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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2012 3927
Macromodeling of Distributed Networks FromFrequency-Domain Data Using the
Loewner Matrix ApproachMuhammad Kabir, Student Member, IEEE, and Roni Khazaka, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractRecently, Loewner matrix (LM)-based methods were
introduced for generating time-domain macromodelsbased on fre-quency-domain measured parameters. These methods were shownto be very efficient and accurate for lumped systems with a largenumber of ports; however, they were not suitable for distributedtransmission-line networks. In this paper, an LM-based approachis proposed for modeling distributed networks. The new method
was shown to be efficient and accurate for large-scale distributednetworks.
Index TermsDistributed networks, frequency-domain data,Hamiltonian matrix, Loewner matrices (LMs), matrix formattangential interpolation, -parameters, time-domain macro-model, vector fitting, vector format tangential interpolation,
-parameters.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N microwave and high-frequency applications, we are oftenfaced with complex multiport linear structures for which itis impossible to derive accurate physics-based analytical models
in the form offirst-order differential equations suitable for cir-
cuit simulation. However, one can usually obtain accurate fre-
quency-domain or -parameter data describing such struc-
tures through the use of measurement or full-wave simulation
tools. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for the auto-
matic generation of an accurate SPICE-compatible time-domain
macromodel directly from frequency-domain - or -param-
eter data.
Several algorithms were proposed in the last few decades
for macromodeling based on frequency-domain data. One
approach is the global rational approximation macromodeling
[1], which is based on least-squares approximations, but the
application of such methods is restricted to low-order and
narrow-frequency-band systems due to ill-conditioning. Amoment-generation scheme based on time-domain integration
was proposed in [2], but the procedures of this algorithm
is numerically challenging, as pointed out in [3]. A rational
Manuscript received July 06, 2012; revised September 20, 2012; acceptedSeptember 24, 2012. Date of publication November 19, 2012; date of cur-rent version December 13, 2012. This paper is an expanded paper from theIEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Montral, QC, Canada,June1722, 2012.
Theauthors are with theDepartment of Electricaland Computer Engineering,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2A7.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available onlineat http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2012.2222915
approximation algorithm based on NevanlinnaPick inter-
polation was presented in [4]. This method uses the mirror
image of the original data points which cannot identify the
original system [5]. A convex programming approach for
generating guaranteed passive approximations was proposed
in [6], but the method is limited to low-order systems with a
smaller number of ports due to the CPU-expensive optimiza-
tion process. Another approach for handling frequency-domain
data is convolution-based techniques [7][11]. However, con-volution, in general, can be computationally expensive since
the convolution operator needs to take into account all of the
past history [7]. Recursive convolution can be used to address
this issue if a pole residue representation of the system can be
found [7]. In fact, the method proposed here can be used in
conjunction with recursive convolution. Recently, the Vector
Fitting method [12][15] was developed and refined [16][21]
as an effective method for addressing this issue. However, this
method can have difficulties modeling systems with a large
number of poles and a large number of ports. More recently, a
new approach based on the Loewner matrix (LM) pencil has
been proposed [22][24]. This method was shown to be veryefficient and accurate compared with Vector Fitting [23], par-
ticularly for systems with a large number of ports. However, the
LM approach cannot model distributed networks that are very
common in microwave applications. In [25], a new LM-based
approach was proposed that can handle distributed networks
and is accurate and efficient for systems with a large number of
ports and a large number of poles.
In this paper, we expand on [25] by providing the full de-
tails of the algorithm so that it can be more easily understood
and reproduced. Furthermore, a new more accurate and efficient
way of computing and is presented in addition to a pas-
sivity checking algorithm. Finally, more detailed examples withpassivity checks and comparisons with the most recent imple-
mentation of Vector Fitting [12], [18], [26] are presented. These
show considerable improvement in terms of accuracy, model
size, and CPU cost. In particular,an improvement of two to three
orders of magnitude in accuracy was observed.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Consider the -port linear system shown in Fig. 1. The ob-
jective of the algorithm described in this paper is to construct
a SPICE-compatible time-domain macromodel based on fre-
quency-domain multiport network parameter data, which can
be obtained through measurement or simulation.
0018-9480/$31.00 2012 IEEE
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3928 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2012
Fig. 1. -port linear network.
A. Frequency-Domain Data
The system can be fully represented in the frequency do-
main by its -parameters
(1)
where is the complex frequency, and
are the vectors of port currents and port voltages, respectively,
is the -parameter matrix, and is the number
of ports. In many practical applications, a closed-form expres-
sion for the -parameters is not available. Instead, measured or
simulated -parameters are available over a certain frequency
range. This frequency-domain data is expressed as
(2)
where is the complex frequency, is the -parameters
at frequency , and , where is the number of
data points.
B. Time-Domain Macromodel
Our goal in this paper is to obtain a SPICE-compatible time-
domain macromodel of the network that matches the fre-
quency-domain data in (2). This macromodel can be expressed
as a linear time-invariant (LTI) system in descriptor system form
with inputs and outputs as
(3)
where and contain the vectors of port volt-
ages and currents, respectively, the matrices ,
, , and define the LTI
descriptor system, and is the order of the system. is gener-
ally singular and the matrix pencil is regular. The polesof the system are the eigenvalues of the pencil .
Note that a closed-form expression of the frequency domain
-parameters of the system in (3) can be expressed as
(4)
Finally it is important to note that both and can be
embedded in the system matrices as shown in Appendix A.
III. LOEWNER MATRIX METHOD
Here, we will present an overview of the LM method [23]
for obtaining a time-domain macromodel as defined in (3) from
frequency-domain data as defined in (2). This method can be
summarized in the following steps.
Fig. 2. Data selection for VFTI.
Fig. 3. Data selection for MFTI.
A. Splitting the Data
The first step of the LM algorithm is to append the frequency-
domain data with the complex conjugates at the negative fre-
quencies, thus resulting in data points or double the originalnumber. The data is then divided into two groups, which we
refer to as the left data set and the right data set as follows:
where , , , and , ,
and are complex frequencies. There are a number of possible
approaches for splitting the data. In this work, we have imple-
mented two that are chosen to result in real matrices that can be
easily expressed in the time domain. The first is associated with
the Vector Format Tangential Interpolation (VFTI) [23] algo-
rithm, and the second is based on the Matrix Format Tangential
Interpolation (MFTI) [24] algorithm.
1) Data Splitting for VFTI [23]: In VFTI, the right data set
contains the first half of the frequency points along with
their complex conjugates, and the left data set contains the
remaining data, as shown in Fig. 2. In other words, for the right
data set, we have
(5)
and, for the left data set, we have
(6)
where and denotes the complex conjugate.Note that the number of frequency samples can be assumed to
be even without loss of generality.
2) Data Splitting for MFTI [24]: In the case of MFTI, the
odd frequency samples along with their complex conjugates are
put in the right data set and the even ones in the left data, set as
shown in Fig. 3. In other words, for the right data set, we have
(7)
and, for the left data set, we have
(8)
where .
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B. LMs
The next step of the LM algorithm is to construct the LM ,
the shifted LM as well as two other matrices and . This
is done block by block as follows:
(9)
where , , and , rep-
resent the th block entry of and , respectively, and
and are defined as
(10)
where and are the tangential direction
matrices for the right and left data sets, respectively. Then, the
matrices and are constructed as follows:
(11)
Note that the choice of and as well as the number of
columns/rows depends on the type of tangential interpolation
used.
1) Tangential Directions for VFTI [23]: and are vec-
tors in VFTI i.e. . The directions are defined as follows:
(12)
where and is the th column of
the identity matrix of size , if , else
. In other words, , , and vice
versa. For example, the columns of for and is
given as follows:
Note that this choice of tangential interpolation effectively
means that, at each frequency point, only one row/column of
the -parameter matrix is used. The rest of the data is dis-
carded. Furthermore, in VFTI, and defined in (9)
are scalars and the size of and is .
2) Tangential Directions for MFTI [24]: For MFTI, and
are of size , i.e., . The directions are defined as
follows:
(13)
where and is the identity matrix.
Note that the choice of interpolation results in
and , and thus the whole -parameter matrix is
used at each frequency point. In this case, and are
block matrices of size and the size of and is .
C. Real LMs
The LMs as constructed in (9) and (11) are complex. In order
to obtain a real macromodel, real LMs can be computed using
a similarity transformation [23]
(14)
where is a block-diagonal matrix with each block
where is the identity matrix. For VFTI, , so
will simply be replaced by 1. On the other hand, for
MFTI.
D. Time-Domain Macromodel
The third and final step of the LM algorithm is to extract the
time-domain macromodel from the LMs.
1) Extraction of the Macromodel: A direct relationship be-
tween the LMs and the underlying time-domain macromodel
was shown. In fact, it can be shown that the macromodel can
be obtained by extracting the regular part of the matrix pencil
[22]. The regular part can be extracted, for ex-
ample, by a singular value decomposition (SVD) [22], [23] as
(15)
where , , is a di-
agonal matrix containing the singular values, and are theorthonormal matrices, and denotes the complex conjugate
transpose. Any value of , , will result in
the same SVD, except for the case where is one of the eigen-
values [23]. If a sufficient number of data points is used, the
matrix in general is not full-rank. The regular part
of the system is obtained by taking the first columns of and
to form the following orthonormal bases:
(16)
where and represent the th column of and , respec-
tively, and is the order of the system. Then, the time-domain
macromodel is extracted as follows:
(17)
Note that the matrix is always zero at this stage, and its con-
tribution is embedded inside the other matrices.
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3930 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2012
Fig. 4. Normalized singular value plot.
2) Order of the Macromodel and the Impact of : Note that
the order of the system is needed in (16). is determined
from the plot of the normalized singular values
of in (15). A large drop in the plot
indicates that the underlying time-domain macromodel exists.
In that case, there will be a clear separation between the singularvalues corresponding to the singular part and the regular part
[27]. The order is the index of the largest drop in the plot.
For example, the largest drop for the system shown in Fig. 4
occurs at 287, so for that system.
Note that, if is present, another smaller drop in the singular
values occur at , where is the number of ports. In this
case, must be extracted in order to maintain the stability and
passivity of the model [23].
IV. PROPOSED APPROACH FOR MODELING
DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS
The LM method was shown to be very efficient and accurate
for modeling systems with a large number of ports [23]. One of
the key properties of this method is that it is a system identifica-
tion technique that identifies the exact order of the underlying
system and extracts its actual poles. In order to achieve this, the
frequency-domain data must cover most of the bandwidth of
the system. For example, as shown in Fig. 5, the frequency-do-
main data spans the full bandwidth of the underlying lumped
system and the resulting singular value plot clearly identifies
the order of the system. This approach is impossible to apply
to distributed networks which are common in microwave ap-
plications, because these networks have infi
nite bandwidth andan infinite number of poles (an example is shown in Fig. 6).
In this case, it is impossible to completely identify the under-
lying system using a finite-order time-domain representation.
In fact, for distributed systems, any extracted macromodel is a
form of discretized approximation. In this paper, we present a
technique based on the LM method, which generates an accu-
rate time-domain lumped model of a distributed network from
frequency-domain data over a desired bandwidth. The details of
the method are given as follows.
A. LMs
The real LMs are constructed using the standard LM method
in Sections III-AIII-C. Both VFTI and MFTI are possible.
Fig. 5. (a) Frequency-domain data covering the whole bandwidth. (b) Systemidentification based on drops in the singular values.
Fig. 6. Example of a distributed system.
B. Determining the Order of the System
The next step is to determine an appropriate order for
the macromodel. For this, a singular value decomposition is
performed on the LM pencil as described in
Section III-D1 and shown as follows:
(18)
The normalized singular values are then plotted as shown in
Fig. 7. Note that, in this case, the plot does not contain clear
drops identifying the order of the underlying system as was the
case in Fig. 5. This is expected as the underlying system has an
infinite order. Instead our goal here is to select the order that pro-
vides the most accurate nonsingular macromodel. If the number
of frequency points used is sufficient, the normalized singular
values reach the accuracy threshold of the finite precision com-
putation engine, at which point a slope change can be observed,
as shown in Fig. 7. The order of the macromodel is chosen
at the point of this slope change which separates the regular part
from the singular part of the matrices.
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Fig. 7. (a) Frequency-domain data from 0 to 4 GHz for a distributed system.(b) Singular value plot.
C. Extraction of the Regular Part of the LMs
As the order has been determined, the regular part of the
LMs is extracted in the same way as shown in (16) and (17) and
given as
(19)
(20)
resulting in the macromodel
(21)
Note that the matrices and are zero at this stage, and
their contribution is embedded inside the other matrices.
D. Extraction of and
The macromodel extracted in (21) matches the original data
very accurately. However, it generally has unstable poles far
from the origin, as shown in the example in Fig. 8. A similar
problem was observed in the original LM method [23], where
only real unstable poles were observed. This was due to the
embedding of the matrix in the system equations and was
corrected by extracting . In the case of distributed networks,
where both real and complex poles are present, both and
Fig. 8. Poles of the macromodel with and embedded.
Fig. 9. Pole diagram indicating the separation of the poles.
must be extracted in order to preserve the stability and accuracy
of the macromodel. The algorithm for extracting and
from thesystem matrices is outlined here and can be divided into
two main steps. The first step is to decouple the macromodel in
(21) into two systems such that
(22)
where the system is the desired system and the
system contains the undesired poles that
are the artifact of embedding of and . The second step is
to compute and such that
(23)
which leads us to the final macromodel
(24)
with the closed-form expression defined by
(25)
1) Extraction of the Model With the Desired Poles: First, the
poles of the system in (21) are computed by finding the general-
ized eigenvalues of the matrix pencil . We then iden-
tify the very large poles that are separated by a clear gap from
therest of thepoles. Note that some of these poles may be stable.
An example is provided in Figs. 8 and 9, which show a typical
pole distribution (Fig. 9 is a zoomed-out version of Fig. 8). An
example of the desired system poles is shown in Fig. 10. Once
we have identified the desired and undesired poles, the next step
is to partition the system as shown in (22).
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3932 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2012
Fig. 10. System poles with and extracted.
One way to partition is to transform the macromodel to a
block-diagonal one based on the two sets of poles [28]. The
process could be expensive for large-scale systems due to the
generalized Sylvester equation that has to be solved to derive the
block-diagonal structure. Another convenient way is Petrov
Galerkin projection which uses oblique projection of the system
to find a reduced-order model [29], [30]. We employed the pro-jection method using the left and right eigenvectors as projectors
[29] to find the reduced macromodel based on the desired poles.
The right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to the
system in (21) can be calculated from the following relations:
(26)
where and are the diagonal matrices with the generalized
eigenvalues and and are the corresponding right and left
eigenvector matrices, respectively. The subspaces and
to extract the desired system are then formed by preserving theeigenvectors corresponding to the desired poles as
(27)
where, are the indices of the desired poles. The eigenvectors
are in general complex. The real subspaces are formed by split-
ting the real and the imaginary parts into separate vectors:
where and designate the real and the imaginaryparts,
respectively, and and represent the real subspaces ofand , respectively. QR decomposition is then used to
obtain the orthonormal bases and such that
(28)
The Macromodel corresponding to the desired poles is
formed by an oblique projection using the orthonormal bases
and as projectors
(29)
Fig. 11. Change of error with .
The macomodel is stable but does not include the
contribution of and .
The macomodel based on the undesired poles
is formed following the same pro-
cedure mentioned in (26)(29) as
(30)
where and are the orthonormal bases of the real sub-
spaces spanning the subspaces formed by the eigenvectors cor-
responding to the undesired poles.
2) Compute and : The next step is to compute
and . In order to do that, the error matrices over valuesof equally spaced and spanning the relevant bandwidth are
formed using the model extracted based on the undesired poles
as follows:
(31)
where and and are the real and com-
plex part of the error matrix, respectively. The change of relative
error with is shown in Fig. 11. As can be seen,
data points is more than sufficient in most cases.
is calculated by taking the average of the real part to yield
(32)
For each entry of we have equations which can be
solved by the least-square approach. The following vectors are
formed to apply that approach:
... ...
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KABIR AND KHAZAKA: MACROMODELING OF DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS FROM FREQUENCY-DOMAIN DATA USING THE LOEWNER MATRIX APPROACH 3933
Fig. 12. Summary of the proposed algorithm.
and, finally, each entry of is calculated as follows:
(33)
where and .
Now we have a macromodel which is
stable and accurate and includes and explicitly outside.
A summary of the proposed algorithm is provided in Fig. 12.
E. Passivity of the Resulting SystemThe passivity of the resulting system is checked by first veri-
fyingthat is positivedefinite and then using the generalized
Hamiltonian theorem [31]. The matrices and are formed as
follows:
where is a Hamiltonian and is a symplectic matrix. The
system is passive if the matrix pencil has no imaginary
(real part ) eigenvalue. The LM method usually pre-
serves passivity of the underlying macromodel [23]. We were
not able to find a problem for which the model violates the pas-
sivity. However, any passivity violation can be corrected using
the Hamiltonian Matrix perturbation [32], if required.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
A. Example Circuits
Here, we show a number of numerical examples that demon-
strate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. Ex-
ample 1 is an 18 port transmission line network (Fig. 13) con-
taining nine coupled lines and nine noncoupled lines. Models
for both coupled and noncoupled lines are shown in [33]. The
Fig. 13. Circuit diagram for Example 1.
parameter values for the coupled line are taken from [34]. The
parameter values (per unit length) for noncoupled line are
3.74 , 0 S, 283.7 nH, and 84.6 pF. Thelength of the coupled and non-coupled lines are 0.1 and 0.05 m,
respectively. Example 2 is a 36-port transmission line network
(Fig. 14). This example network is formed by connecting two
networks of Example 1 in parallel using a 500- resistor be-
tween each pair of similar ports. Example 3 is a 72-port network
formed by connecting two networks of Example 2 in parallel
using the same resistor value as Example 2 between the similar
pair of ports. Example 4, shown in Fig. 15, is a 63-port network.
The network contains 9 9 noncoupled lines and 6 9 cou-
pled lines. The summary of the example circuits is provided in
Table I. for Example 4 is shown in Fig. 16 to show the
complexity of the problem. The frequency-domain data from0 to 4 GHz was generated using the matrix exponential stamp
[35], which relies on the solution of the telegrapher equations in
the frequency domain.
B. Accuracy and Efficiency Check
We implemented two variations of the proposed method:
MFTI and VFTI. The proposed algorithms were implemented
on an Intel Core i7-2600 CPU (at 3.40 GHz) using MATLAB.
The simulation results are summarized in Tables II and III.
A sufficient number of frequency-domain data was used for
all of the examples to identify the underlying systems. The
number of data for each example was adjusted to keep the
size of the same for both VFTI and MFTI. The proposed
method is compared with the recent implementation of Vector
Fitting. MATLAB source code of VFIT3, an implementation
of Fast Relaxed Vector Fitting (FRVF), was used as the VF
implementation [12], [18], [26]. The accuracy of the model was
measured by the relative error (Appendix B) using 10 000
data points. The Frobenius norm of the errors (Appendix B) for
these 10 000 data points for the models of the example circuits
are provided in Figs. 1720, respectively.
In summary, two possible implementations of the proposed
approach (MFTI and VFTI) were compared with Vector Fit-
ting. In general, MFTI performs better than VFTI in terms of
accuracy and CPU cost. Furthermore, both approaches show
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3934 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2012
Fig. 14. Circuit diagram for Example 2.
Fig. 15. Circuit diagram for Example 4.
TABLE ISUMMARY OF THE EXAMPLES CIRCUITS
Fig. 16. for example 4.
considerable improvement over Vector Fitting and scale very
well as the number of ports increases. An improvement in ac-
curacy of two to three orders of magnitude over Vector Fitting
was observed. Note that the examples presented here do not
include noisy data. However, the results in [24] and [36] would
suggest that the data splitting scheme of MFTI is suitable for
noisy data.
C. Time-Domain Simulation
Transient simulations are presented in Figs. 21 and 22 in
order to show the accuracy and stability of the proposed
methods in the time domain. The first simulation in Fig. 21
is based on the model for Example 1, and the input at the near
end was a 1-V, 2-ns pulse with 0.2-ns rise/fall time. The second
simulation in Fig. 22 is based on the model for Example 4, and
the input at the near end is a 1-V, 8-ns pulse with a rise/fall
time of 0.2 ns. The simulations of the proposed model were
done by generating a SPICE netlist of the MFTI model and
simulating it in NGSPICE [37]. In order to verify the accuracy
of the results, a comparison is shown with a time-domain sim-
ulation that we obtained by simple brute-force segmentation
of the transmission lines. As can be seen from the simulation
results, the proposed technique can be used to model systems
with a considerable amount of delay as compared with the
rise/fall time of the signals.
D. Passivity Check
The eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian and the symplectic ma-
trix pencil for all the examples are shown in Figs. 2326,
respectively ( for MFTI and for VFTI). It is evident
from all of the figures that there is no purely imaginary (or very
close to imaginary axis) eigenvalues for any of the examples,
and we also found positive definite for all of the exam-
ples. Thus, the macromodels extracted for all of the examples
are passive according to the passivity theorem mentioned in
Section IV-E.
Furthermore, a brute-force passivity check was performed
on the macromodels for all of the examples. -parameter
matrices were computed using (4) for 20 000 frequency points
from 0 to 4 GHz and 15 000 points from 4 to 20 GHz; the
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TABLE IISIMULATION RESULTS (EXAMPLES 1 AND 2)
TABLE IIISIMULATION RESULTS (EXAMPLES 3 AND 4)
Fig. 17. Frobenius norm of the errors for Example 1.
Fig. 18. Frobenius norm of the errors for Example 2.
Fig. 19. Frobenius norm of the errors for Example 3.
minimum value of the eigenvalues of are then plotted.
The plots are presented in Figs. 2730, respectively. The
Fig. 20. Frobenius norm of the errors for Example 4.
Fig. 21. Time-domain simulation for Example 1.
Fig. 22. Time-domain simulation for Example 4.
minimum eigenvalues are always positive and constant at high
frequency. Thus, all of the macromodels are passive in the
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3936 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2012
Fig. 23. Eigenvalues of Hamiltonian matrix pencil for Example 1.
Fig. 24. Eigenvalues of Hamiltonian matrix pencil for Example 3.
Fig. 25. Eigenvalues of Hamiltonian matrix pencil for Example 2.
Fig. 26. Eigenvalues of Hamiltonian matrix pencil for Example 4.
range of frequency of interest as well as out of that band while
we employed two different methods for checking passivity. In
general, the Hamiltonian matrix-based method is sufficient and
recommended.
Fig. 27. Minimum eigenvalues of matrix for Example 1.
Fig. 28. Minimum eigenvalues of matrix for Example 2.
Fig. 29. Minimum eigenvalues of matrix for Example 3.
Fig. 30. Minimum eigenvalues of matrix for Example 4.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new LM-based method was proposed for the
modeling of systems based on measured/simulated parameters.
The new approach is suitable for distributed interconnect net-
works which have a very high bandwidth. The new method was
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shown to be accurate and efficient compared with established
techniques such as Vector Fitting, in particular for systems with
a large number of ports. An improvement in accuracy of two to
three orders of magnitude improvement was observed.
APPENDIX A
INCLUSION OF AND INSIDE THE SYSTEM MATRICES
If are the system matrices, and
can be incorporated inside the other matrices
Proof: The -parameters of the original system are given
by
The -parameters of the reduced system are given by
APPENDIX B
ERROR CALCULATION
To evaluate the overall performance of the resulting model,
-norm of the error [23], [38] is used which measures the error
in the magnitude of all of the entries. The same values of are
used to find the measured/simulated -parameter, and the
calculated one [using (4)]. The normalized -norm of the
the error is as follows:
(34)
where is the squared Frobenius norm or the
HilbertSchmidt norm of the matrix.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. S. Lefteriu for her valu-
able information which helped give a better understanding of
the original method and for providing one of the original codes
to extract . The authors would also like to thank Prof. R Achar
for his valuable advice to improve the paper.
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Muhammad Kabir (S09) received the B.Sc. degreefrom Bangladesh University of Engineering andTechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 2005, and theM.Sc. degree from Lakehead University, ThunderBay, ON, Canada, in 2010. He is currently workingtoward the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computerengineering at McGill University, Montral, QC,Canada.
He was a full-time Research Assistant with
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada,from May, 2010 to July 2010 and was with MotorolaTelecommunication, Bangladesh, as a System Engineer from 2005 to 2008.His research interests include modeling of high-speed interconnect systemsfrom simulated/measured parameters, fast frequency sweep algorithms forhigh-speed modules, parameterization of time-domain macromodels, andextraction of delays from the macromodel.
Mr. Kabir served on the 2012 International Microwave Symposium orga-nizing committee.
Roni Khazaka (S92M03SM07) receivedthe B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from CarletonUniversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada in 1995, 1998, and2002, respectively, all in electrical engineering.
In 2002, hejoinedthe Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, Mcgill University, Montral,QC, Canada, where he currently is an Associate Pro-fessor. In 2009, he was a Visiting Research Fellowwith the University of Shizuoka, Japan. He has au-thored and coauthored over 60 journal and confer-ence papers on thesimulation of high-speed intercon-
nects and RF circuits. His current research interests include electronic designautomation, numerical algorithms and techniques, and the analysis and simula-tion of RF ICs, high-speed interconnects, and optical networks.
Prof. Khazaka was the recipient of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Tech-niques Society (IEEE MTT-S) 2002 Microwave Prize, The Natural Sciencesand Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada scholarships (at themasters and doctoral levels), Carleton Universitys Senate Medal and Univer-sity Medal in Engineering, the Nortel Networks scholarship, and the IBM co-operative fellowship. He has served on several IEEE committees and is cur-rently vice chair of the IEEE Montreal section. As a student he was treasurer
of the Carleton University IEEE student branch (19931994) and later a IEEERegion 7 (Canada) student representative on the IEEE Student Activities Com-mittee (1995 to 1998). He was Montreal section treasurer (2005/2006), Montrealsection student activities co-ordinator (2004), and founding chair of the IEEEMontreal Graduate of the Last Decade (GOLD) committee. He is a memberof the technical program committee of the Signal Propagation on InterconnectsWorkshop since 2006 and the technical program review committee of the In-ternational Microwave Symposium since 2012. He served on the organizingcommittee and numerous conferences such as MWCAS, NEWCAS, ISSSE,CCECE, and the 2012 International Microwave Symposium.