant : i
~~~·!·Douglas 'Rug' Evans.
_Photo 74. The Sirius expeditions 1brought the excavations to the forefront because of the First Settlement overlap. Volunteers et
~~g~~~ Standing from left: Mick Johnstot
W~~~~~~ Barley Christian, Jimmy Tavener ~~ ~~and Terry Arnott; front row,
Graeme Henderson (director of thE Strius Team), Ukoo Douran and Pu! Anderson. Terry Arnott was a meml of the visiting Team.
to 75. Divers that brought up large percentage of the Sirius terial: Barley Christian, 'True
1n••aur~, Mick Johnston and Terry rnntt; front row, Paul Brown anc
·----~~~~-- van Leeuwen. The latter threE with the visiting Sirius Tee
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the First Settlement material excavated may have come from the Sirius, hence their interest in the excavation. Also met Pat Baker. Afternoon recording but we were washed out by the rain. Heavy gale blew up.
December 8.
Excavated with Franklin and Mick. We almost completed the 'T' trench, lots of calcarenite stone and sand. In the late afternoon had a meeting with Graeme Henderson, Pat Baker, Myra Stanbury etc., at Munna's; showed them the research material I had. Pat showed me some photographs of artefacts from the Pandora. Exchanged information on artefacts. Fletcher and Frankie Christian dropped in unexpectedly.
December 9.
Mick and Franklin finished off the 'T' trench and helped me excavate Barley's old trench. We were sorry that this would be the last day of excavation together. Ross Farrell gave the Restoration Team an encouraging talk. I finished off at the trench at 5pm. Jean arranged for Aunty 'Wick' and Dorothy Bailey to visit me at Aunt Em's, I showed them the old photographs, asked questions and furiously took notes of what they said. Great company New insights into Kingston.
December 10. Saturday.
Recorded the 'T' trench and photographed it. Graeme Henderson, Pat Baker and Jennifer Amess came to see the collection in my office. Had a long talk with Jennifer regarding my work , will contact me in Sydney. Recorded the outstanding trenches. Ross Farrell visited at about 4pm. To an isolated valley with Macey Quintal to examine a chimney.
December 11. Sunday.
Collected my things from my office (Surgeon's Kitchen) at Kingston. Driven to the airport by Leo McCoy via Aunt Em's. Sat with Jennifer Amess (Department of Home Affairs and Environment, Canberra) in the plane and was strongly urged to write a submission on archaeological etc., displays, to attract Bicentennial funding for Kingston. Impressed with the restoration and archaeological on the Island.
Returned to Norfolk Island on March 20, 1984.
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• • • ' EXCAVATION JOURNAL
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S E TTL EM E H T GUARD H 0 U S E T 0 P I'E R S T 0 R E
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• (RECONSTRUCTED) • • •
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April 4, 1984 • • • •
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· The finds from the Government House excavation collected and stored in my office. (Surgeon's Kitchen). The trenches marked out from the Pier· Store to the Settlement Guardhouse, beginning with trench 0 at the Pier . '
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Store. The turf from 0 to 4, inclusive, carefully removed. The kikuyu grass in a.sand layer left over from theca 1978 restoration of the Pier
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Store: much of the mortar was mixed in this area. No finds to speak of. Puss Anderson selected Barley Christian and Douglas Evans to assist me.
. . Puss informed me of another trench needing to be excavated at the Old Military Barracks. Excavation in 100mm
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spits. Bags to be marked, PA SG - PS etc •
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the contemporary g·round, unless. otherwise stated •. • • • • • •
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.April 5. • •
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Laurie Quintal and Barley to assist me. Laurie.on tr 0/1, myself 9n 2 •
metal buttons •.
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and Barley on'3/4. Excavated to about 200mm. Several Re~ched a hard deposit of rubble calcrenite and then
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April 6. •
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' • Lower layer.s quite hard and difficult to remove. A second stone layer
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charcoal as part of the second stone layer at 470mm. Below this a thin sandy layer with First Settlement plaster and mortar, 47dmm-500mm, probably from a demolition; also ash and a fragment of pumice. Below this is the dark brown clay soil (seems to date from the first half'of the Second Settlement). ·
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April 7. Saturday. I Boxed last years finds from the Golf Club, Government House and all the I PA material. Cleaned and shifted the boxes into the east room of my office.
April 8. Sunday.
To Kingston to do some research. Peter Evans and later Jack Ralph Quintal visit. Ross Farrell,· Department of Housing and Construction, and Eric Martin from Philip Cox and Partners arrive on the Sydney aeroplane. They will also be staying at Aunt Em's.
April 9.
Barley and Laurie as on Friday. Wiped out by rain at 11.30. Washed finds at my office. One fragment with the lozenge registration system, Copelands Late Spode. Gave Ross ~nd Eric a tour of the excavations. I examined the Cox and Partners' plans for the Youth Centre and discussed details with Eric.
April 10.
Heavy rains last night. Barley started tr 15/16. Laurie and I, as last Friday. Between 400mm and 500mm, Laurie uncovered layers of burned stone and First Settlement plaster against the foundation of .the (1825) Pier Store (probably demolition rubble from burned First Settlem~nt buildings). Some early bottle glass. Tr 7 at 100mm, rock severely burned (lime kiln waste), below this is compacted calcarenite to 300mm below this. A large stone appears to have been part of a construction and has some association with the compacted calcarenite layers. Later washed artefacts and gave Barlley and Laurie cataloguing lessons. Kavha sites inspection (vague), Ross, Puss, Eric and· I.
April 11.
Rain and high wind. Laurie in tr 9/10; Barley in tr 12/13; Varman in tr 7/8 between 200mm and 300mm. Abandoned the trench at 1 pm, washing etc • Barley writes his first list of artefacts. Ross questioned me regarding Cox and Partners' render formula and of the various paints used, (constant problems with both). Puss receives memorandum regarding excavation.
April 12.
Barley and Laurie seconded to other work. Stormy weather. No trench work. I carry on with paperwork.
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April 13.
Laurie and Barley excavated a trench •
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from the 'T' trench (?) across the Laurie for two hours on tr 9/10,
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found pipe stems in the 'dirt' layer of tr 10. I excavated the east'side • •
of tr 7/8 (east of the flat stone in tr 7). B~low the tdp layer of '
crushed calcarenite were minor layers of clay with charcoal inclusions and layers of crushed rubble calcarenite (some flecks of charcoal, for example, at 430mm and·one handwrought nail found). Post holes (hollow)
• found directly under·the crushed calcarenite layer in tf 10 • •
Generally, ·there werE! no finds in the crushed calcarenite layers •.
• April 14. Saturday. •
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April 15. Sunday. •
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• • • Examined the cemetery; log frame erected at the east end of Murderers'
• . Mound, unsatisfactory means of halting erosion so often complained •
about. John 'Beef' Buffett returned to the Island. ·
April 16. Ile de Lumiere working. ' .
Barley and Laurie worked the ship. Cleaned the trenches and worked on •
the east side.of tr 6/7. Brown clay found to have charcoal throughout • and roundish lumP,S of blue silica but no other finds. At ab~ut 600mm
the ~lay began to give way to a 'sandy grit with sea shells and coral · fFagments. appears to be an Inte~-Settlement horizon; below which are
• • • • • • · sandy loams with·First Settlement inclusions.
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Interview wit~ Gaye Evans for the Chief Minister,, Quintal visited. .
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• April 17. Ship working.·
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• • Minister, gave.tour of site. Doug Evans.and Jack Ralph Quintal
• • • • excavating at the New Military Barracks. Collectea the artefacts and
• • • took measurements. •
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Barley and Laurie back in .the trench. Jack and Doug ·assisted us today. I opened trench 13/14. Many finds in tr 13. Barley reached a First Settlement bird bone layer. Swamped by visitors as the Flora and Fauna Society open their exhibition upstairs·in the Pier Store. .
• ·Barley uncovered three empty post holes in trench'12 under the silica and grit layers, possibly First Settlement. For the post holes, measurements taken from the surface o,f the cruslied calcarenite layer.
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. April 19. Barl, Doug, Laurie and Jack assist me. Another meeting wi~h the Chief Minister (and Dr Clark of the Queensland Historical Society). Marked the bags and examined the material uncovered. Ancient wine glass stem found. Barley started a new trench. To Laurie Quintal's, visit Arthur Buffett •.
April 20. Good Friday. Chapel with Jean.
April 21. Saturday.
To Mount Pitt area and found endemic snail shells similar to the ones excavated from the loam at the Pier Area, Kingston.
April 22 Easter Sunday. Morning Chapel with Jean. Jack, Dot, Peg etc.
April 23 Easter Monday. Examine NI ruins, homes etc., all day with Barl.
April 24.
Barley and I continue excavating. The trench deeper than required in order to understand the stratigraphy. I reached a thin layer of bird bones.
April 25. Anzac Day. Dawn Service with Jean, Kingston. Copied more of the Barnes Collection.
April 26.
Excavated as before. To Philip Island.
April 27.
Barley uncovered 'layers' of cobble s·tones of smooth basalt in a sandy loam deposit, possibly dislodged from the, later to. be discovered, actual cobbled area. Below the first of the cobbles uncovered, finds of a First Settlement nature, Chinese export porcelain, sheep bones etc. Trench 15 to a depth of 930mm: rich loam without artefacts but endemic snail shells found. Called away to do some recording at the Youth Centre (Protestant Chapel, Convict Barracks); Barley assisted.
April 28. Saturday.
Commenced drawing up the west profile of the trench, after establishing the levels. Many locals visit to see the trench.
April 29. Sunday. Visits.
April 30. Ile de Lumiere working.
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Barl, Laurie and Chilla working the ship. Doug and Jack Ralph help me •
excavate First Settlement deposits. Jack removed the tr 16 baulk to 400mm. Doug on tr 14, south end: into the sand and ash layer with English and Chinese ceramics, smoking pipe fragments, fragments of bark. The sand deposit is very soft in places.
• May 1, 1984. Ship working.
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Doug reached bedrock and began on the baulk. Jack continued as before • • •
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May 2. Legislative Assembly Meeting. 0
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• Barley back ~n tr. 16/17. The deposits were strange, material as if from a 'hungi'; basalt, naturally shaped, cobble stones with ash, 'animal,
. bird and fish bones, fish scales, parts of animal crania, egg shells,
" . . . (also something resembling part of a human upper dentition). Very deep
' ' . in the deposit we found a considerable dump of thin window glass; nails, • . '
charred timber and timber fragments. Some of.the 'cobbles' showed signs of intense firing, others·had obviously exploded, judging by the •
slithers: (that 'type of basalt can not withstand prolongued'fire). Further down in the deposit the glass fragments were larger. More
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May 3. •
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Trench 17 reached. bedrock.at 1.850m below the surface. The area may have •
been quarried during the early First Settlement as the bedrock in tr 16 was much higher and ·had a sheer edge to it when seen in profile. The
• · deposit described on May 2 (under the clay fill and from the first ·
basalt stones to be uncovered) was .very • •
shot pell~ts were.found ~nd wate~ melon . .
used. Barley began on tr 16A-c.·
. ~niform throughout. ~t 'the· b;,tse seeds. Flotation te.chniques
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• . I was called away .to the Old Milita~y Barracks at 10.30 •
• • • • • • • • • • • May 4. Three navy ships arrive •
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' . Laurie worked on tr 2Q/21, 100mm-300mm, working from the firehydrant in
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• • • front of the Settlement Guardhouse. Barley on tr 16A-C and found lots of fate 19t;h c~ntury/early 20th century ceramics down to 200mm, many fragments were founa to fit. Few finds between 200mm-300mm. Naomi •
· Christian had words with·me: brought some bus loads of navy people to view the excavations • •
Puss and I speak to Ross Farrell . ' over the telephone. I was called away to the Old Military Barracks. • •
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• • • May 5. Saturday. •
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• • • I drew up the rest of the western profile between 9.30 and 4.00.
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May 6. Sunday. Visit with locals.
May 7.
Barley on the trench to the main firehydrant line and-discovered a true cobbled surface, tr 16A-C. Laurie continued as before on 19/20. Called to the Old Military Barracks (OMB) when a cobbled surface was uncovered there also.
May 8. La Dieppoise, French navy ship arrived.
Rain and heavily overcast. Examined OMB Powder Magazine. Meas·ured more of the Youth Centre with Barley (because of the rain).
May 9.
Rained all last night. We found water pouring into the trench like a stream, yet the water drained away the moment it hit the bottom. A young Ghost bird was found in one of the trenches. As it was raining, I recorded more of the Youth Centre with Barley assisting.
May 10.
Barley and I excavating tr 3A/3B, next to the Pier Store. Laurie continued near the Settlement Guardhouse. Joined Doug, Mick and Jack at the OMB, they managed to put the pipe under the cobbles without disturbing them. Excavation there completed. At 1.00 back with Barl and Laurie.
May 11.
Laurie Quintal on the same trench. Jack Ralph Quintal in place of Barley in tr 3A/3B between 400mm and 500mm. Some First Settlement plaster, render and burned calcarenite; also some burned and warped glass, reminders of the firing of 1814 or mtdden m~terial? Above this was found fragmented rubble calcarenite, probably from the construction peri~d, 1825, of the Pier Store. At about 500mm, the natural(?) loam clay deposit appeared, (not of the 'fill' variety).
May 12. Saturday.
Plan drawn up of site for Flora and Fauna talk. Collect shell specimens to compare with those excavated. See naturalists, Owen and Beryl Evans.
May 13. Sunday. Methodist church. Visit locals.
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• Barley and Laurie continue excavation, I sieved. No major finds except for a part of an upper mandible of a goat (extinct on Norfolk). Called away to Golf Club; piece of the old crusher emerged .from the mechanical excavation of.the shed. Jack, Doug and Mick repairing walls at No 10. I
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spoke with Sergeant Carter (lives at 10 with his family) about his ceramic and glass finds ·
• May 15. • •
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Worked on tr 17/18. Miserably co.ld in the trenches. Dry and wet sieving • •
• • • Reached a depth of 1,870mm, ,being calcarenite-bedrock. Found bi-rd bones, • •
bottle and window glass etc. It was difficul~ to excavate 'and record at such a depth because the trenches are nar.row. Barley reduced the south • baulk •. . .
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Cold wind: Excavated with Barley and Laurie. We took down the remainder of the baulks and finished off some odds and ends. The trenches were formally'closed at 3 00. We took the artefacts, samples etc., to the east room of my office
May 17.
• Cold and a gale blowing. Recorded mor~ he ·could delay the laying of the pipes
• • Southern end.
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of the excavatiqn. Asked Puss if or otherwise, start ftt the •
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May 19. Saturday • •
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Cyclonic weather. One of tha Surgeon's Quarters pines base and leaning on the next pine. Lower Taylors Road closed due to fallen trees. Two roofs biown off. Spot . . • •
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snapped at the • • and .the Anson,Bay
damage at Kingston • but tlie trench profiles are very
• easy to 'read' due to the cleaning
• action of the heavy rains.
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May 20. Sunday. Chapel with Jean. • • . . •
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bad. Continued to update the Pier ~rea site plan, (the • •
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May 22.
Continued work on Pier Area plan.
May 23.
Washed recently excavated artefacts. Youth Centre interior recording. Pelly Evans laid the pipes in the excavated trenches but not yet filled • l.n.
May 24
Paper work. Recording Youth Centre.
May 25. As yesterday. Gave PA talk to Flora and Fauna.
May 26/27 Weekend. Washed artefacts and recording at Youth Centre.
May 28.
Finished recording the trench at 4.00. Checked the foundations of the Settlement Guardhouse, inconclusive as test hole was of necessity small (seemed to rest on piled basalt cobbles but as I would not remove the cobbles, they may just as soon have been a base for the cobble paving, butting against the wall at a lower level).
May 29.
Some final recording and then took photographs of the trenches, starting at the south end.
May 30. • .
Meeting with Puss to plan for restoration, conservation and archaeological work for the next financial year, (for Ross Farrell).
June 1, 1984.
In the morning Mick Johnston and Laurie Quintal filled in the PA SG-PS trench and removed the forming from the hydrants. I placed some coins in the trenches being filled. Cleaned artefacts. Puss and I did a detailed survey of KAVHA for the new financial year's 'minor works'.
June 9, 1989. Saturday. Ile de Lumiere arrived.
Washed selected material from the PA SG-PS tr 17/18. Last minute notes on the Youth Centre. Cleaned office. Left for Sydney
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Photo 77. Mr Amess, Jennifer Amess with (local) Peter Evans and young son John. Mrs Amess was instrumental in attracting Bicentennial funding once she saw the significance of the 1983/1984 excavated material. ...... ,,,.,..1){· -...
137
·,~.-~Photo 76. Barley Christian anc .. I
Beef Buffett (with sieve) in a 'publicity shot'.
Photo 78. As for Photo 76 but with 'Jorris'.
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·-----------------~----------------------------------·----'
Iv1 o t 1.~.l s IJ CI.AYTON VICTORIA AUSTRALIA .1168
TELEPHONE: OJ 541 08! f TElEGRAMS Monashw:( ;Hdboum< TFLF.X: Mor.ash AA }2..:9!
138 APPENDIX I
I DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
...
Mr. Robert Varman Aunt Em's Norfolk Island South Pacific 2899
Dear Robert
1 November 1983.
Those bones that you sent were very interesting. Unfortunately some came out of their plastic bags in transit and were separated from their labels. They are:
j( ' ' - \ Sample 4 (Cemetery Quarry) - Pterodroma pycrofti (Pycroft's Petrel,
never historically recorded from NI): skull, various limb bones. - ~uffinus pacificus (Wedge tailed Shearwater):
distal end of tibiotarsus.
Pier Area TR 105-7 - Pterodroma solandri (Providence Petrel) - culmen.
Pier Area TR 108 - P. solandr~: carpometacarpus, ulna. unidentified ~~~~~4~ly. turtle.
Pier Area TR 105-7 (0.43-0.45m) - P. solandri: humerus, ulna, femur, carpometacarpus, coracoid, furcula, synsacrum.
Cemetery Quarry -•
- Hemiphaga spadicea (Norfolk Island · · ground dove - extinct): distal end of tibiotarsus.
Pterodroma sp. medium-size (not historically recorded): ulna.
large broken larger tk~tv-
ulna Sula
is Sula (undescribed fossil species), ~"~o~~.~~, ~ dac tyla ta (Hasked Booby}. ' fty,
Loose material - 3 broken skulls of P. pycr~fti, probably from Pier Area judging from their condition; of a humerus of P. solandti, and a also all from Pier Area.
2 culmens and a distal end culmen of P. pacificu~ probably
The P. solandri material is of great interest to me as it was completely absent from my fossil sites at Cemetery Bay and Nepean Island, and I wondered whether the Providence Petrel of the First Settlement really was P. solandri (it was only described as such from paintings) but rather the unidentified medium-size Pterodro~ petrel that you have some material of and which was moderately common at my sites.
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The occurrence of two species never historically recorded from the Island (P. p_ycrofti and the medium Pterodroma) in the First Settlement I pier site is also interesting. It is important that you determine if this site is all First Settlement material or if, perhaps, older · sub-fossil material is also included.
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• As £ mentioned in my previous letter:, whi.ch crossed paths with
your bones, l would very much like to see any a11d all your first Settlement bird material,· not only to identify it. but also to"study its taphonomy. Tlli.s would me.nn keeping it for. some months prefer-ably, but its yolar material and I would return it as soon as you wished. · 1 would lLkc to vJrite 11p "the P. solandri material particularly and·
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you would, of·coltrse, be joint attthor on any publications. If you are interested let me knpw. I would also be very interested to see
• tour site description nnd stratigraphy for the Pier site. •
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· By tiJe way, where do you ~lan to iodge the bird material? Might . . . I suggest, if you do not have a preference, the National Museum here in Melbourne as this is where 90% of the Norfolk fossil material • • is.
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I 1 m glad to hear that your're attempting to'protect th~ Cemete~y · Quarry site - its very rich and deserves not to be dug up for buildings! Any bones you pick up there (or anywhere) are also of interest .
•
If you are sendlng material it is best to mark each bone w(th a field number in pencil or indian ink and place them, well padded
• with tissue or.cotton wool, in small boxes.or jars with lids, and pack these, again well padded, in a larger box. I remember containers being hard to get on NI - most of my stuff tame back in margarine · .
• containers. Let me know if you ne!'ld jars or boxes and I' 11 send some · across. •
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Preferably, of course, I would like to come across and work in. •
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• • the field witl1 you but as I said in my previous letter; this is unlikely • However. 1:i,·ul your nev finds I .might be able to convince somebody . to s~nd me ~ver. How long are you.going to be on the island, and when would be best from you~ point of view fdr a visit? January · next year would be ·best for me. ·· · . • •
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· Keep up the good work!
• Regards, · . . !L /) ~ ;'J' . . J1 / ;,~
(./z.-v:__:. ... 2::~:!.-fjd-. . •
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- . • Charles Meredith • •
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.~v1onash University CLAYTON VICTORIA AUSTRALIA 3168 . TELEPHONE: OJ 541 0811 TELEGRAMS: Monashuni Me/bournt
TELEX: Monash AA 32691
140
APPEt-lD I X II
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
,
• •
Mr Robert Varman 7 Allen Street Glebe Point New South Wales 2037
Dear Robert,
27 June 1984
Thanks very much for the bones. They are mostly Bird-of-Providence, but include some pigeon, parrot and shore-birds. Yes, I am always keen to have more material whenever possible. I have begun measuring the Bird-of-Providence bones and will put pen to paper about them as soon as I have completed this. The rat is the Pacific Rat Rattus exulans.
The "turtle" bone has.turned out not to be turtle what it is.
I don't know
I forgot to return your photos in my last letter - they are enclosed.
An ETA is "estimated time of arrivaP!
Do you have a telepho~e number?
Best wishes,
(/ Charles Meredith
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