Kingdoms

Dr. Childs

Science Computer Lab

Winter, 2004

Concepts

• Types of cells prokaryotes & eukaryotes• Nutrition autotrophs & heterotrophs• Number of cells unicellular, colonial, &

multicellular• Reproduction sexual & asexual• Motility non-motile & motile

Types of Cells

• Prokaryotes– Cells lack nuclear membranes – No membrane bound organelles as mitochondria or

chloroplasts– Reproduce by binary fission– Includes:

• bacteria• cyanobacteria (= blue-green algae)

bacteria

Types of Cells

• Eukaryotes– Cells have nuclear membranes – Membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria

or chloroplasts– Reproduce by mitosis– Includes:

• Protista• Fungi, plants, and animals

Types of Nutrition• Autotrophs

– Organisms produce their own carbon compounds (sugars)– Energy from sunlight – photoautotrophs (includes plants and some

bacteria) – Energy from chemicals – chemoautotrophs (bacteria from deep sea

vents)

• Heterotrophs– Carbon compounds from other organisms– Fungi (include decomposers)– Protists and animals

Numbers of Cells

• Single celled organisms– Includes bacteria and some protists

• Colonial organisms– Some bacteria and algae – Single cells attached together– Earliest “tissues”

• Multicellular organisms– Specialized cells with different functions– Tissues and organs– Fungi, plants, animals

Colonial organism

Reproduction• Sexual reproduction

– Exchange of genetic material (DNA)– Male (motile sperm) and female (stationery egg)– Pollen and seeds in plants

• Asexual reproduction– No exchange of DNA– Common in plants– Includes:

• grafting or • rooting a branch in water• cloning in animals

Motility

• Motile- Able to move- Includes animals hunting – move actively

• Non-motile– Not able to actively move– Most plants are rooted– Consider that plant may have seeds that move

passively with animals (insects or birds) or with the wind

– Some animals as sponges motile stages as larvae but are non-motile as adults

Maple seed

Kingdoms

Kingdoms are major groups of organisms with distinct characteristics and are the most inclusive of the taxonomic classifications.

There are six generally accepted kingdoms: • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria• Protista• Fungi • Plantae• Animalia

Note: In many texts Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have been grouped as Monera.

Relationships Among Kingdoms

Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Earliest Life

Archaebacteria

• “Archae-” derived from “ancient” (as “archeology”)

• prokaryote, single cell• photo- and chemosynthetic• Reproduction by binary fission

• Exist in extreme environments:– Hot springs Yellowstone

deep sea vents (chemosynthesis)

– High salt Great Salt LakeDead Sea

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

Hot springs

Deep sea thermal vents

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria• “Eu-” derived from “true”• Prokaryote, single cell; some colonial• Heterotrophic, some photosynthetic• Reproduction by binary fission

• Common in almost all environments– Soils & water – Foods– Intestine & skin

• Extremely diverse– Many beneficial (produce cheese)– Few cause disease (= “pathogens” )

EubacteriaEubacteria

Penicillin

Bacteria

Isolation & diagnosis

Motile bacteria

Protista

• Eukaryotes• Many unicellular; some colonial; few multicellular• Asexual and sexual reproduction • Cellular Reproduction by mitosis• Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, and

some both• Includes two major groups - protozoa and algae

Protista - Protozoa• Mostly single cell• Mostly heterotrophic, some autotrophic• Many motile (cilia & flagella)• Many free-living

– Amoeba– Paramecium

• Includes medically important parasites– Malaria– African sleeping sickness

• Some symbiotic in termites

                                     

Paramecium

Protista - Protozoa

ParameciumAmoeba

African SleepingSickness Malaria

Termite symbiont

Protista - Algae

• Some unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular• Mostly autotrophic (photosynthetic) - Important source

of atmospheric oxygen • Many attached to substrate; some motile• Marine (salt water) and aquatic (fresh water)• May be ancestors of plants

                                     

Green algae

Protista - Algae

Green algae“pond scum”

Volox Colonial green algae

Kelp

Brown seaweed

Green seaweed

Fungi

• Eukaryotes• All heterotrophic • Important decomposers• Mostly multicellular with filamentous bodies• Some unicellular ( yeasts)• Asexual and sexual reproduction

Fungi

Mushrooms

Molds

Yeast – Breads

Ringworm – parasitic fungiPenicillum antibiotic

Toxic interior mold

Plantae

• Eukaryotes• Almost all autotrophic (photosynthetic)• Multicellular; tissues (roots, stems, leaves)• Asexual reproduction• Sexual reproduction (seeds & fruits)• Mostly terrestrial; aquatic secondarily

Plantae

Maple

Pine

Cactus

Moss

Radish

Cypress tree

Fern

Bluebell

And, finally …

Animalia

• Eukaryotes• Principally sexual reproduction• Heterotrophic – mainly food hunters• Multicellular - tissues and organs

– Development of a head and nervous system

• Usually an digestive tract

Planaria

AnimaliaJellyfish

Starfish

Mammal

FishInsect

Earthworm

Hermit crab

Sponge