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Key cultivation techniques for hemp
Stefano AMADUCCI
Institute of Agronomy, Genetics and Field crops
Summer School
“Lignocellulosic Crops as Feedstock for Future Biorefineries” Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014
Study material:
Key cultivation techniques for hemp
Layout of the lecture:
• Introduction;
• Hemp botany, biology and resource use efficiency;
• Influence of agronomic factors on industrial hemp;
• Conclusion.
Key cultivation techniques for hemp
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
C. erratica Anders
C. indica Lamark
C. macrosperma Stokes
C. chinensis & C. gigantea Delile
C. gigantea Crevost
C. erratica Siev.
C. foetens Gilib
C. lupulus Scop.
C. americana Pharm
C. generalis E.H.L. Krause
C. ruderalis Janischeskii
Fam. Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa L.
(Anderson, 1980)
C. sativa
C. indica
C. ruderalis
(Small, 1974)
C. sativa subsp. indica
subsp. sativa
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Chemotype I: (drug) THC > 0.3 % D.W.
CBD < 0.5 % D.W.
Chemotype II: (intermediate) THC 0.3 % D.W.
CBD > 0.5% D.W.
Chemotype III: (fibre) THC < 0.3% D.W.
CBD > 0.5% D.W.
Definizione dei chemotipi
SMALL & BECKSTEAD, 1973
Introduction
Origin and diffusion
1545
4-8000 BC
1606
1755 Centre
of origin
Introduction
Origin and diffusion
Introduction
Origin and diffusion
Introduction
Potential uses of hemp
Scheme of the
MULTIHEMP
Biorefinery
concept
www.multihemp.eu
Introduction
Actual European uses of hemp fibre
Introduction
Actual European uses of hemp shives
Introduction
Actual European uses of hemp seeds
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Young stem/internode Old stem/internode
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Fibre cell maturity
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Middle lamella Primary cell wall
Layers of secondary cell wall
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
15-50 µm
20-80 mm
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Dioecious
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Monoecious
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp phenology
Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.
BVP PIP FDP
*
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp phenology
Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.
BVP FDP
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp phenology
Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.
PIP
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Struik, et al., 2000. Industrial crops and products, Vol. 11/2-3, 107-118
50 100 200
RUE 1-9
RUE 1-7
RUE 7-9
K
1.92
2.30
0.86
1.02
1.83
2.26
0.95
0.93
1.72
2.12
0.44
0.86
Plant density (n m-2)
Radiation Use Efficiency
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Cosentino et al., 2013. Ind. Crops Prod. 50, 312–324.
Water Use Efficiency
1.91 - 2.48 g biomass L−1 beginning of flowering
2.73 - 3.45 g biomass L−1 beginning of flowering
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Biomass yield
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Fibre yield
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed m.
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Fibre quality:
• Primary/secondary fibre
• Degree of maturity
• Fibre diameter
• Fibre lenght
• Lignification
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Fibre quality
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Variety choice: Effect on flowering time
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Variety choice: …and on stem yield
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Cultivars bred in northern environments have lower
biomass yield when grown in the South, mainly due to
shortened growth duration and early-flowering
Finola in Latvia Finola in Italy
Variety choice – Effect on flowering time
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Variety choice – Effect on flowering time
Amaducci, et al., 2012. Industrial Crops and Products, 37, 100-112
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Effect of variety and sowing time on flowering time
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Plant density – Effect on stem yield
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
Actual hemp cultivation and future
perspectives
Plant density – Effect on yield
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Plant density – Effect on stem yield
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Plant density – Effect on stem yield
Extinction of incident PAR (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
6-Apr 16-Apr 26-Apr 6-May 16-May 26-May 5-JunDate
PA
R E
xti
nc
tio
n
D30
D45
D90
D180
D270
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density – Effect on fibre lenght?
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density – Effect on fibre yield
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density –
Effect on fibre yield
and quality
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al.., 2008. Field crops Research, 107,161-169.
Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density x Harvesting time – Effect on fibre yield
A relatively large scientific literature dealing with the
effect of environment and cultivation practices on
hemp production is available, while limited
information is available on the effect of environment
and management on plant quality characteristics (of
fibre, seed and secondary metabolites).
Conclusion
Conclusion