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Kingdom Protista 2011 VERSION
A. General A. General CharacteristicsCharacteristics1. 1. Cell Type =Cell Type =
EUKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC (most have a cell wall)(most have a cell wall)
2. Cell Number =
Most are UNICELLULAR, a few are MULTICELLULAR (but lack tissues)
3.Mode of Nutrition =
Some are HETEROTROPHIC (Protozoa)
Some are AUTOTROPHIC (Algae)=
* photosynthesize
* all contain chlorophyll but might
not be green
4. Respiration =
AEROBIC
5. Reproduction =
* Asexual
* Conjugation
* Sexual
6. Size =
*Most are microscopic
*Multicellular algae = macroscopic.
7.Habitat =
*Aquatic environments (freshwater and marine)
*Very moist terrestrial areas
*Some are parasites
B.B.Autotrophic Protists = Autotrophic Protists =
ALGAEALGAE
All contain the green pigment All contain the green pigment
CHLOROPHYLLCHLOROPHYLL that is used during that is used during the process of the process of PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. CHLOROPHYTA1. CHLOROPHYTA((TheThe green green algaealgae, , but some arebut some are NOTNOT green!)green!)
• Largest and most Largest and most diverse groupdiverse group
• Can be a unicellular and Can be a unicellular and solitary.solitary.
ExampleExample = = ChlamydomomasChlamydomomas
b.b. Some are Some are unicellular and unicellular and live in groups live in groups called called coloniescolonies..
ExampleExample == VolvoxVolvox
c.c. Some are Some are unicellular and unicellular and form thread-like form thread-like colonies called colonies called filamentsfilaments..
Example =Example = SpirogyraSpirogyra
d. Some are d. Some are multicellularmulticellular..
Example =Example = Sea Sea LettuceLettuce
2. 2. PHAEOPHYTAPHAEOPHYTA The Brown The Brown AlgaeAlgaea.a. Found in Found in coolcool, , shallowshallow marine marine
waterswaters
bb. Commonly called . Commonly called seaweedsseaweeds
c. c. Brownish-green Brownish-green in color due in color due toto fucoxanthin fucoxanthin pigmentpigment
KELPKELPLargest AlgaeLargest Algae
Can grow as long Can grow as long as 30 metersas 30 meters
Ecologically Ecologically importance = importance = provides a provides a habitat for many habitat for many organismsorganisms
Kelp Mowing
Boat
PHAEOPHYTAPHAEOPHYTA
• A man holding a A man holding a piece of giant kelppiece of giant kelp
• Blades can be seen Blades can be seen on the righton the right
d. Other examples =d. Other examples =
Rock WeedRock Weed
and and
SargassumSargassum
3. 3. RHODOPHYTARHODOPHYTA(The (The REDRED algae) algae)
a.a. Marine environments from the Marine environments from the surfacesurface to depths of to depths of 170 meters170 meters
b.b. Can grow in deep waters with Can grow in deep waters with lowlow amounts of amounts of sunlightsunlight due to due to redred pigment. pigment.
c.c. Examples = Examples = Dulse, Agardhiella, Dulse, Agardhiella,
PorphyraPorphyra
3. RHODOPHYTA3. RHODOPHYTA
DulseDulse
• A A red algaered algae
• Excellent source Excellent source of Bof B66, B, B1212, Iron, , Iron, and flourideand flouride
4. EUGLENOPHYTA4. EUGLENOPHYTAExample = Example = EUGLENAEUGLENA
a.a. Dominant pigment = chlorophyllDominant pigment = chlorophyll
bb. . Have a Have a redred eyespoteyespot that enables that enables euglena to detect euglena to detect lightlight..*Use *Use photosynthesisphotosynthesis to make food to make food
when light is presentwhen light is present
*Are *Are heterotrophicheterotrophic and absorb food if and absorb food if
no light is presentno light is present
c.c. Have a single Have a single flagellumflagellum to to move through the watermove through the water
d. Have d. Have contractile vacuolescontractile vacuoles organelles that squeeze excess organelles that squeeze excess water out of the organism that water out of the organism that has entered by osmosis has entered by osmosis (maintain osmotic balance = (maintain osmotic balance = homeostasis)homeostasis)
4. EUGLENOPHYTA4. EUGLENOPHYTA
DO NOT WRITE!DO NOT WRITE!PYRROPHYTA PYRROPHYTA oror DINOFLAGELLATADINOFLAGELLATA* * The The firefire algae (Ex. = algae (Ex. = PeridiniumPeridinium))
a.a. Known as the Known as the DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates due to due to the presence of flagella and a covering the presence of flagella and a covering of thick plates .of thick plates .
b.b. Some are capable of Some are capable of BioluminescenceBioluminescence
= the ability to chemically produce a= the ability to chemically produce a
glowing glowing light (usually light (usually greengreen or or blueblue))
DO NOT WRITE!DO NOT WRITE!CHRYSOPHYTACHRYSOPHYTA
* The * The Golden/BrownGolden/Brown Algae Algae
Examples = Examples = DiatomsDiatoms (group common name)(group common name)
a.a. Most commonMost common algae found in algae found in freshwater and marine freshwater and marine environments. environments.
b. Cell walls contain b. Cell walls contain silica silica
DiatomsDiatoms
Start Writing Again!Start Writing Again!C. PHYLA OF C. PHYLA OF PROTOZOANSPROTOZOANS
**Called the Called the animal-likeanimal-like protists protists because the cannotbecause the cannot
photosynthesizephotosynthesize and and mostmost areare motile.motile.
1. CILIOPHORA1. CILIOPHORAFeatured creature = Featured creature = ParameciumParamecium
a.a. Unicellular Unicellular
b. covered with short, hair-like b. covered with short, hair-like structures called structures called cilia = to move.cilia = to move.
c. Cilia also line the c. Cilia also line the oral grooveoral groove to to help them eat.help them eat.
d. d. Food is then stored in a Food is then stored in a food food vacuole. vacuole.
e. Havee. Have two nucleitwo nuclei::
* a * a macronucleusmacronucleus = = controls controls
daily activitiesdaily activities
* a * a micronucleusmicronucleus = = used used duringduring
reproductionreproduction
PARAMECIUMPARAMECIUM
* Covered with cilia
* Stained to show two nuclei
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
2. SARCODINA 2. SARCODINA oror
RHIZOPODARHIZOPODAExample = Example = AmoebaAmoeba
a.a.Unicellular, no definite Unicellular, no definite shapeshape; “shape ; “shape shifters”shifters”
b.b.Projections caused by the Projections caused by the cytoplasm pushing on the cytoplasm pushing on the cell membrane =cell membrane =
PseudopodsPseudopodsUse for:Use for:
* * MovementMovement
* * FeedingFeeding = = surround and surround and engulfs engulfs
food in a process known as food in a process known as
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis. .
Amoeboid PhagocytosisAmoeboid Phagocytosis
Pseudopod
Food
AmoebaAmoeba
*see diagram for structures*see diagram for structures
D. IMPORTANCE OF D. IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTSPROTISTS
1.1.POSITIVESPOSITIVES
a. a. AlgaeAlgae produce approx. produce approx.
70 – 90%70 – 90% of the earth’s of the earth’s oxygenoxygen..
MORE POSITIVESMORE POSITIVES
b. b. Many are Many are edibleedible
((examples =examples = Kelp, Dulse, Nori, Kelp, Dulse, Nori, Wakame, SpirulinaWakame, Spirulina).).
Excellent source of a of Excellent source of a of ironiron, , iodineiodine, , calciumcalcium, , B12B12, ,
amino acidsamino acids……………………
c. c. BrownBrown algaealgae = =
Source of Source of AlginAlgin, , Alginate and Alginate and
Alginic acidAlginic acid = =
extracted from the algae and extracted from the algae and used as an used as an emulsifieremulsifier in products in products such as such as ice cream, milk, baked ice cream, milk, baked goods, cosmetics, dressings, goods, cosmetics, dressings,
yogurt, cat foodyogurt, cat food…..…..
d.d.Red AlgaeRed Algae = =
Source of Source of CarrageenanCarrageenan andand agaragar = extracted and used as a = extracted and used as a
thickenerthickener in in jellies, icing, jellies, icing, pastries, dairy products, pastries, dairy products,
lotions, paints, hair lotions, paints, hair products, cosmeticsproducts, cosmetics..
AgarAgar is also used as a is also used as a medium to grow bacteria medium to grow bacteria
and fungiand fungi
e. e. Diatomaceous EarthDiatomaceous Earth ((diatomitediatomite) = ) =
microscopic shells of dead microscopic shells of dead diatoms diatoms can be mined and used can be mined and used inin filters filters to trap fine particlesto trap fine particles
and as aand as a fine fine abrasive abrasive in in cleaners such ascleaners such as toothpaste toothpaste and metal polishes. and metal polishes. Also Also found infound in insecticides insecticides andand
insulation.insulation.
f.f. Autotrophic protists are at Autotrophic protists are at the base (producers) of all the base (producers) of all
aquatic food chainsaquatic food chains
*Referred to as *Referred to as PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton..
EE. . NegativesNegatives
• Sometimes protists are harmful!Sometimes protists are harmful!
a.a.Some are Some are pathogenspathogens
PathogenPathogen: : DiseaseDisease::
Plasmodium = Plasmodium = MalariaMalaria (mosquito vector) (mosquito vector)
TrypanosomeTrypanosome = = African Falling SicknessAfrican Falling Sickness (tsetse fly vector)(tsetse fly vector)
ToxoplasmaToxoplasma = Toxoplasmosis = Toxoplasmosis
GiardiaGiardia = Giardiasis= Giardiasis
An amoebaAn amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica)(Entamoeba histolytica) == Amebic Amebic DysenteryDysentery
An amoebaAn amoeba (Naegleria fowleri)(Naegleria fowleri) = = Brain-eating Brain-eating AmoebaAmoeba
b.b. Some secrete Some secrete toxinstoxins that that contaminate the water and can kill contaminate the water and can kill fish and mammals. = fish and mammals. =
RED TIDERED TIDE* If contaminated shellfish * If contaminated shellfish (mussels, clams, oysters, scallops) (mussels, clams, oysters, scallops) are consumed, a human can suffer are consumed, a human can suffer from:from:
Amnesia, Diarrhea, or Amnesia, Diarrhea, or ParalysisParalysis
When large numbers ofWhen large numbers of
the dinoflagellates (algal the dinoflagellates (algal
bloom) secrete abloom) secrete a
neurotoxin, it is known neurotoxin, it is known as aas a
Red TideRed Tide..
The toxin can The toxin can accumulateaccumulate
in filter feeders, such asin filter feeders, such as
shellfish (= mussels,shellfish (= mussels,
clams, oyster), and clams, oyster), and poison poison
people who eat them. people who eat them.
c.c. Extreme population Extreme population explosions = explosions = Algal BloomsAlgal Blooms can pollute water.can pollute water. The algae grow in large numbers The algae grow in large numbers which:which:
* Blocks * Blocks sunsun to other autotrophs. to other autotrophs.
* Results in a population explosion of * Results in a population explosion of
BacteriaBacteria in the water when the algae in the water when the algae
dies. Bacteria then deplete thedies. Bacteria then deplete the
OxygenOxygen supply in the water. Other supply in the water. Other
aerobic organisms then die. aerobic organisms then die.
ALGAL BLOOMALGAL BLOOM
ALGAL BLOOMALGAL BLOOM
Trypanosomes Trypanosomes in a blood in a blood
smearsmear
* * trypanosometrypanosome
ss stained stained purplepurple
44. . SPOROZOA SPOROZOA oror APICOMPLEXA APICOMPLEXAExample: Example: PlasmodiumPlasmodium
a.a. All are All are parasiticparasitic
b.b. Non-motileNon-motile
c.c. Reproduce by creating Reproduce by creating sporesspores
dd. Plasmodium causes . Plasmodium causes MalariaMalaria*Vector = *Vector = AnophelesAnopheles mosquito mosquito*Plasmodium destroys *Plasmodium destroys redred blood cellsblood cells*515 million cases annually with 1-3 *515 million cases annually with 1-3 million deaths annually in tropical and million deaths annually in tropical and subtropical areas.subtropical areas.
Plasmodium falciparumPlasmodium falciparum
