Kimberly Brown, MSN, RN, CCRN Erica DeBoer, RN, MA, CNL, CCRN
Sanford USD Medical Center Sioux Falls, South Dakota
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Identify patients at risk for pulmonary embolism Describe
diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism Verbalize interventions
used to treat massive pulmonary embolism and subsequent strategies
to optimize patient outcomes Describe the implications of utilizing
new technologies during CPR that may lead to positive outcomes
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61 year old male At home with his wife and functioning
independently 1 week post cervical fusion (anterior approach)with
cervical collar in place
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How do people end up with Pulmonary Embolisms?
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A clot can form and impede blood flow causing swelling and
pain. When a clot breaks off and moves through the bloodstream,
this is called an embolism. Primarily affects the large veins in
the thigh.
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Venous thromboembolism is the 3rd most common cardiovascular
illness after acute coronary syndrome and stroke There are
approximately 900,000 of VTE/PE in the United States each year
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Nearly 67% of all VTE events result from hospitalization
Approximately 300,000 of these patients die Pulmonary embolism is
the 3rd most common cause of hospital-related death Most common
preventable cause of hospital-related death The Joint Commission
has established guidelines for VTE prophylaxis for this specific
reason
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Pulmonary Embolism refers to obstruction of the pulmonary
artery or one of its branches by material (eg, thrombus, tumor,
air, or fat) that originated elsewhere in the body
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Surgery Sedentary Lifestyle Obesity Advancing Age Genetic
Predisposition Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Endovascular Damage
Estrogen Family History Immobility Inflammation Pregnancy
Smoking
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88% on NRB On arrival to the ED, 1-2 word dyspnea Continuous
vomiting
BiPAP 7/10 to manage airway temporarily due to probable
difficult intubation Heparin and antibiotics initiated Central line
placed Intubation performed per anesthesia Levophed initiated
Reduce propagation of existing clot Prevention of new clot
formation or embolization Adverse effects: bleeding, HIT
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tPA - Tissue Plasminogen Activator Indication for use - PE that
causes hemodynamic instability Goal Dissolve/lysis of the clot Fast
acting Can be used systemically and/or directly injected into the
clot Adverse Effects- severe bleeding
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ABSOLUTE INDICATIONS Recurrent VTE Hypercoagulable state
Contraindications for high dose anticoagulation RELATIVE
INDICATIONS Free floating VTE Massive PE Ineffective
anticoagulation therapy Complications with anticoagulation
therapy
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Trauma Prolonged surgical procedures Medical conditions such as
Afib Prolonged immobilization Long bone fractures
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Manual clot removal In the CCL or Interventional Radiology with
sheath and catheters Via a small incision Last resort when
thrombolytics are contraindicated or ineffective
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What are your priorities? Key risk factors to consider?
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Systemic lytic therapy was initiated following consult with a
neurosurgeon CCU admission with poor prognosis
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HR 20-30s SBP 40 to 50s Code blue called PEA identified Maxed
out on pressors, multiple rounds of epi and atropine
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Mechanical CPR Impedence threshold device
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A recent randomized study published after the 2010 Consensus
Conference ITD paired with manual ACD-CPR found that 9% of patients
treated with this combination survived to discharge with favorable
neurological function, compared with 6% in the control group. This
effect persisted for one year, demonstrating long-term efficacy as
well.
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Code continued while Sam was prepped for transport to Cath Lab
for lytic therapy for lysing thrombus
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Day 1 Nasal/oral bleeding ENT consult Hbg 9.7 -- 4 units PRBCs
Low UO Alert and oriented
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Agitation and hypertension Worsening neck/facial swelling Neck
hematoma discovered Bronch revealed partially obstructed ETT To OR
for evacuation
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Hemodialysis started 2 L off Ventilator weaned to CPAP Day 14 -
Trach placed Day 23- Transferred to the step down unit
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Off dialysis AKI still present and managing with diuretics Home
with wife Continued therapies Neurologically Intact!
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Identification and management of risk factors High quality CPR
utilizing technology Understanding of interventions for massive
pulmonary embolism Management strategies for post arrest pulmonary
embolism patients
Slide 54
Agnelli, G. and Becattini, C. (2010) Acute pulmonary embolism.
New England Journal of Medicine 363(3) pp. 266-274. Andrews, P. and
Habashi, N. (2010). Detecting, managing and preventing pulmonary
embolism. American Nurse Today 5(9) pp. 21-26. Belchlavek, J.,
Dytrych, V. and Linhart, A. (2013) Pulmonary mbolism, part 1:
epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification,
pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic
pulmonary embolism. Experimental and Clinical Cardiology 18(2) pp.
129- 138. Bonnemeyer, H., Simonis, G.,Olivercrona, G., Werdtmann,
B., Gotberg, M., Weitz, G.,Gering, I., Strasser, R., Frey, N.
(2011). Continuous mechanical chest compression during in-hospital
cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with pulseless electrical
activity. Resuscitation 82(2) pp. 155-159. Carr, M. and Muller, C.
(2011).Treatment of a massive pulmonary embolism in a soldier in
Kosovo: the potential value of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and
fibrinolytic therapy Military Medicine 176(12) pp. 1453-1456. Fox,
J., Fiechter, R., Gerstl, P., Url, A., Wagner, H., Lscher, T. F.,
&... Wyss, C. A. (2013). Mechanical versus manual chest
compression CPR under ground ambulance transport conditions. Acute
Cardiac Care, 15(1), 1-6. doi:10.3109/17482941.2012.735675
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Lang, E. (2014). In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, mechanical
CPR did not improve survival compared with manual CPR. Annals Of
Internal Medicine, 160(4), JC5. doi:10.7326/0003-
4819-160-4-201402180-02005 Leong, S. (2011). Mechanical CPR.
Singapore Medical Journal 52(8) pp. 592-594. Piacentini, A.,
Volonte', M., Rigamonti, M., Guastella, E., & Landriscina, M.
(2012). Successful Prolonged Mechanical CPR in a Severely Poisoned
Hypothermic Patient: A Case Report. Case Reports In Emergency
Medicine, 2012381798. doi:10.1155/2012/381798 Tapson, V. (2010).
Acute pulmonary embolism. New England Journal of Medicine 358(10)
pp. 1037-1052. White RH. The epidemiology of venous
thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003;107 [23 suppl 1]:I4-I8.