2 3 4 1

6 7 8 5

10 11 12 9

14 15 16 13

Are these organisms

animals or not?

Animal or not?

1

5

9

2

6

10

3

7

11

4

8

12

Typical Animal Characteristics

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Ability to move

Reproduce

Obtain food (heterotrophic)

Protection

Cell adaptations

Tissues, organs, nerves, muscles

Comparative Anatomy

Comparing and contrasting body structures between animals in order to classify them

Compare and Contrast the characteristics of an apple and an orange

Similarities Differences

1. Both grow on trees 2. Both are types of fruit 3. Both contain seeds

1. Apples can grow in BC; oranges cannot

2. Apples have brown seeds, and oranges have white seeds

Structure/Function Relationships

Determining how the parts of an organism are related to their function

Describe the structures and functions of a human hand

Structure Function

1. Skin 2. Muscles 3. Finger nails 4. Bones

1. Acts as a barrier 2. Allow finger manipulation 3. Protect nerve endings 4. Give the hand support and shape

Kingdom Animalia Organization

1. Invertebrates

No backbone

Exoskeleton; endoskeleton

95% of all animal species

Ex: Jellyfish, crabs, ants, earthworms

2. Vertebrates

Backbone (vertebral column)

Endoskeleton

5% of all animal species

Ex. Humans, frogs, fish, cats, elephants

Life Functions Feeding:

A. Herbivore

B. Carnivore

Respiration:

A. Diffusion (i.e. across the cell membrane; no lungs)

B. Internal transport (i.e. circulatory system; lungs)

Movement:

A. Sessile (don’t move around)

B. Motile (moves around)

Symmetry 1. Asymmetry

No symmetry; irregular shape

Cannot be divided into equal pieces

Difficulty moving in any direction

Often sessile

Live in water (suspends the organism; abundant food available)

Developed from ectoderm

Ex: sponge

Symmetry 2. Radial Symmetry

Can be divided along any vertical plane through a central axis into equal pieces

Has a top and bottom; no left or right

Allows animals to detect and capture prey in any direction

Developed from ectoderm and endoderm (2-layer body)

Ex: jellyfish

Symmetry 3. Bilateral Symmetry

Can be divided down its length into two equal halves

Has right and left sides

Ex. Butterfly, humans

Key Concept: Anatomical

Terms

Dorsal

Posterior

Anterior

Ventral

Anatomical Terms • Anterior – front(head) region

• Lateral – side region

• Posterior – end region

• Dorsal – top(back) region

• Ventral – bottom region

• Cephalic – head region

• Caudal – tail region

Anatomical Terms

Anterior (Cephalic)

Posterior (Caudal)

Dorsal

Ventral (belly)

Stages of Growth and Development

1. Zygote: fertilized egg

2. Embryo: the zygote divides by mitosis (8 cells)

3. Morula: a solid mass of cells

4. Blastula: a cell-covered, fluid-filled ball;

5. Gastrula: the cells on one side indent to form an opening at one end; gives rise to specific tissue layers in the adult

Cell Layers 1. Ectoderm: the outer layer of cells of the gastrula; outside

of the body (hair, nails, feathers, scales) and nervous system

2. Endoderm: the layer of cells lining the inner surface; lining of the gut

3. Mesoderm: the layer between the ectoderm and endoderm; develop into the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, respiratory system

Body Forms Further classified into:

1. Coelomates:

have a fluid-filled space between the gut and body wall

lined with mesoderm

specialized organs and organ systems

coelom cushions and protects internal organs, provides room for growth

ex: earthworms, humans, fish, insects

Bilaterally Symmetrical Life Forms

Further classified into:

2. Acoelomates:

no body cavity

simple organs

probably evolved first

ex: flatworms

Bilaterally Symmetrical Life Forms

3. Pseudocoelomates:

“false-coelom”

have fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm

enables fast movement due to the muscles bracing themselves against the fluid-filled cavity

ex: roundworms

Body Cavity Gut: cavity used for digestion

(A) Simple gut:

pouch-like

one opening

ex: jellyfish, sea anemone, flatworm

(B) Complex:

two openings, a mouth an anus

ex: birds, reptiles, mammals