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Key Events in International System Development. Key Events. The Beginning 18 th & 19 th Centuries 20 th & 21 st Centuries. The Beginning. Why is this building, the Friedensaal , significant to international relations?. Treaty of Westphalia. Signed in 1648- ended the 30 Years War. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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KEY EVENTS IN INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
KEY EVENTS
The Beginning18th & 19th Centuries20th & 21st Centuries
THE BEGINNING
Why is this building, theFriedensaal, significantto international relations?
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
Signed in 1648- ended the 30 Years War
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA-1648
3 things came out of the Treaty:
Sovereignty States System
MULTIPOLAR SYSTEM OF EUROPE
Power Pole
Growing
Power
Power
Pole
Power
Pole
Power
Pole
4+ Power Poles =
Multipolar System
GrowingPower
18TH & 19TH CENTURIES
EVOLUTION OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
Raison d’état (‘Requirements of the State’) Divine Right of Kings
Challenges to raison d’état ‘Popular’ sovereignty American, French Revolutions
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/13/156722719/let-them-eat-kale-vegetarians-and-the-french-revolution http://dm-fa.org/academic/gerome2.html#11
EUROPEAN DOMINATION
Scientific & Technological AdvancesNaval TechnologyGuns & GunpowderIndustrial Revolution
Need to expand
Colonialism & ImperialismWhat are these?
Berlin Conference (1884-85)
Where?¤
THE AMERICAS
AFRICA
BritainFranceGermanyItalyBelgiumPortugal
ASIA
BritainNetherlandsFranceU.S.JapanRussia
THE SUN NEVER SETS
20TH & 21ST CENTURIES
WWI Treaty of Versailles
War Reparations League of Nations Empires end
OttomanAustro-Hungarian¤
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gap_in_the_Bridge.gif
Among the terms of the Versailles Treaty were:• Surrender of all German colonies • Return disputed territories to
France, Belgium, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• German reparations of £6,600 million (~ US 10.7 B)
• An acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war
• Limit army and navy troop sizes • No tanks, no heavy artillery, no
poison-gas supplies, no aircraft , no airships, naval vessels under 100,000 tons, no submarines
Germany signed the Versailles Treaty under protest. The US Congress refused to ratify the treaty.Excerpt from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm
OTTOMAN EMPIRE FROM 1807-1924
When the war started, the Ottoman Empire included: • All of Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Macedonia, Malta, Romania, Slovenia, Syria, Turkey• Large parts of Egypt, Iraq, Libya
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE 1867–1918
• All of Austria, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia,
• Parts of Romania, Poland, Germany, Italy, Ukraine
POST - WWI Rise of Communist Russia
Bolshevik Revolution Rise of German nationalism
Either Death to Capitalism or Death by Capitalism
POST - WWI
The Great Depression Munich Conference Sudetenland Appeasement Policy
Rising Soviet Union
Neville Chamberlain ‘appeasing’ Hitler, 1938
WWIIEuropean Theater of OperationsPacific Theater of Operations
POST - WWII
Bretton Woods Conference -1944
Int’l Monetary Fund (IMF)Financial stability
World Bank (WB)Development¤
POST - WWII
United Nations- 1945PurposeStructure
UN General AssemblySecretary General
UN Security Council5 + 10 = 15Saudi says no
IssuesSecurityHuman RightsEnvironment¤
POST - WWII
UN Charter Self-determination
US/ SU push Decolonization¤
http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Newsom/newsom-con3.html
US V. SU= BIPOLAR SYSTEM
Growing Power
Growing
Power
Superpower
PoleGrowin
gPower
2 Power Poles = Bipolar SystemSuperpow
erPole Growing
Power
COLD WAR ERA
U.S. ContainmentKorea, Vietnam
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962
Nixon goes to China -1972
‘Globalization’ beginsBerlin Wall is torn down -1989
Eastern Bloc followsFall of the Soviet Union -1991
Back to multipolar systemNATO ¤
SOVIET EMPIRE 15 COUNTRIES
POST-CW ERA AND NATO
Why is the Baltic situation compared to the Sudetenland? Native-speaking Russians
Estonia = 25%Latvia = 27%Lithuania = 6% - but– Kaliningrad factor
Fear annex by Russia to protect ‘local’ populationRussia Ukraine (Crimea annex)
Latvian Russians support annexation (2 in 3)Poland also concerned
Want EU, NATO to do moreTougher sanctionsNeed alternative gas supply
¤
21ST CENTURY ECONOMY Economic division
GN-many colonizersGS- almost all colonized
European Union - 1992ExpansionAdoption of euro -1999Global recession - 2008
Eurocrisis - 2010
World Trade Organization (WTO) -1995WTO at 15 3:22
Free trade¤
21ST CENTURY SECURITY
9/11 -2001
War on Terror Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003)
North KoreaConcerns
¤
http://www.americanprogress.org/cartoon/2007/08/20/12264/the-war-on-terror-an-update/
21ST CENTURY SECURITY Arab Spring -2011 Syria
About conflictAssad regime
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring
21ST CENTURY SECURITYJihadism- ‘struggle’ Islamic extremists
al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamasal-Shabab- Somalia Boko Haram- Nigeria
‘against Western education’ Islamic State (IS)
Iraq, Syria¤
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29063111
21ST CENTURY SECURITY Ukraine
Crimea annexedEastern revolt
Ebola outbreak DR Congo¤
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28755033
http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21579521-new-un-intervention-force-eastern-congo-has-most-robust
THE CONGO CONFLICTWho was in conflict in the DR Congo? Congo government M23
Tutsi rebels/ ‘freedom’ fighters
Supported by Rwanda, Uganda
UN peacekeeping mission (since 1999)
Offensive strategyArmed reinforcements
Soldiers from SA, Tanzania, Malawi
¤ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20586792
THE CONGO CONFLICTWhy is SA’s interest?
Regional power, influence
Why are UN troops intervening in the DR Congo conflict?
Own humiliationNeed armed reinforces who can fightEnd human rights violations
Murder, rape, torture, displacement, looting¤
THE CONGO CONFLICT
Why is this UN intervention significant? 1st time UN intervening with counter-
insurgency tactics UN Force Intervention Brigade (FIB)
Defeated rebels in ~ 6 months Likely to use again
¤
http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33195:un-force-intervention-brigade-ready-for-robust-action&catid=56:diplomacy-a-peace&Itemid=111
KEY EVENTS RECAPThe Beginning
Treaty of Westphalia18th & 19th Centuries
Shift in sovereigntyTechnological advancesColonization
20th & 21st CenturiesWorld wars, Cold WarPost-Cold War events
