Silvia Giovanna Avataneo

Key aspects of raw materials in the automotive sector Applications monitoring and substitution trends

CRF Group Materials Labs – FCA Research Center

Bruxelles,

8 November 2017

Index

■ CRF brief overview

■ Automotive composition monitoring: IMDS

■ Critical Raw Materials on automotive

applications - Outlook on PGM and REE

■ What could became potentially critical in the

future?

Mission

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Materials composition monitoring

Detailed composition monitoring has been a

big challenge since the latest fifteen years,

following the legislative evolution related to

the product:

• Directive 2000/53/CE

(RRR type approval, Heavy metals ban)

• REACH Compliance

• CLP Compliance

• Conflict Minerals

• Critical raw materials

• Biocides

• Ethical Issues

….

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Fulfillment of Legal requirements with lowest

efforts

Quick and effective feedback between Suppliers & OEMS

Easy overview on chemicals in parts

Efficient management of a huge amount of data

From Paper to Electronic Data

In 1999, 7 OEMs decided to develop one common collection tool

Web based Standardized Quantitative report Computerization

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IMDS – A unique success story

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

For the first time ever, it provided a standardized and analyzable report

format throughout the whole supply chain.

Today, almost all European, American, Japanese and Korean as well as

several major Chinese car manufacturers are members of IMDS.

6 Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017

IMDS – A unique success story

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Furthermore, the IMDS is managing today:

– 444,279 registered users

– 114,609 active users

– on average 1,600 concurrent users

– 66,578,944 Material Data Sheets

– 11,000 Substances reported

MDS (material datasheet) structure

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Structure of a part

(according to BOM)

Used materials

(incl. material categories)

Weights of the components

and materials

Substances (esp. all

substances of concern)

Concentration of the

substances within materials

Critical Raw Materials: automotive exposition

Heavy Rare Heart Elements

Iron

Niobium Antimony

Natural Graphite Magnesium

Light Rare Heart Elements

Germanium Indium

Gallium Cobalt Fluorspar

Silicon Metal Beryllium

Platinum Group Metals Phosphate Rock

Borate

Magnesite

Tungsten

Coking Coal

Chromium Natural Rubber

Tantalum

Aluminum

Manganese Hafnium

Tin Molybdenum Lithium

Copper

Gypsum

Tellurium Titanium Talc

Feldspar

Rhenium

Bentonite Clays

Perlite Gold

Scandium

Diatomite

Barites

Pulpwood Selenium Potash

Bauxite Zinc

Silica Sand Nickel

Vanadium

Economic Importance

Su

pp

ly R

isk

Sawn softwood

Limestone

Silver

Critical Raw Materials as EC defined

applied on a average car

Sub-critical Raw Materials significant for the

automotive sector (quantity or strategic)

Raw materials falling under other

legislation supply chain related (conflict

minerals)

Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 9

Iron

Lithium

Aluminum Zinc

Bauxite

Copper

Heavy Rare Heart Elements

Niobium Antimony

Natural Graphite Magnesium

Light Rare Heart Elements

Germanium

Gallium Cobalt

Platinum Group Metals

Borate

Tungsten

Chromium

Indium

Beryllium Silicon Metal

Tantalum

Gold

Tin

Tungsten

All Group vehicles are 95% recoverable by weight and 85% recyclable by weight.

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Materials monitoring: average composition

Critical Raw Materials: automotive exposition

average data evaluated as % on total CRM weight per vehicle

All CRM used on average ICE vehicles represent less than 1% by weight.

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PGM – Ree main applications

Catalytic Converter Pl, Pd, Rh (coating)

Cerium – dioxide (washcoat)

Airbag Sensor Yttrium (ceramic)

Neodymium (PCB)

Palladium (PCB)

Lighting Cerium-dioxide (glass)

Neodymium (PCB)

Palladium (PCB)

Brake line Gadolynum (Aluminum coating)

Air Conditionig Yttrium (ceramic)

Palladium (brush) Transmission

Praseodymium

Neodymium

Dysprosium

(NdFeB magnet)

Cluster

Instruments Praseodymium

Neodymium

Dysprosium

(NdFeB magnet)

Palladium (PCB)

Locks kit Neodymium titanate

(PCB)

Fuel system Lanthanium oxide

(Fe2O3Magnet)

Palladium (conductive glass)

Windscreen

capacitor Lanthanium oxide (Ceramic)

Controllers Neodymium titanate (PCB)

Palladium (PCB)

Seatbelts Pl, Pd, Rh (bridgewire)

Sensors Palladium (Contact wires)

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Ree main applications

Ree automotive applications are scattered into several different parts, with an average weight

that rarely exceed the gram [g].

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Average FCA data for ICE vehicles

Ree management

Ree prices peak in 2010 – 2011 originated a significant economical relapse on vehicles cost.

Magnet and catalyst Ree components prices had a significant increase during 2016

As a consequence, we aim for:

- Substitution: we are active in research on magnetic materials with low rare earth content

- Recycling: Identify recycling opportunities for most significant applications (magnets)

Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 14

PGM – catalytic converter

Automotive catalytic converter represent the major PGM industrial use, counting for an average

50% of the current PGM applications.

Activities focus on PGM optimization into coating composition without affecting catalytic

performances.

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Automotive

Jewellery

Chemical

Petroleum

Electrical/Electronic

Glass

Medical/Dental

Other

Investments

Rhodium (Oxford, 2015)

Palladium (NAP, 2016)

Platinum (WPIC, 2016)

Criticalities: Future trends

Energy storage/Energy recovery Li Ion Batteries/ Alternative Propulsion/Supercapacitors /Thermoelectric modules

Graphene applications Innovative lubricants, functionalized composites

Materials availability Raw materials availability at the requested purity grade, at affordable costs Supply chain sustainability issues

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Substances of Concern appropriate management Reach, Clp, Biocides SoC substitution

Critical Raw Materials: Future applications

• Energy accumulators: Lithium, Cobalt, high purity Graphite,

• Permanent Magnets: Cobalt, Neodymium, Dysprosium, Praseodymium,

• Leds and O-leds: Gallium, Indium, Hree, Iridium in Leds,

• Phosphors: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium,

Terbium, Erbium, Yttrium

Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 17

European Projects

Rare-earth free permanent magnets for electric

drives.

GA 686056

Low cost and green technologies for PGMs recovery

from spent automotive catalysts

GA 730224

Cobalt-free high voltage (5V) lithium ion batteries

GA 653331

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Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017

Silvia Giovanna Avataneo

Email: silvia.avataneo@crf.it

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