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Taxonomy- the field of science that classifies life into groups.
Systematics- studies diversity of life
It is the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history
Biological Kingdoms
Five (5) Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Monera2. Kingdom Protista3. Kingdom Fungi.4. Kingdom Plantae5. Kingdom Animalia
Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime mold
Monera
Carolus Linnaeus (Father of classification)
Swedish doctor
Wrote 14 books in 3 years
Fish book: 3,000 pages
Professor of Medicine & Natural History
Carolus Linnaeus
1753: published book describing World’s plants(Species plantarum)
Started naming process (Binomial Nomenclature)
Binomial NomenclatureSystem of assigning names to
Organisms where an organism was given two names (genus + species)
Loxodonta africanasLoxodonta africanas
Tiger = Panthera tigris
Leopard = Panthera pardus
Lion = Panthera leo
Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Black Bear = Ursus americanus
Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus
Linnaean Hierarchy
KingdomPhylum (or Division)ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Plantae & FungiPlantae & Fungi
Linnaean Hierarchy
“King Philip came over from Germany stoned.”
1. Confusing
2. Ambiguous
Disadvantages of using CommonNames;
Advantages of using Scienfific names:
1. Agreed upon system – One organism is assigned one scientific name the world.
2. Names are given using highly technical process.
Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
mule
horse
donkey
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom made of microscopic eukaryotic organisms.
Two main Divisions
1. Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)
2. Archaebacteria
Kingdom Monera They are:- Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria
Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria
Heterotrophic- Escherechia coli
Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).
Asexual reproduction
Kingdom Monera
anthraxanthrax
pneumoniapneumonia cyanobacteriacyanobacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria
General characteristics:1. They are Eukaryotic 2. Generally single-celled; if multicellular,
cells not organized into tissues3. Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms4. There are three (3) informal groups:- Plant-like (algal) protists
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Kingdom Protista
PHYLUM - KINGDOM PROTISTA
1. Phylum Rhizopoda (Euglenophyta)
2. Phylum Zoomastigna (Trypanosoma)
3. Phylum Apicomplexa (Plasmodium)
4. Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglena)
5. Phylum Oomycota (Phytophora)
6. Phylum Chlorophyta( Spirogyra)
Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus
Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
Amoeba
Cilliates
Flagellates
Animal-like Protists
TRYPANOSOMES PARAMECIUM
Fungus-like Protists
Downey mildew
Slime molds
Mildew
Water molds
Blights
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeGeneral characteristics:
1.Eukaryotic
2.Multicellular organisms
3.True tissues.
4.Photoautotrophic nutrition.
5.Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
6. Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
7. Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
Sea grassesKingdom Plantae
Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii
Mangroves
Kingdom Fungi General characteristics
1. Eukaryotic
2. Generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular).
3. Nutrition:
Heterotrophic
Saprophytic (absorptive)
Kingdom Fungi
4. Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories.
5. Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms, marine fungi
Shelf fungus
Yeast
Toad stool
Rhizopus
Fungus infection in fish
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
General characteristic:
1. Eukaryotic
2. Multicellular organisms
3. True tissues.
4. Heterotrophic nutrition
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia5. Most exhibit significant capacity for
locomotion.
6. Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
7. Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.
Phylum of Kingdom ANIMALIA
1.Phylum Aschelimnthes (Roundworms = Nematoda)
2.Phylum Platyhelimnthes (Flatworms)
3.Phylum Annelida
4.Phylum Arthropoda
5.Phylum Chordata.
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum NematodaGeneral characteristics:
1. Roundworms ~ cylinrical body with tapering ends.
2. They have Primitive body cavity (Acoelomate)
3. They have Gut only one opening which is Mouth& Anus.
4. They have No circulatory system
4. Nervous system
5. Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem
6. Many are parasites
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes Platy~Flat and Heliminthes ~worm
General characteristics:
1. Consists of Flatworms ribbon like worms.
2. Blind digestive cavity
3. Bilaterally symmetrical
4. Thin, simple circulation
5. Sensory organs at front
6. Many parasitic
flatworm
nudibranch
Phylum Annelida
Class Hirudinea
Class Oligochaeta
Class Polychaeta
earthworms leachesmarine worms
Economic importance of Annelids:
1.Earthwom (Lumbricus terresteris ) plays important role in soil formation,it is found in dampy or humid soil rich in decaying leaves and organic matters.
2.Leach of class Hirudinea is an acquatic blood feeder may play part in transmission of blood borne diseases eg Hepatitis C.
3.Marine worms form part of marine animals such as fish e,t,c
General characteristics:
1. Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
2. Most species; 80% are insects
3. They have Hard chitinous exoskeleton
( which must shed to allow grow)
Phylum Arthropoda
Characteristics…..cont…
4. Have Open Circulatory system with blood, heart
5. Have special gas exchange system
6. Have developed sensory organ including antennae and true eyes.
7. They have body segments and appendeges.
CLASSES OF THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
1.Class Arachnida
2.Class Crustacea
3.Class Insecta
4.Class Diplopoda
5.Class Chilopoda
Class Arachnida (Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks & Mites)
Characteristics.
1.Very diverse class
2.Most species parasitic or predatory.
3.Many possess book lungs for gas exchange.
4.Spiders are able to produce a strong polymer – silk.
Class Arachnida. (arachnids, horseshoe crabs & sea spiders)
5. Body divided into 2 regions– Abdomen– Cephalothorax (fused head & thorax)
6. Lack jaws (Do not have jaws)7. Have 6 appendages & no antennae
– First appendages form chilicerae (frequently fangs)
Class Arachnids
• Spiders
• Scorpions ??
Economic importance:
1. They sting producing very painful stimulus
2. They can play part in biological control
3. They produce silk polymer which is important raw material in textile industries.
Scorpions
Class Crustacea
Class CrustaceaCharacteristics:1.Includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish,
shrimp, & barnacles2.Appendages are often highly specialized3.Gas exchange is usually through gills4.Many species taste delicious in butter
( They are source of food across culture)
Some Crustaceans
Marine Maine Lobster
Crayfish
Crabs
Barnacles
05 Nov. 2009 Arthropoda.ppt 59
Crustacea…Economic importance:1. They are source of food
across culture.2. They are ornamental
ostracodbrine shrimp
mantis shrimps
copepods
barnacles
Crustacea
4.They are Carnivorous
Class DiplopodaCentipede:
1. Segmented body
2. Each segment with one pair of legs
3. The first legs modified to fangs (poisonous claws)
4. They do not have poisonous claws
Class Diplopoda
Millipedes:
1. Cylindrical segmented body.
2. Each segment carries two pair of walking legs
3. They are herbivorous & Decomposers.
Class Insecta– Class Insects:
1. Body divided into three parts (tagma)
• Head, thorax, abdomen
• Majority of all arthropods are found in this class.
Tagmosis
• Head (~ 4-6 segments) feeding, sensation
• Head appendages– mandibles,
– maxillae,
– maxillipeds,
– chelicerae
– antennae
65
Tagmosis
• Thorax (~ 3-6 segments) – locomotion,
grasping.
• Thoracic appendages– walking legs,
– wings
– chelipeds
Thorax is divided into three portion each of which carries one pair of walking legs.
These portions are:- prothorax,mesothoax and metathorax.
Class Insecta (the insects)
2. Far & away the most diverse of animal groups
– More types of insects alone than all other animal groups combined
3. Inhabit all terrestrial & freshwater ecosystems.
Success largely attributed to coevolution with flowering plants.
Insect Body Plan4. Insects have 6 legs ( three pairs)• 5. Body divided in to three parts
namely:-– Head– Thorax– Abdomen
6. Most insects have wings, however in many species these are vestigal (wings are found on the second or second and 3rd abdominal segment.
Characteristics cont…7. Have advanced
excretory system composed of malphygian tubules
8. Exchange gasses through a complex tracheal system (there are spiracles on some of the body segment)
VisionVision
9. Have complex compound eye which is usually extremely sensitive to motion and allows 3600 vision
• Most insects see well into the UV spectrum
Feeding / MouthpartsFeeding / Mouthparts
10. Insects usually have specialized jaws/mouthparts suited to their ecological niche
11. They have only one pair of antennae.
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
• Most insects undergo a process of metamorphosis - 2 types• Incomplete metamorphosis
– Larva similar to adult, with differing body proportions– Undergoes a series of molts resulting in adult phenotype
Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis• Larva is very unlike adult phenotype• Envelopes self in a coccoon or chrysalis where body
breaks-down and reforms into adult form.
Economic importances of insects:
1. Some insects such as Grasshopper they sources of food.
2. Insect larvae e.g. Army worms and Adult grasshoppers can destruct crops,
3. Vectors of diseases e.g. cockroach and housefly may be mechanical vector of gastro enteric fever
4. Termites destroy properties e.g. timbers at the same times they are edible.
5. Moth and butterflies are ornamental
6. Spider produces silk polymer which is very useful in textiles industries,
Phylum Chordata
Chordate Characteristics
Characteristics
• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)
Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes
Class Chondrichthyes
SubphylumVertebrata
Characteristics1. Posses jaws with teeth and bony skeleton. 2. They have paired fins that are equipped with
muscles and endoskeleton.3. They breathe by mean of gills and have 4 paired
gill arches covered by operculum3. Intestine- simple, no spiral valve4.They posses Swim bladder (air sacs)5. Lateral line
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
6. Homocercal tail
7. Body covered with dermal scales (cycloid, ctenoid sccales)
680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Class Osteichthyes
Domino damsel
Trigger (Humu)
Dwarf moray
Porcupine
trumpetfishAchilles tang
White mouthed
morey
Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold
Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Rana cancrivora
Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Sea snake
Marine turtle
Marine iguana
Saltwater crocodile
Class AvesClass Aves
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell
Class AvesClass Aves
Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones
Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Dugong
manatee
Sea otter
Whales & Dolphins
Polar bear
Seals & sealions
STUDY QUESTIONS1. What is the difference between a prokaryote
and eukaryote?
2. Which kingdoms are prokaryote and which are eukaryote?
3. Define a species.
4. How do fungus feed?
5. What are some key characteristics of mammals?