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KINGDOM PLANTAE
Think of three ways a plant cell is different from an animal cell.
PLANT CELLSWHAT TYPE OF CELLS
ARE PLANT CELLS?
EUKARYOTIC
Nucleus
PLANT CELLSCell Wall
The cell wall is made primarily of CELLULOSE, a complex carbohydrate.
• Keeps the cell from rupturing
• Prevents water loss
• Shape and protection
PLANT CELLS
Vacuole
Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials.
PLANT CELLSChloroplast
The chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food (glucose) to store.
They contain the photosynthetic pigment, CHLOROPHYLL. This primary photoreceptor absorbs the light energy.
CHLOROS- “green”, PHYLLON- “leaf”
ALL PLANTS:
are
(also called producers) because they can produce their own food.
6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2
PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONRoots:Anchors the plant
Collects water and nutrients for plant
Cannot carry out photo.
ROOTS
Stem: Above ground
Transports nutrients
If green, can photosynthesizeSTEM
Leaves:
LEAVES
Major Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Remember Capillary Action and Adhesion
• Carbon Dioxide moves in and Oxygen and water move out of a leaf through the stomata, which are located on the top and bottom of the leaf.
LEAVES
• Guard cells are tiny cells that surround and control whether the stomata are open or shut.
LEAVES
• The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration.
TranspirationTranspiration• If the plant has enough water and
some needs to leave through
transpiration, the stomata open.
LEAVES
TranspirationTranspiration• If the plant needs to
retain water, the stomata close, so water won’t leave.
LEAVES
What are the two types of plants?1. Non-vascular:
2. Vascular:
No true roots, stems, or leaves.
No vessels (or vascular tissue) inside the plant to move materials and water around
Receive water through osmosisLiverwort
Has vessels (vascular tissues) to transport water and food
More complex
Don’t have to live in or right next to bodies of water.
Fern
Gymnosperm, Conifer Angiosperm, Flowering
Moss
VASCULAR, SEEDLESS PLANTS
INCLUDES:
FERNS CLUB MOSS HORSETAILS
THEY HAVE XYLEM AND PHLOEM
THEY REPRODUCE BY SPORES
These require water for reproduction
Sorus- bundles of spores on the fern’s leaves
VASCULAR, SEED PLANTS
There are two groups of vascular seed plants: Neither of these require water for reproduction
GYMNOSPERMS “CONIFERS”
ANGIOSPERMS “FLOWERING”
•Produce seeds that are not protected by an ovary
•Do NOT produce flowers or fruit
•Produce Cones
•Produce protected seeds
•ALL produce flowers and fruit
•Fruit is a ripened ovary with seeds in it
VASCULAR TISSUES
The two types of vascular tissue is Xylem and Phloem
Xylem: Carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to the stems and leaves
Phloem: Carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other parts of the plant
ANGIOSPERM
A flower’s structure is genetically determined and usually made up of four kinds of organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.
Petals
•Petals are usually the colorful structures at the top of a flower stem.
ANGIOSPERM
• Sepals are usually leaf-like and circle below the petals.
ANGIOSPERM: The Male Reproductive Parts
• The male reproductive part of the flower includes the filament (tube) and anther (where
the pollen is.
Filament
• The entire male part is called the stamen.
Anther
Stamen
Pistil
ANGIOSPERM: The Female Reproductive Parts
• The pistil is the female organ of the flower.
• The bottom portion of the pistil is the ovary, a structure that contains ovules (eggs).
Ovary
Style
Stigma
FERTILIZATION
Pollen grain
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Egg cells
• As the seeds develop, the surrounding
ovary enlarges and becomes
the fruit.
Seeds have different ways of dispersing into the environment.
How do the following disperse?• Wind
• Water
• Consumption• On fur
• Tropism is a plant’s growth response to a directional external stimulus.
• The tropism is called negative if the plant grows away from the stimulus.
• The tropism is called positive if the plant grows toward the stimulus.
PLANT RESPONSES
WE WILL LOOK AT THREE TYPES OF TROPISM
The growth of a plant toward light is called phototropism.
TROPISM
Gravitropism is plant growth in response to gravity.
Roots that grow down into the soil are able to anchor the plant and can take in water and dissolved minerals.
TROPISM
Stems usually exhibit a negative gravitropism.
How do growing seeds exhibit both phototropism and gravitropism?
Some plants exhibit another tropism called thigmotropism, which is a growth response to touch.
• Because tropisms involve growth, they are not reversible.
• The position of a stem that has grown several inches in a particular direction cannot be changed.
TROPISM
Ivy is a good example of a plant that exhibits all three types of tropism.
• A responsive movement of a plant that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus is called a nastic movement.
• An example of a nastic response is the sudden closing of the hinged leaf of a Venus’s-flytrap.
PLANT RESPONSES
• Naustic movements do not involve growth.