Chapter 12Services

Key Issue 4

Chapter 12Key Issue 4

A: p.420-421Central Business District

Retail Services in the CBDRetail Services with High Threshold

Retail Services with a High Range

Services of all types historically cluster in the center of the city. It is often the most visually distinctive area of a city and traditionally the sight of the first settlement. It is compact, but has a large percentage of the shops.

Central Business District

Three types of retail services concentrate in the center and they are long range shops, high threshold shops, and shops that serve people who work in the center.

Retail Services in the CBD

Shops with high thresholds are usually in the center of the town

Large department stores are usually clustered across the street from each other

The intersection of these clusters are referred to as the 100% corner

Retail Services with High Threshold

Usually very specializedCustomers patronize it infrequentlyPrefer central locations

Retail Services with a High Range

Do you think that the more rural areas will be making the transition to central business districts?

What are some different types of high range shops and why they would prefer that centralized location?

What makes the central business districts so attractive?

Questions

Chapter 12Key Issue 4

B: p422-423Retail Services & Business Services

High Land Costs in the CBD

Office Supplies

Dry Cleaning

Clothing

Businesse

s

Butchers

Supermarkets

Bakeries

CBD’s Outside of North America

Shops for nearby office workers in CBD b/c# of downtown office workers also

Although total # of sales = stable,

but patterns of demand has changed

In order to increase & revitalize other retailers, they will ban

motorcycles for more pedestrian friendly shopping centers

Offices are CENTRALLY located to facilitate rapid communication

Central locations = employment of workers from a variety of

neighborhoods

Central locations are ACCESSABLE

Businesses depend on PROXIMITY to professional colleagues

Many professionals still prefer FACE TO FACE contact

Establishes TRUST based on shared

professional values

QUESTIONS?

Chapter 12Key Issue 4

C: p.424Intensive Land Use

SkyscrapersMaria, Jennifer, and Chadai

Intensive Land UseThe central area in a city uses more space

below and above ground level.“Underground cities” are put underneath

central areas like garages, subways and utility lines.

Underground areas shield pedestrians from motor vehicles and harsh weather conditions

SkyscrapersHigh-rise structures have become

economically feasible due to demand for space in central city

Gives the city a distinctive and unifying symbol

The first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1880s

The first skyscrapers had to be modified with artificial lighting, ventilation, central heating and AC.

SkyscrapersWaste a lot of energy by building skyscrapers

and complaints with skyscrapers may return.D.C. is the only large CBD without

skyscrapers because buildings cannot be higher than the capitol.

SkyscrapersToo many skyscrapers next to each other

causes traffic build up and prevents sunlight from streaming naturally on streets.

Enacted zoning ordinances to control location and height

Discussion QuestionsWhat does the typical underground city

include? What are the disadvantages of skyscrapers?When was the first skyscraper built? What

were the changes made to it?

Chapter 12Key Issue 4

D: p.424-425Declining Manufacturing in the CBD

Lack of Residents in CBDsEuropean CBDs

Declining Manufacturing in the CBD

Major manufacturing has moved out of the central cities to just outside the city limits.

In Paris jobs decreased from 500,000 to 100,000 in a mere 30 years

Declining Manufacturing in the CBD (continued)Many major cities have now developed thei

industrial districts into tourist attraction and urban epicenters.

This is especially common in North America, with cities like Toronto, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Boston

Lack of Residents in CBDs

Many people have been lured out of downtown areas to the suburbs due to more space, less crime, and better living in general.

People were also pushed out of downtown areas due to high rents.

Lack of Residents in CBDs (continued)

In U.S. cities the population has increased by about 10% due to the construction of new apartment buildings and other residential areas.

Downtown areas appeal to empty nesters.

European CBDs

Many European cities have limited development to keep historic values

QuestionsWhy have urban CBDs decreased?What are the pros and cons of a downtown

area?What is the difference between American

cities and European cities and their approach to post urban CBDs?

Suburbanization Of Businesses

BY Lucas Setra and Sydney Harper

BusinessesBusinesses have moved to suburbs due to low

land costs and a closer proximity to customers.

Retail…The key to a successful large shopping mall is

an anchor, such as a large department store or supermarket.

They attract the most business and can keep the mall afloat.

RetailDowntown sales have stagnated because

suburban residents won’t make such a long journey.

Retailing is now more concentrated in suburban shopping malls.

Larger malls contain department stores and specialty shops that are traditionally reserved for the CBD.

Malls have become centers for activity in suburban areas that lack other types of community facilities.

FactoriesFactories and warehouses have migrated to

suburban areas due to cheaper land, more space, and better truck access.

The space is needed for all the machinery and equipment that is build over a single level.

Suburban locations allow for truck shipments with good access main highways and no high traffic congestion.

OfficesOffices that do require face to face contact

have moved to suburbs due to cheaper rent than in the CBD.

For some employees, suburban locations are difficult to work in because they don’t have public transportation.

QuestionsWhat is the key to a successful shopping

mall?An anchor!Why have factories moved to the suburbs?More space. Cheaper land, and accessibility!Why is it working in an office located in the

suburbs difficult?They lack public transportation!