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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Chapter 21Chapter 21
What are Protists?What are Protists?
Protists are Protists are eukaryoteseukaryotes that are not members of that are not members of the Kingdoms: the Kingdoms: Plantae, Plantae, Animalia, or FungiAnimalia, or Fungi
Protists are generally Protists are generally unicellularunicellular
Protists can be Protists can be heterotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs, autotrophs, or decomposersor decomposers
ClassificationClassification Protists are a very diverse groups of organismsProtists are a very diverse groups of organisms
Different groups of Protists evolved independently Different groups of Protists evolved independently from archaebacteriafrom archaebacteria
Protists are generally classified by the way they Protists are generally classified by the way they obtain food. There are three main categories of obtain food. There are three main categories of ProtistsProtists
Animal-like (Protozoa)Animal-like (Protozoa) Plant-like (Algae)Plant-like (Algae) Fungus-like Fungus-like
Animal-Like Protists Animal-Like Protists ((Protozoans)Protozoans)
Classified by their method of Classified by their method of movementmovement..
There are four phyla of ProtozoansThere are four phyla of Protozoans ZooflagellatesZooflagellates SarcodinesSarcodines CiliatesCiliates SporozoansSporozoans
ZooflagellatesZooflagellates
Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists
Use Use Flagella Flagella to moveto move
AbsorbAbsorb food through food through their cell membranetheir cell membrane
Live in lakes, streams, Live in lakes, streams, and inside other and inside other organismsorganisms
Form the basis of many food chainsForm the basis of many food chains
Asexual reproduction by means of Asexual reproduction by means of binary binary fissionfission
Ex. Ex. GiardiaGiardia- water borne protozoa that - water borne protozoa that causes severe causes severe intestinal distressintestinal distress TrichonymphaTrichonympha –helps termites –helps termites digest digest
woodwood
SarcodinesSarcodines Animal-likeAnimal-like Use Use pseudopods pseudopods for feeding and for feeding and
movementmovement Asexual reproduction by means Asexual reproduction by means
of of binary fissionbinary fission Ex. Ex. AmoebaAmoeba
CiliatesCiliates Use Use CiliaCilia for feeding for feeding
and movementand movement
Cilia- short hairlike Cilia- short hairlike projectionsprojections
Found in lakes, streams, Found in lakes, streams, and oceansand oceans
Use self-defense mechanisms known as a Use self-defense mechanisms known as a trichocysttrichocyst
Reproduce by Reproduce by binary fission binary fission and and conjugationconjugation
Ex. Ex. ParameciumParamecium
SporozoansSporozoans Do not move Do not move on their ownon their own
Considered Considered parasitesparasites
Complex life cycle, involve Complex life cycle, involve more than one hostmore than one host
Reproduce by sporozoitesReproduce by sporozoites Attach to host, penetrate it, Attach to host, penetrate it,
and live within itand live within it
Ex. Ex. Pneumocystis cariniiPneumocystis carinii. – . – causes causes pneumoniapneumonia in in AIDS AIDS patientspatients Plasmodium vivaxPlasmodium vivax – causes – causes
malariamalaria
DiseasesDiseases Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases,
including malaria and including malaria and African sleeping diseaseAfrican sleeping disease MalariaMalaria
300-500 million people suffer from Malaria300-500 million people suffer from Malaria 2 million 2 million diedie each year each year PlasmodiumPlasmodium causes malaria causes malaria Female Female AnophelesAnopheles Mosquito Mosquito is the carrieris the carrier
Malaria Life-cycleMalaria Life-cycle
Other DiseasesOther Diseases
ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis [ [Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii] ]
- Caused by eating - Caused by eating raw meatraw meat
- May become infected through the- May become infected through the
handling of handling of cat litter boxescat litter boxes
- Symptoms are similar to the - Symptoms are similar to the fluflu. .
- Especially - Especially hazardous hazardous to pregnant to pregnant women, may cause eye damage in women, may cause eye damage in the the fetusfetus
More DiseasesMore Diseases
African African SleepingSleeping sickness sickness FatalFatal Caused by the bite of a Caused by the bite of a
tsetse flytsetse fly
Amebic Amebic DysenteryDysentery Causes severe Causes severe diarrheadiarrhea
Plantlike ProtistsPlantlike Protists
Contains green pigment Contains green pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll
Carries out Carries out photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Highly Highly mobilemobile
EuglenophytesEuglenophytes PlantlikePlantlike
Two flagellaTwo flagella
Has Has eyespoteyespot Helps find Helps find
sunlightsunlight
No Cell WallNo Cell Wall, but , but has a pelliclehas a pellicle
Ex. -Ex. - EuglenaEuglenaeyespot
DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates Can be both Can be both
heterotroph heterotroph and and autotrophsautotrophs, some are , some are both at the both at the same timesame time
Two flagella Two flagella – – causes to move in a causes to move in a spiral motionspiral motion
AsexualAsexual reproductions by reproductions by binary fissionbinary fission
Red AlgaeRed Algae Able to live at Able to live at great great
depth depth due to their due to their efficiency in harvesting efficiency in harvesting light energylight energy
Contain Contain ChlorophyllChlorophyll a a and and phycobilinsphycobilins ( absorb ( absorb blue light)blue light)
MulticelluarMulticelluar Lack flagellaLack flagella
Brown AlgaeBrown Algae ContainsContains Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa and and
cc as well as fucoxanthin as well as fucoxanthin
LargestLargest and and most complexmost complex
MulticellularMulticellular
Mostly found in Mostly found in shallowshallow coastal watercoastal water
Ex. - Ex. - KelpKelp
Green AlgaeGreen Algae Have Have chlorophyll a chlorophyll a
and band b
Store food Store food in the in the forms of forms of starchstarch
Very Very similar to plantssimilar to plants
Contain Contain cellulosecellulose in in their their cell wallcell wall
Human Uses of AlgaeHuman Uses of Algae -Often rich in -Often rich in vitamin C vitamin C and and ironiron
MedicineMedicine -treat stomach -treat stomach ulcersulcers, arthritis, and high , arthritis, and high blood pressureblood pressure
FoodFood --ice creamice cream, salad dressing, pudding, , salad dressing, pudding, candy barscandy bars, pancake , pancake
syrups, and eggnogsyrups, and eggnog
IndustryIndustry -chemicals from algae are used to make -chemicals from algae are used to make plasticsplastics, waxes, , waxes,
transistors,transistors, deodorants deodorants, , paintspaints, lubricants, and even , lubricants, and even artificial woodartificial wood
ScienceScience laboratories laboratories -Remember -Remember AgarAgar!!!!!!
Fungus-like ProtistFungus-like Protist
Like fungi, fungus-like protist are Like fungi, fungus-like protist are heterotrophsheterotrophs that absorb nutrients from that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying dead or decaying organic matterorganic matter
Unlike fungi, fungus-like protist Unlike fungi, fungus-like protist have have centriolescentrioles
Slime MoldsSlime Molds
RecycleRecycle organic organic mattermatter
Closely Closely resemble resemble amoebasamoebas
Multi-cellularMulti-cellular
Fungi- Chapter 21
The Kingdom Fungi
•Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls.
•These cell walls are made of chitin
The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many filaments called hyphae
Fungi Reproduction
• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually– The cells or hyphae may break
off and begin to grow on their own.
– Some fungi produce spores. This is a form of asexual reproduction.
Spores are Asexual
Fungi Classification
• Over 100,000 species.• Grouped according to their
structure and method of reproduction.
• Four main groups:– Molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi and
Imperfect Fungi
Molds - Phylum Zygomycota
• Has both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle
• Produces spores on structure called sporangia
• Example: Bread Mold
Bread Mold
Sac Fungi
•Phylum Ascomycota– Both a sexual and asexual phase in
it’s life cycle– Produces spores on structure called
asci which form on the inside of the cup
– Examples:•Yeast•Morels
Yeast
Morels
Morels
Club Fungi
• Phylum Basidiomycota– Both a sexual and asexual phase in its
life cycle
– Produces spores on structures called basidia
– Basidia are found on the gills that grow on the underside of a mushroom cap
Club Fungi (con’t.)
– Includes many edible and poisonous varieties
– Examples: Button, Portobello and Shitaki mushrooms
Club Fungi
The Imperfect Fungi
•Phylum Deuteromycota–No sexual phase of their life cycle has been observed.–Example:
•Penicillin
Penicillin
Ecology of Fungi
• Fungi are found in all ecosystems in all environments on Earth
• All fungi are heterotrophs– They cannot move to capture food,
but their mycelia grow into the tissues and cells of organisms.
– Many are saprobes, which obtain food from decaying organic matter
– Some are parasites– Some are symbionts
Fungi as Decomposers
• Fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms.
• Without fungi and other decomposers, energy-rich compounds would forever be trapped in the bodies of dead organisms.
• If these materials were not returned, the soil would quickly be depleted, and Earth would become lifeless.
Fungi as Parasites
• Some fungi cause tremendous losses of food and crops.
• A few fungi cause human disease.– Example: ringworm, athletes foot
fungus, yeast infections.
Ringworm
Athletes Foot Fungus
Symbiotic Relationships
• Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit.
• Lichen: An association between a fungus and a photosynthetic bacteria or algae.– Lichens are often pioneer species
Lichens
• Mycorrhizae: a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The fungus supplies the plant with water and minerals. The plant supplies the fungus with sugars from photosynthesis
Micorrhizae