KEY DATESKEY DATES

1970: E.P.A. CREATED1970: E.P.A. CREATED APRIL 22: 1APRIL 22: 1STST OFFICIAL “EARTH DAY” OFFICIAL “EARTH DAY”

MARCH 28, 1979: THREE MILE MARCH 28, 1979: THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENTISLAND ACCIDENT

APRIL 26, 1986: CHERNOBYL APRIL 26, 1986: CHERNOBYL ACCIDENTACCIDENT

MARCH, 1989: MARCH, 1989: EXXON VALDEZEXXON VALDEZ OIL OIL SPILLSPILL

ROOTS OF ROOTS OF ENVIRONMENTALISMENVIRONMENTALISM

1962: RACHEL CARSON PUBLISHES 1962: RACHEL CARSON PUBLISHES SILENT SILENT SPRINGSPRING

SUBJECT?SUBJECT? DANGERS OF WIDESPREAD PESTICIDE USE IN DANGERS OF WIDESPREAD PESTICIDE USE IN

AMERICAAMERICA PRIMARY TARGET: DDTPRIMARY TARGET: DDT

½ MILLION COPIES SOLD W/IN 6 WEEKS½ MILLION COPIES SOLD W/IN 6 WEEKS EFFECTS?EFFECTS?

HEIGHTENED PUBLIC AWARENESS OF HEIGHTENED PUBLIC AWARENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

JKF ESTABLISHES COMMITTEE TO JKF ESTABLISHES COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ISSUEINVESTIGATE ISSUE

1963: CONGRESS PASSES 1963: CONGRESS PASSES CLEAN AIR ACTCLEAN AIR ACT****** 1972: DDT OUTLAWED1972: DDT OUTLAWED ******DID WHAT? REGULATED CAR & INDUSTRIAL DID WHAT? REGULATED CAR & INDUSTRIAL

EMISSIONSEMISSIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT GROWSMOVEMENT GROWS

WHEN DOES ENVIRONMENTAL WHEN DOES ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT GROW?MOVEMENT GROW? 1970’s1970’s NIXON & CARTER ADMINISTRATIONSNIXON & CARTER ADMINISTRATIONS

MAJOR ISSUES:MAJOR ISSUES: POLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION ““DANGERS” OF NUCLEAR ENERGYDANGERS” OF NUCLEAR ENERGY URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT GROWSMOVEMENT GROWS

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS:MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS: EARTH DAY: EARTH DAY:

11STST OFFICIAL ONE: APRIL 22, 1970 OFFICIAL ONE: APRIL 22, 1970 WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT? WHOSE IDEA? SEN. NELSON, WISC.WHOSE IDEA? SEN. NELSON, WISC. BECOMES ANNUAL EVENTBECOMES ANNUAL EVENT

NIXON PROMOTES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESNIXON PROMOTES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES EX.: 1970: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EX.: 1970: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

AGENCY (AGENCY (E.P.AE.P.A.) .) CREATEDCREATED DOES WHAT?DOES WHAT?

SETS / ENFORCES POLLUTION STANDRADSSETS / ENFORCES POLLUTION STANDRADS CONDUCTS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCHCONDUCTS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ASSISTS LOCAL GOV’T. IN POLLUTION CONTROLASSISTS LOCAL GOV’T. IN POLLUTION CONTROL

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT GROWS MOVEMENT GROWS

NIXON’s CONTRIBUTION (CONT’D.)NIXON’s CONTRIBUTION (CONT’D.) 1970: 1970: CLEAN AIR ACTCLEAN AIR ACT: DID WHAT?: DID WHAT?

REDUCED ALLOWABLE CAR EMISSIONSREDUCED ALLOWABLE CAR EMISSIONS FORCED AUTO MAKERS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS BY 90%FORCED AUTO MAKERS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS BY 90%

RESULT?RESULT? AUTO MAKERS DEVELOP CATALYTIC CONVERTERAUTO MAKERS DEVELOP CATALYTIC CONVERTER RESULTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF UNLEADED GASOLINERESULTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF UNLEADED GASOLINE THE HOG LOSES OVER 45 LBS. ONLY TO GAIN IT ALL BACK THE HOG LOSES OVER 45 LBS. ONLY TO GAIN IT ALL BACK

WHEN THE LOCAL MCDONALDS OPENSWHEN THE LOCAL MCDONALDS OPENS CONGRESS PASSES OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:CONGRESS PASSES OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:

ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTEDENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTED STRIP MINING LIMITEDSTRIP MINING LIMITED

PROBLEM: NOBODY’S SATISFIEDPROBLEM: NOBODY’S SATISFIED CONSERVATIVES: LAWS HURT BIG BUSINESSCONSERVATIVES: LAWS HURT BIG BUSINESS LIBERALS: LAWS DIDN’T GO FAR ENOUGHLIBERALS: LAWS DIDN’T GO FAR ENOUGH

OTHER MAJOR EVENTSOTHER MAJOR EVENTS 1968: ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO.1968: ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO.

MAJOR OIL FIELD DISCOVERY IN ALASKAMAJOR OIL FIELD DISCOVERY IN ALASKA 1974: CONSTRUCTION ON THE ALASKA 1974: CONSTRUCTION ON THE ALASKA

PIPELINE BEGINSPIPELINE BEGINS PROS?PROS?

JOBS CREATEDJOBS CREATED REVENUE ($) FOR STATE OF ALASKAREVENUE ($) FOR STATE OF ALASKA

CONS?CONS? POSSIBLE THREAT TO ALASKA WILDLIFEPOSSIBLE THREAT TO ALASKA WILDLIFE POSSIBLE THREAT TO NATIVE AMER. LANDSPOSSIBLE THREAT TO NATIVE AMER. LANDS

RESULT?RESULT? 1971: ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT1971: ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT 1978: CARTER MAKES 56 MIL. ACRES NAT’L. 1978: CARTER MAKES 56 MIL. ACRES NAT’L.

MONUMENTSMONUMENTS 1980: 104 MIL. ACRES BECOME CONSERVATION 1980: 104 MIL. ACRES BECOME CONSERVATION

AREASAREAS

AlaskaAlaska

PipelinePipeline

Alaska PipelineAlaska Pipeline

OTHER MAJOR EVENTSOTHER MAJOR EVENTS MARCH 28, 1979: MARCH 28, 1979: THREE MILE ISLAND THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR NUCLEAR

ACCIDENTACCIDENT WHERE? PA.WHERE? PA. WHAT? FAILURE IN COOLING SYSTEMWHAT? FAILURE IN COOLING SYSTEM RESULT?RESULT?

MEDIA COVERAGE EXTENSIVEMEDIA COVERAGE EXTENSIVE VERYVERY LOW-LEVEL RADIATION ESCAPES LOW-LEVEL RADIATION ESCAPES GOV’T. TIGHTENS NUCLEAR INDUSTRY SAFETY MEASURESGOV’T. TIGHTENS NUCLEAR INDUSTRY SAFETY MEASURES

APRIL 26, 1986: APRIL 26, 1986: CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR DISASTERCHERNOBYL NUCLEAR DISASTER WHERE? UKRAINE, USSRWHERE? UKRAINE, USSR WHAT? MASSIVE NUCLEAR ACCIDENT/ RADIATION LEAKWHAT? MASSIVE NUCLEAR ACCIDENT/ RADIATION LEAK

MARCH, 1989: MARCH, 1989: EXXON VALDEZ EXXON VALDEZ TANKER SPILLTANKER SPILL WHERE? PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKAWHERE? PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA WHAT? WHAT?

11 MILLION GALLONS OF CRUDE OIL SPILL11 MILLION GALLONS OF CRUDE OIL SPILL MASSIVE WILDLIFE ENDANGERMENT / DEATHMASSIVE WILDLIFE ENDANGERMENT / DEATH

ThreeThree

MileMile

IslandIsland

Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island

& Engineering System& Engineering System

Chernobyl Fallout Chernobyl Fallout RadiusRadius

ChernobylChernobyl

After reactor After reactor

Fire/explosionFire/explosion