Upload
abbigail-bothell
View
228
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Kingdom Plantae Notes
Mancheski 2013
Seed Germination• Seed Germination: Resumption of growth of the plant
embryo following dormancy.• Dormancy: period in which the embryo is alive but not
growing.• Steps to seed germination:
– 1. seeds absorb water– 2. absorbed water causes food-storing tissues to swell and crack seed coat– 3. the young root emerges and begins to grow– 4. the shoot emerges and begins to grow
What factors might influence seed germination?
Roots
• Function:– 1. Anchor plant in the
ground and hold them upright
– 2. Hold soil in place (preventing erosion)
– 3. Mutualistic relationship with soil bacterial and fungi
– 4. Absorb and transport water and dissolved nutrients to the rest of the plant
– 5. Store food
• Types:– 1. Tap root– 2. Fibrous root– 3. Prop root– 4. Aerial root
Stems
• Function:– 1. support system for the
plant body– 2. transport system that
carries nutrients– 3. defense system that
protects the plant against predators and disease.
– 4. produce leaves and flowers
• Primary growth: growth from the tip of the plant (Apical meristem)
• Secondary growth: growth in the thickness of stems and roots.
Stem Vocabulary
• Nodes: where leaves are attached.• Buds: where leaves attach to nodes.
• Xylem (heartwood) – old xylem that no longer conducts fluid but helps with support.
• Xylem (sapwood) – contains active xylem that transports water and dissolved nutrients.
• Vascular Cambium – a meristem that produces new xylem and phloem, increasing stem width.
• Phloem – a vascular tissue that transports sugars made by photosynthesis.
• Cork Cambium (Bark) – a meristem that produces the protective layer of cork.
• Cork (Bark) – contains nonfunctioning phloem.
Leaves
• Function:– 1. plant’s main
photosynthetic organs– 2. increase the amount of
sunlight a plant absorbs– 3. Adjustable pores help
conserve water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit
Leaf Anatomy
• Blade – thin, flattened part to collect sunlight
• Petiole – a think stalk that connects the blade to the stem
• Stomata – small openings in the epidermis that allow carbon dioxide, water and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
Leaf Vocabulary
• Photosynthesis – process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates
• Transpiration – loss of water though the leaves• Wilting – the loss of water in the central
vacuole of the plant cell, and therefore, loss of pressure.
Homeostasis
• Plants maintain homeostasis by keeping their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water.
Flowers
• Function:– Flowers are reproductive organs that are
composed of four different kinds of specialized leaves.
Flower parts• Stamen – male parts of a flower
– Anther – produces pollen grains– Filament – stalk that has the
anther at its tip• Carpels – female parts of a flower
– Ovary – produces the eggs (ovules)
– Style – stalk that contains the stigma at its tip
– Stigma – sticky structure used to capture pollen
• Petal – used to attract pollinators to the plant
• Sepal – enclose the bud before it opens and protects the flower
Fruits
• As angiosperm seeds mature, ovary walls thicken to form a fruit that encloses the developing seeds– Strawberries, peanuts, rose hips, coconut